Editorial
¡Ah AlAndalus!
"Dale lismonamujer, que no hay
en la vida nadacomo la pena de serciego en Granada"
dice un dichopopular.
Una prueba de queel legado andalusí
tiene un valorinestimable. Desde714 hasta 1492, losárabes trajeron susabiduría científica
y técnica a laPenínsula Ibéricadejando huellas
inolvidables.
Desde la Noriahasta la destilación,desde el papel hasta
la cámara oscurasus
descubrimientos nodejaron de
sorprendernos. Ynos dimos cuentade que su legadosigue influyendo
nuestra propia vidacotidiana.
¡¡Cuidado quemuchas sorpresas leestán esperando en
esta revista!!
¿Por qué "Ciencias totalk"?
Querido lector:
Esta revista es el fruto del trabajo entre losfranceses del colegio Georges Pompidou deVilleneuve-la-Garenne y los españoles del
IES Francisco Ayala de Granada.
Trabajamos juntos a lo largo del curso2014-2015 para descubrir quiénes somos e
investigar sobre los grandesdescubrimientos científicos de la época de
Al Ándalus.
A la manera que los pueblos andalusíes,procuramos debatir, argumentar,
intercambiar, compartir discusionesinterminables por correo o en el chat del
Twinspace para llevar a cabo este trabajo.
¡Esperamos que el resultado le guste!
Gael e Ilias
Sumario
El jardín árabe y sus plantas
5
Por Angela, Isabel y Kehina
Papel reciclado
6
Por Fabián, Julio y Yann.
Tinta y caligrafía
10
Por Carmen, Gael, y Marina
El alambique y la destilación
14
Por Adrien, David y Pablo.
Jabón y crema de argán
18
Por Arabela, Ibtissem, Julia,María y Sheila
Perfumes y aromas
22
Por Alejandra, Rebecay Wissem
Cocina andalusí saludable
26
Por Aicha, Marina y Marguerite
Proyecto eTwinning Ciencias to talk 2014-2015
La Noria de agua
5
Por Fran e Ilias
El astrolabio
6
Por Lucía R, Lucía T y Marie
La clepsidra
10
Por Claudia y Javier
La brújula
14
Por Adrián, Enrique yHamedine
La cámara oscura
18
Por Carla y Patricia
Nube de palabras
22
Palabras que simbolizan elproyecto para los chicos
PORTFOLIO
26
Recuerdos inolvidables...
Proyecto eTwinning Ciencias to talk 2014-2015
THE EDITORS:Frenchteam(above)and Spanishteam(below)
1. Gael2.Ibtissem3.Hamedine4.Ilias
5. Yann 6.Carla 7.Marie8.Aicha 9.Kehina 10.Wissem12.Adrien 13.Claudia14.Marguerite
1.Isabel 2.Fabian 3.Patricia 7.Lucia R. 8.Lucia T. 9. Angela 10. Pablo 11.Fran12.Javier 13.Marina A. 14.Alejandra15.David 16. Julia 17.Rebeca 18.Carmen19.Marina D. 21. Maria 22.Sheila 23.Julio24.Arabella 25.Enrique 27.Adrian
Properties of the medicinalplants in Al-andalusby Angela and Isa
Rosemary
The rosemary is a very richplant in active beginning and
has numerous medicinalproperties, between others, is
antiseptic, anti-spasmodic,fragrant, a stomach and
stimulants. It can also be usedto relax our muscles when it isheated, avoiding the musclespains. it's perfect to have it as
an infusion after doing exercise,because it has been used since
the Arabians to relax.
Lavender
Since the antiquity , we uselavender for relax . In this
respect, for example, a bag isrecommended to put by
lavender under the sheets, sincethere are demonstrated the
tranquilizing effects that yoursmell produces. Avoids the
insomnia, it is highly effectiveat the moment of reducing the
conditions of anxiety andedginess.
Lavender diminishes thearterial tension and it helpsto avoid the dizziness in thetrips and facilitates thedigestions when these meetaltered because of thenerves. It would be enoughto take an infusion oflavender or combine it withother such relaxing plants.
Lavender
Recycling paperin Alandalus
FABIAN Y JULIO
The muslims learned howto do paper thanks to thechinise prisioners. Theylearn to do it with bark ofmulberry but theyinnovated it and they didthe paper with hemp andcotton. The hemp paperturned out a good qualitypaper. They also did paperwith rags of linen. Theyolso learned to recicle thepapers. To do this theyhad to:
-Soak the paper at least one week. -Grindthe dough. -Put it in a solid mould withone face made of a metal grille. -Pushwith a cover for removed a lot of water. -Leave another week to dry it. It get a darkcolor because of the ink and it isthickness than the normal paper but youcan write on it.
