Download - Psy 2020 chapter 1
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Social Psychology:Introducing Social Psychology9/10/2014
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What is Social Psychology
• Social Psychology:
• Scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
• The influences of our situations, with special attention to how we view and affect other people.
• Social Psych vs. Personality Psych
• Individual differences vs how individuals view and affect one another
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• Does our behavior depend on the objective situations we face or how we construe them?- Self-fulfilling prophecy
• Would people be cruel if ordered?- Obedience, Milgram
• To help, or to help oneself? – Influence of culture, collectivistic vs individualistic
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Social Psychology’s Big Ideas:Social Thinking• We construct our social reality:
• Attribution: circumstances, person
• Culture
• Social influences shape our behavior and attitudes
• Obedience, Altruism
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Social Psychology’s Big Ideas:Social Influences• Personal attitudes and dispositions shape behavior
• Violent actions vs Nonviolent actions
• Civil Rights Movement
Social Psychology can help understand our own behavior, attitudes - thinking and how it is influenced by others and how other behavior can be influenced by us
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The influence of human values in Social Psychology1. Choosing Research Topic
1. Social History
2. Personal History
1. Culture
2. Personal preference
3. Topic – how they form, change, influence
2. Subjectivity:
1. Common Culture within researchers
2. Definitions
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Social Psychology and Common Sense• Hindsight bias:
• Tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome, ones ability to have foreseen how something turned out
• Attraction to people
• Opposites attract vs. Birds of a feather flock together
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RESEARCH METHODS
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Research Methods
• Theory vs. Hypothesis
• Research Method:
• Correlational Research
• Survey Research
• Experimental Research
• Locations
• Field Research
• Laboratory Research
• Ethics
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Hypothesis
• Hypothesis: testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events.
• states expected relationship between variables.
• A statement about the predicted relationship
between the two or more variables
• Directional hypothesis: specific relationship between IV and DV
• Nondirectional hypothesis: a change in IV will cause a change in the DV
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Research Methods!Hypothesis vs. Theory• Theory: integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed
events A theory is someone’s understanding of how things work.
This means: Most theories are proposals about what causes what, and under what
conditions.
Two Examples: Theories of Aggression Frustration-aggression theory says aggressive behavior is one response to
frustration. Social learning theory understands aggression as an imitative response to role
models.
Notice that these theories of aggression are complementary – each addresses an idea that the other does not. Both frustration-aggression theory and social learning theory can be part of a
more general understanding. Theories do compete with each other sometimes, but they also often co-exist
or even combine.
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Correlational Research
• Try to determine if two variables are statistically related without manipulating either one experimentally
• Used when can’t do an experiment
• Relationship of interest is degree to which a set of behaviors may be related
• CAUTION: Causation cannot be determined
• Directionality problem: we do not know which variable may be doing the causing
• Third variable problem: we do not know if some other behavior not being measured may be doing the causing 12
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Survey Research
• Participants are asked to complete a questionnaire assessing behaviors, attitudes, and/or opinions
• Interested in describing phenomena or in correlating variables to determine whether relationships exist
• May be administered as paper-and-pencil, telephone, face-to-face, web-based, or over email
• Should use a random sample out of the population
• Random Sampling: survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion 13
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Survey Research: Biasing Influences
• Unrepresentative samples
• Order of questions
• Response Options
• Wording of questions
• Framing – the way a question is posed
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Field research
• Field research: conducted in a natural real-world setting, outside the laboratory
• Advantage: people tend to act more natural in a real-world setting (high validity)
• Disadvantage: it is difficult to rule out alternate explanations (low reliability)
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Experimental Research
Studies that seek clues to cause and effect relationship by manipulating on or more factors (IV) while controlling others (holding them constant
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Experimental Research
• Some factor is varied, all else is held constant, and then some result is measured
• The relationship of interest is between a set of circumstances and a behavior - IMPORTANT
• An aspect of the environment is manipulated(stimulus) and some aspect of behavior is measured (response)
• Under certain circumstances, it is possible to say that the manipulation caused the response
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Experimental Research
• Independent variable:
• Experimental factor that the researcher manipulates.
• Independent of the participant’s behavior.
• What the experimenter manipulates or chooses... it is the circumstance
• Dependent variable:
• The variable measured, it may depend on the manipulation of the independent variable.
• A.k.a. “outcome” or “criterion” variable
• Want to see if it is predicted/influenced by IV
• Should (hopefully) be “dependent” on the levels of the independent variable
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• Random assignment:
• Assignment of participants to the conditions of an experiment.
• All participants should have the same chance of being in a given condition
• In experiments: random assignments in groups -> cause and effect
• In sampling surveys -> generalize in a population
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Exercise: Recognizing Correlational & Experimental Research• Do people find comedy funnier when alone or with others?
• Can they be randomly assigned to the conditions
• Independent Variable
• Dependent Variable
• Do higher-income people have higher self-esteem?
• Can they be randomly assigned to the conditions
• Independent Variable
• Dependent Variable
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Ethics
• Informed Consent
• Requires that research participants be told enough information for them to choose if they are willing to participate
• Deception:
• Only when justified
• Protect participants:
• IRB
• Confidentiality
• Anonymity
• Debrief participants:
• Explain the experiment to participants, after the experiment, specially in case of deception