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Psy 311: Attachment 1
WHAT IS SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY?
Social development is learning
–primary drives–secondary drives–reinforcement
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Psy 311: Attachment 2
WHAT IS SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY
(CONT)? Social development is instinct
* bonding Social development is interaction
* attachment
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Psy 311: Attachment 3
WHAT DO BABIES COME WITH?
REFLEXES– crying, clinging, grasping, rooting
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Psy 311: Attachment 4
Film Clip: Reflexes
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Psy 311: Attachment 5
WHAT DO BABIES COME WITH (Cont)?
SOCIABILITY– interest in people, gazing, ability to be
comforted. BABYNESS
– size, facial features, movements, smell & feel.
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Psy 311: Attachment 6
WHAT DO CAREGIVERS COME WITH?
Interest in interactions Responsiveness to infants cries,
looks, sounds Protectiveness
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Psy 311: Attachment 7
FUNCTIONS OF ATTACHMENT
BABY BEHAVIOR– cling, grasp, huddle
– cry
– call, look for, crawl to, hide behind
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Psy 311: Attachment 8
FUNCTIONS OF ATTACHMENT (Cont)
PARENT RESPONSE– hold in return
– come
– comfort and repair or protect
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Psy 311: Attachment 9
WHAT’S THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT?
IN TIMES OF DANGER: KEEP CHILD SAFE– keep child close to caregiver
– bring caregiver
– get to caregiver
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Psy 311: Attachment 10
WHAT’S THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT (Cont)?
IN REGULAR TIMES: CHILD FEELS SAFE– allow exploration
– allow play
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Psy 311: Attachment 11
DEFINITION OF ATTACHMENT
Strong affectionate bond
that binds a person to a
specific intimate companion
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Psy 311: Attachment 12
DEVELOPMENTAL COURSE OF ATTACHMENT
1. Undiscriminating social responsiveness– (birth - 3 months)
2. Discriminating social responsiveness– (3 - 6 months)
3. Active proximity seeking/true attachment – (7months - 3 years)
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Psy 311: Attachment 13
HOW CAN ATTACHMENT BE ASSESSED?
METHODS: The “Strange Situation” Paradigm.
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Psy 311: Attachment 14
Film Clip: The Strange Situation
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Psy 311: Attachment 15
FOUR ATTACHMENT CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA
1. Exploration 2. Reaction to stranger 3. Separation from caregiver 4. Reunion with caregiver
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Psy 311: Attachment 16
FOUR TYPES OF ATTACHMENT:
SECURE: 1 TYPE INSECURE: 2 TYPES NEW TYPE
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Psy 311: Attachment 17
1. SECURE ATTACHMENT
EXPLORATION: high STRANGER: generally outgoing SEPARATION: distress REUNION: joy
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Psy 311: Attachment 18
PARENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING ATTACHMENT
SECURE: RESPONSIVE TO INFANTS NEEDS & SIGNALS
Theme: Trust building
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Psy 311: Attachment 19
2. INSECURE-AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT
EXPLORATION: high, unfocused STRANGER: indifferent SEPARATION: low distress REUNION: ignore, avoid
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Psy 311: Attachment 20
PARENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING ATTACHMENT
INSECURE IMPATIENT, AVOIDANT UNRESPONSIVE, REJECTING
Theme: Indifference
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Psy 311: Attachment 21
3. INSECURE-RESISTANT ATTACHMENT
EXPLORATION: low STRANGER: fearful, even
when caregiver is present SEPARATION: hi distress REUNION: ambivalent,
wants contact but is angry
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Psy 311: Attachment 22
PARENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING ATTACHMENT
INSECURE INCONSISTENT, RESISTANT OVERALL MORE UNRESPONSIVE THAN RESPONSIVE TO INFANT
Theme: Lack of trust
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Psy 311: Attachment 23
4. INSECURE-DISORGANIZED ATTACHMENT
EXPLORATION: chaotic STRANGER: uncertain, fearful SEPARATION: variable REUNION: distress
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Psy 311: Attachment 24
PARENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING ATTACHMENT
INSECURE ABUSIVE, DISORGANIZED UNPREDICT- ABLE
(no coping strategy)
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Psy 311: Attachment 25
Review: Kinds of Attachment
SECURE: joy on reunion– Caregiver: Responsive
AVOIDANT (insecure): indifference– Caregiver: Rejecting
RESISTANT (insecure): ambivalence– Caregiver: Unpredictable
DISORGANIZED (insecure): distress– Caregiver: Abusive
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Psy 311: Attachment 26
QUESTIONS ABOUT ATTACHEMENT
1. Occurs at birth? 2. To more than 1 person? 3. After 6 months? 4. Can attachments change? 5. Long-term effects?
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Psy 311: Attachment 27
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF ATTACHMENT
RELATIONSHIPS WITH... Peers Teachers Romantic partners Own children
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Psy 311: Attachment 28
HEALTHY INTERNAL WORKING MODEL
Trusting Lovability Openness Expressiveness
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Psy 311: Attachment 29
MECHANISMS OF EFFECTS
INTERNAL WORKING MODELS– 1. Insecure-Resistant: CLINGY,
DEMANDING
– 2. Insecure-Avoidant: DISTANT, COLD CREATE RESPONSES IN OTHERS
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Psy 311: Attachment 30
ARE EFFECTS OF ATTACHMENT IRREVERSIBLE?
NO! Accept, understand, integrate, and go
on!