AL-ANDALUS/Arabian Ink
Ink around theHistory
Ink is a liquid orpaste that containspigments or dyes andis used to color asurface to produce animage, text, or design.In 2500 ancientegyptian and chinesecivilizations bothdeveloped ink aroundthis time. Throughthe time the ink hasbeen perfected tonowadays.
ARABIAN INK
The muslims perfect the ink:
*They improve the technique of making ink.
*They create new types of ink. -Jabir Ibn Hayyan made an ink that was present in the dark.
-Ibn Badis made silver ink by crushing silver filings with distil wine. He also decribe how to make colours inks.
-They invented a new black ink that colud be clean if there was an error because it was very soft.
Carmen García & Marina Domínguez
INGREDIENTSOak gall: 4gArabic gum: 2gFerrous sulphate: 1gWhite wine: 40g
PROCEDUREWe crush the oak gall but not tomuch. We weigh the arabic gum,the ferrous sulphate and thewhitw wine. Then we mix it andboil it during some minutes.Finally we strain the liquid.
*It is advisable to let it standduring some days for dim andadd him vinegar for delay theappereance of mushroom.
Carmen García & Marina Domínguez
ALAMBIQUE& Distillation
David and Pablo
DESCRIPTION
The alembic or alquitara isa device used for thedistillation of liquids, bymeans of a process ofevaporation for laterwarming condensation forcooling. It he was inventsfor Al-Razi in the 10thcentury, to produceperfumes, medicines andthe alcohol
It is constituted by a boileror retort, where the mixturewarms up. The issuedsteams go out on the toppart and cool in a coilplaced in a containerrefreshed by water. Theresultant liquid is gatheredin the final warehouse.
The alcohol boils to atemperature (80°C),lower than that of thewater, the steams thatfirst are formed arethem of that one,though mixed with asmall proportion ofwater, and onemanages to reveal asubstance with majoralcoholic degree thatthe original one.
Distillation of redwine to producealcohol
Pablo and David
SOAP
By María López and Julia Jerez
* You should used gloves becausethe soda will react and burnt yourskin if you touch it. * You should do the first step in anopen place because the soda willdetach toxics gases.* You can add essences, oils orcolourants to the soap.
ADVICE
1. Put in a bowl the water and add slowly thesoda.2. Stir with a wood spoon until the soda istotally dissolved and then, mix the water withsoda with the oil. 4. Continue stirring till the liquid becomeviscous (with the consistency of themayonnaise) and put it in a flat pan.6. Leave the soap to curdle minimum 48 hoursand after that time, cut the soap in smallpieces and used in for washing yourselforclothes!
* 500ml of water (if the soap isfor the face, the water must bedistil) * 125g of caustic soda * 500ml of olive oil (it can beused)
INSTRUCTIONS
INGREDIENTS
THE SOAP
HistoryWe don't know exactly when or wherewas made the first piece of soap but
the first civilization that produced soapwere the ancient Babylons around the2800 BC. The first European big soapfactory was built by the Arabs in the
10th century in Seville, city of AlAndalus. This soap spread throughEurope as it could be used for the
body cleanliness because it was madewith vegetable oil. The raw material
were got from the Guadalquivirmarshlands and the olive groves. In
the 16th century, with the discovery ofAmerica, it became very famous and
made the European people to be moreclear so much illnesses disappeared.
Photos of the production
*Final result
Bees waxCream
Bees wax
In Muslim Spain, Andalusia, in the city ofCordoba lived the famous physician andsurgeon, Al-Zahrawi (936-1013 CE) . Hewrote a monumental work, a medicalencyclopaedia entitled Al-Tasreef, in 30volumes medical textbook. IN the 19thvolume of Al-Tasreef was devoted tocosmetics and is the first original Muslimwork in cosmetology.
Bees wax
ARGAN OIL Argan oil is rich innatural ingredientsthat play a role in cellrenewal andregeneration. 4 In thetraditional Moroccanpharmacopoeia,Argan oil is adoptedfor body treatmentsto combat the ravagesof age and climate.
BEES WAX
Wax is the material that bees use tobuild their nests. It is produced by younghoneybees that secrete it as a liquidthrough their wax glands. On contactwith air, the wax hardens into smallflakes of wax in the bottom of the bee.
Bees wax
"PROCEDURE FOR MAKINGBEESWAX CREAM"
1.we take a pot and set itto simmer, we take a glassbowl and we put a squarebeeswax. Put thecontainer in the pot andleave. 2.when the meltedbeeswax casting we arganoil slowly while moving.3.when in a liquid state weremove it from the pot.
4.when we remove it wecan have a scent. 5.we put it in a bowl andput it in the fridge 1 hour. 6.and we have OURCREAM!!!
