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Psychological Disordera “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be:atypical- (not enough in itself)disturbing- (varies with time & culture)maladaptive- (harmful)unjustifiable- (sometimes there’s a
good reason)
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Psychological DisordersBio-psycho-social
Perspective*assumes that biological,
sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders
Biological(Evolution, individual
genes, brain structures
and chemistry)
Psychological(Stress, trauma,
learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions
and memories)
Sociocultural(Roles, expectations,
definition of normality and disorder)
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Psychological Disorders- Etiology
DSM-IV-TR*American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition)
*a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
*presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision)
*today used as “convenient “convenient shorthand”shorthand” to avoid labeling.
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Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of DisordersMultiaxial system5 axes or dimensions
Axis I – Clinical SyndromesAxis II – Personality Disorders or Mental Retardation
Axis III – General Medical Conditions
Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning
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Clinical Syndromes: Anxiety DisordersGeneralized anxiety disorder
“free-floating anxiety”Phobic disorder
Specific focus of fearPanic disorder and agoraphobia
Physical symptoms of anxiety/leading to agoraphobia
Obsessive compulsive disorderObsessionsCompulsions
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Etiology of Anxiety Disorders
Biological factorsGenetic predisposition, anxiety sensitivityGABA circuits in the brain
Conditioning and learningAcquired through classical conditioning or
observational learningMaintained through operant conditioning
Cognitive factorsJudgments of perceived threat
PersonalityNeuroticism
StressA precipitator
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Clinical Syndromes: Somatoform DisordersSomatization DisorderConversion DisorderHypochondriasis
Etiology Reactive autonomic nervous system Personality factors Cognitive factors The sick role
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Clinical Syndromes: Dissociative DisordersDissociative amnesiaDissociative fugueDissociative identity disorder
Etiology severe emotional trauma during childhood
Controversy Media creation? Sybil Repressed memories
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Clinical Syndromes: Mood DisordersMajor depressive disorderBipolar disorder (manic-depressive
disorder)Etiology
Age of onset Genetic vulnerability Neuro-chemical factors Cognitive factors – negative thinking Interpersonal roots Precipitating stress
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Clinical Syndromes: Schizophrenia
General symptomsDelusions and irrational
thoughtDeterioration of adaptive
behavior - avolitionHallucinations – any
modality but usually auditory
Disturbed emotions – 66%Prognostic factor
Gradual onsetSudden onset
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Subtyping of Schizophrenia4 subtypes
Paranoid type – most common subtype - John Nash
Catatonic typeDisorganized typeUndifferentiated type
New model for classificationPositive vs. negative symptoms
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Personality Disorders
Anxious-fearful clusterAvoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
Dramatic-impulsive clusterHistrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial
Odd-eccentric clusterSchizoid, schizotypal, paranoid
EtiologyGenetic predispositions, inadequate
socialization in dysfunctional families
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Eating DisordersIssues of weightAnorexia nervosa
Criteria and subtypes: restrictive and binge/purgeBulimia nervosaBinge eatingHistory and prevalence
Age onsetEtiology
GeneticsPersonality – perfectionismCultural issues - “perfect” body type and digital
photographFamily roleCognitive factors
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Types of Treatment
Types of therapiesInsight therapies
“talk therapy”Behavior therapies
Changing overt behaviorBiomedical therapies
Biological functioning interventions
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Who Seeks Treatment?15% of U.S population in a given yearMost common presenting problems
Anxiety and DepressionTreatment seeking for various disorders
Mood disorders Women more than menMedical insuranceEducation levelPsychological Disorders and professional
treatment – Figure 15.3
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Who Provides Treatment?
Clinical psychologistsCounseling psychologistsPsychiatristsClinical social workersPsychiatric nursesCounselorsOn-line treatment
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Insight Therapies: Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud and followersGoal: discover unresolved unconscious
conflicts Free association Dream analysis Interpretation
Resistance and transference
Psychodynamic Therapies
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Insight Therapies: Client Centered Therapy
Carl RogersCause: IncongruencyGoal: restructure self-concept to better
correspond to realityTherapeutic Climate
Genuineness Unconditional positive regard Empathy
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Therapies Inspiredby Positive PsychologyMartin SeligmanUses theory and research to better
understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existencewell-being therapypositive psychotherapy
can be an effective treatment for depression
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Behavior TherapiesB.F. Skinner and colleagues
Goal: unlearning maladaptive behavior and learning adaptive ones
Systematic Desensitization – Joseph Wolpe Classical conditioning Anxiety/Fear hierarchy
Aversion therapy Alcoholism, sexual deviance, smoking, etc.