BY: Sheila andArabela
Water of Roses by Alejandra & Rebeca
Perfumes in Al-Andalus
·History: In Al Andalus like in the rest of the Islamic world, the perfumeshad an important presence.Water perfumes of roses,perfumes of saffron, musk,amber or cinnamon that wereof general use in all the socialclasses both for men and forwomen.During the Middle Ages and inthe Renaissance the perfumeswere begun to use to cover thesmell from the bad airs thatdoing that they falling ill.
·How they did it? Women andchildren took theflowers andsustancies toprepared it. Theywere the managersof gathering theflowers with whichthe essential oilswere obtained tomake the perfume,they realized duringJune. Thyme andmarshmallow was
ALEJANDRA JIMÉNEZ LÓPEZ Y REBECA RUÍZ GÓMEZ
Px
300ml of distilled water
Alcohol (96º)
50gr of roses petals
Essence of roses
Roses water ingredients
Px
Then you have to put in a glass anddecorate ir.
You have to strain and you have thewater of roses. When the water is coldput 100ml of water of roses and 100mlof alcohal, also you have to put 2 dropsof roses essence.
You have to boil the water and put theflowers. You have to wait 5 minutes andcover it, then wait 6 hours.
The Cake
Marina Jiménez Ariza
RELATION WITH AL-ANDALUS
Al-Andalus was famous forthe production of sweet, theymake it with oliva oil, likenow.
The cake was a famous recipethat people make in Al-Andalus.
We conserve some of therecipes that hispano-arabianpeople use in their century.
INGREDIENTS
- 2 yogurts
- 2 sugar`s glass
- 6 eggs
- 25g of yeast
- 3 flour`s glass
- ½ oil glass
ELABORATION
1st You must put all theingredients in a container
2nd You must mix all theingredients in the container
3rd You must throw theingredients in a baking dish
4th You must put the baking dishin the oven
5th You turn on the oven at 180º
6th During 30 - 40 minutes the cakemust be on the oven and then the cakeis cooked
7th Enjoy it
The NoriaFran Ortega
The most commondescription of a noria is awater wheel used for raisingwater from a river so that itcan flow by gravity viaaqueduct to villages andcultivated land forirrigation. Using this broaderdefinition, norias can beeither animal or water-powered, depending on thesource of water. When wateris lifted from wells, the wheelis typically turned by ananimal. The rim of a secondwheel, placed horizontally,touches the rim of thevertical wheel at a 90º angle.One of the two wheels has aseries of pegs protrudingfrom the rim parallel to theaxle of the respective wheel,
Parts Of The Noria
The noria, used for raising water,was a type of undershot waterwheel that activated nomachinery beyond itself. It wasequipped with radial blades orpaddles that rotated theapparatus as they were impactedby the flowing water that cameinto contact with the lowerimmersed portion of the wheel.
Buckets or pots made of wood,bamboo or pottery were attachedto the rim of the wheel. As themachine rotated, the bucketsfilled with water, which wascarried upward and spilled nearthe top of the wheel into a trough.The buckets then returned emptyto the bottom of the wheel torepeat the process.
< Thats will be ourproject
THEASTROLABE
The astrolabe is anancient instrumentthat determines theposition of the stars onthe sky. The wordcomes from the Greekastrolabe and whichcan be translated as "star finder " . Theastrolabe was used bynavigators ,astronomers andscientists.
A
STROLABE
The origins of the astrolabe were inclassical Greece. Apollonius, the greatcodifier of conic sections, probablystudied the astrolabe projection. Themost influential individual on the theoryof the astrolabe projection wasHipparchus who was born in Nicaea inAsia Minor about 180 BC but studied andworked on the island of Rhodes.
“Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, sidici consectetuer adipisci elitmpendere integre.”
The astrolabe is based on thestereographic projection of thecelestial sphere . It consists basically ofa graduated circle whose shaft turns aneedle with a spotlight that points thechosen star . The edge of the mother,or limbo, shows a scale in degrees andoften other in hours and minutes.
The front of the instrument , or face ofthe mater , is slightly concave and herother two discs are inserted. Theprocedure, called eardrum, is a fixedplate engraved with the coordinates ofthe celestial sphere corresponding to aparticular latitude, including thezenith , the horizon lines of altitude,azimuth , the celestial Ecuador , theecliptic and the tropics of Cancer andCapricorn
The external , called spideror network is rotatable andrepresents a transparentworld map with thepositions of the sun, moonand the brightest stars ofthe place. On the spider , aneedle with visor , the ruleaims to astro sought.Directing the Sun indicates, on the side of theobserver, local time.