Social skills training Modeling Behavioral rehearsal
Biofeedback
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XXX 15.8
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Cognitive-Behavioral TherapyAaron Beck
Cognitive therapy Depression and negative thinking
Albert EllisRational-emotive therapy
Goal: to change the way clients thinkDetect and recognize negative thoughtsReality testing
Effectiveness of Behavior TherapiesEfficacy of behavioral interventions for
a variety of disorders
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Biomedical TherapiesPsychopharmacotherapy
Antianxiety - Valium, Xanax, BusparAntipsychotic - Thorazine, Mellaril, Haldol
Tardive dyskinesia Atypical antipsychotic – reduce motor effects and other
neurotransmitters Time course
Antidepressant Tricyclics – Elavil, Tofranil Mao inhibitors (MAOIs) - Nardil Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) – Prozac, Paxil,
Zoloft – side effects Risk of suicide
Mood stabilizers Lithium, Valproic acid
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Deep brain stimulation
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Social Thinking
Social Psychology*scientific study of how we think about,
influence, and relate to one another*how individuals affect each other
Social Context*the real, imagined, or symbolic presence of
other people; the activities and interactions that take place among people; the settings in which behavior occurs; and the expectations and social norms governing behavior in a given setting.
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Social ThinkingAttribution Theory
*tendency to give a causal explanation for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition
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Social Thinking*Fundamental Attribution Error
*tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the underestimate the impact of the situationsituation and to overestimate the impact of overestimate the impact of personal dispositionpersonal disposition
*dual tendency to overemphasize personal traits while minimizing situational inferences.
***Always try to find a situational explanation for strange or bizarre behavior of others before “blaming” them with dispositional explanations.
et.al. Did the person brake suddenly in front of you because he is a jerk, or because a dog ran out in front of his car?
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Social Thinking*Attitude
*belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events
**OUTSIDE INFLUENCES ON WHAT WE SAY AND DO ARE MINIMAL (2002, with most Americans supporting preemptive war in Iraq, most Democrats publicly supported the idea while having private reservations)
** THE ATTITUDE IS SPECIFICALLY RELEVANT TO THE BEHAVIOR (proclaim love while yelling at mate, cherish honesty while cheating on test)
**WE ARE KEENLY AWARE OF OUR ATTITUDES (we mindlessly follow habit or others’ expectations while our attitudes lie dormant)
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Social ThinkingOur behavior is affected by our inner attitudes
as well as by external social influences
Internalattitudes
Externalinfluences
Behavior
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Social ThinkingFoot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
*tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
*Social Roles*set of expectations about a social position*defines how those in the position ought to behave*when you adopt a new role (college student, marry, new
job), you strive to follow the social prescriptions. May feel phony at first while you “act” the role.
No one “teaches” you your role.
*Social Roles: involves a person’s knowledge about the sequence of events and actions that are expected of a particular social role.
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*Cognitive Dissonance*When we voluntarily undergo
unpleasant experiences.*voluntarily produce discomfort with
ideas that clash with their attitudes and values
*et. al. Republican speaker in a Democratic auditorium
*Cognitive Dissonance Theory*people are motivated to avoid uncomfortable state of
dissonance*must change either one’s behavior or one’s cognitions*et.al. when we become aware that our attitudes and our
actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
Generally speaking, when people’s cognitions and actions are in conflict (a
state of dissonance) they often reduce the conflict by
changing their thinking to fit their behavior.
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Social InfluenceConformity
*adapting one’s behavior or thinking/opinions to coincide with a group standard
*used to avoid rejection
Conformity increases whenConformity increases when:
*one is made to feel incompetent or insecure
*the group is unanimous
*one admires the group’s status and attractiveness
*one has made no prior commitment to any response
*others in the group observe one’s behavior
*one’s culture strongly encourages respect for social standards
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Yielding to Others: Conformity
Conformity – Solomon Asch (1950s)Group norm behaviorClassic experiment
Group size Group unanimity
ComplianceConforming to requested behavior
Foot-in-door Door-in-the-face
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Yielding to Others: ObedienceObedience – Stanley Milgram (1960s)
Controversial landmark experiment 65% gave highest shock level Many variations of basic experiment
“I was just following orders” presence of a dissenter
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Behavior in Groups: The Power of the Situation
Social RolesStanford Prison Study – Zimbardo
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Behavior in Groups: The Influence of Other People
The Bystander EffectDiffusion of responsibility
Group productivity and social loafingDecision making in groupsGroup Polarization –strengthen group
viewsGroupthink - cohesiveness
Bay of PigsNASA Shuttle disaster
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