The back of the mother used to knowthe height of a tower , the distance tothe tower and the symbol of the zodiacthat is occupied by the sun . Above thispart just turns a needle alidade withtwo or viewers for finlets readings. Theastrolabe throughout history has beenimproving and diversifying in this way, we find various types : the astrolabeplanispheric designed for calculatingand representing the positions of thestars in a single latitude, the universaastrolabe, the Rojas astrolabe , Islamicastrolabe, the sailor employed in thevessel and quadrant .
Clepsydra
Javier Suárez Lloréns
The clepsydra, or waterclock, is a group of objectsthat measures time using aliquid.
Clepsydras are one of the firstobjects to measure time. The olderclepsydra never known is fromChina and it was built 6015 yearsago!!
In the Islamic world, the use of waterclocks has its roots from Archimedesduring the rise of Alexandria(Egypt) and continuesthrough Byzantium. In al-Jazari's 1206treatise, he describes one of his waterclocks, the elephant clock. The clockrecorded the passage of temporalhours, which means that the rate offlow had to be changed daily to correctthe clock as day length changes. Tosimplify this, the clock had two tanks,the top tank was connected to the timeindicating mechanisms and the bottomwas connected to the flow regulator.Basically, at daybreak the tap wasopened and water flowed from the toptank to the bottom tank through aregulator that maintained a constantpressure in the bottom tank.
Clepsydras in 20th and 21st
century
Only a few modern water clocksexist today. In 1979, the frenchscientist Bernard Gitton created hisTime-Flow Clocks, which are amodern-day approach to thehistorical version. His unique glasstube designs can be found in over30 locations through the world,including one at Europa-Center'sThe Clock of Flowing Timein Berlin, Centre CommercialMilenis in Guadeloupe andthe Giant Water Clock at TheChildren's Museum of Indianapolis,Indiana.
There are other modern designs ofwater clocks, including the RoyalGorge water clock in Colorado, theWoodgrove Mall inNanaimo, British Columbia, inthe Abbotsford Airport (formerlyat Sevenoaks Shopping Centre)in Abbotsford, British Columbia,and the Hornsby WaterClock in Sydney, Australia.
Parts of the clepsydra1.- Upper tank, thatcontains water that is goingto fall down.2.- The flow regulator. It's acap with a hole, the size ofthe hole is related with howmuch water we will needfor measure, for example, 2minutes.3.- The bottom tank. Itkeeps all the fallen water.In this tank we have gotlines that means the passedtime
THE COMPASS
Where it was invented?
Improvements in Al-Andalus
How we have made?
THE COMPASS
The compass is one of the fourinventions of ancient China. Atfirst, the compass was madewith a natural magnet in theform of spoon. Its smooth basefreely rotated on a bronze trayor a wood table.When the spoon handlestopped, he pointed to themagnetic south, hence its namein Chinese literally means"needle pointing south".
The most profoundconsequence of the inventionwas that employment in thenavigation introduced importantchanges in techniques andprometed nautical sea traveland cultural exchanges,thereby opening a new age inhistory.The Chinese compassintroduced in Europe. TheArabs began to use innavigation in the late of XIIcentury, more than onehundred years after theChinese.
The Arabs created theirown compass, unlikethe Chinese, thispointed north.Later they invented acompass consisting ofa magnetic leaf floatingin the water. Finallythey created a pocketcompass which wasbased on a container ofwater in a needlerotating on an axix
Px
We noted in a dish filled withwater, with a compass, thecardinal points.
Cut a piece of cork and mark thecardinal points. Then we nailed theneedle with the tip pointing north.
How we have madethe compass?
Step 1
Step 3
Rub a needle with a magnetfor 10 second
Put the cork on the plate andthe tip of the needle pointsnorth than we put on the plate
Step 2
Step 4
THE COMPASS
Dark Cameraby Patricia
The dark camera is one ofthe ancestrals mechanismsthat drove to thephotograph development.The actual cameras haveinherit the name of"camera" from ancientcameras. The dark camerawas probably invented byBagdad in the 10thcentury.
Bagdad said that theobjects produceluminous rays. Theobservation at thisphenomenon gaveorigin to the inventionof the camera.
It was used for painting.The image was proyectedin paper, and it was usedas a guideline to paint. Itcan be considered like thething that provide thebasis of the photography.
How to make a darkcamera?
Materials:-A box of Pringles.-Black adhesive tape-A needle-Wax paper-Cutter
Steps:1. Mark a line around the tubeabout 5cm up from the bottom.2. Cut the tube into two piecesalong this line.3. Put the plastic lid onto theshort piece, then tape thelonger piece on top.4. Put together sides of the tubewith adhesive tape.5. Cover the tube with theadhesive tape. 6. Make a hole in the middle ofthe end of the shorter piecewith the needle.7. Your camera is ready to use!
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