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Putting Atoms Together
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Learning Goal for Today
• Understand how chemical formulas are used to represent compounds
• Learn characteristics of ionic and molecular compounds.
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Atoms and Molecules
Atoms
2 or more chemically
joined
Molecules
Elements and Compounds
Elements
2 or more chemically joined
Compounds
Terminology… Recall:
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• A molecule consists of two or more atoms that are chemically joined together.
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• A chemical formula indicates the type and number of atoms in a molecule.
• Note: the coefficient in front of the formula multiplies the number of atoms of each element in the formula.– Example:
• 2CO2 means 2 carbon and 4 oxygen atoms
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Types of Molecules (Overview)
1. Molecular Element: Two non-metal atoms of the same element A.k.a. “diatomic molecules”
H2 , N2 , O2 , F2 , Cl2 , Br2 , I2
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Types of Molecules
2. Molecular Compounds: Formed with ≥2 different
non-metalsHeld with covalent
bondsExamples:
• CO2 carbon dioxide
• H2O water
3. Ionic Compounds:positively and negatively
charged ionsCommonly formed from
metals and non-metalsHeld with ionic bondsExamples:
• NaCl sodium chloride
• MgCl2 magnesium chloride
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Try This
• Handout: “Chemical Formula”
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Ionic Bonding
Ion:• a particle that has either a positive or negative
charge• “forms when an atom loses or gains one or
more electrons without changing its number of protons”
• Examples:– Mg loses two electrons Mg2+
– Br gains one electron Br-
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Ionic Bonding
Cation:• a positively charged
ion• forms when an atom
loses one or more electrons, leaving more protons (+) than electrons (-) and resulting in a net positive charge
• Example:– Na+
Na
11 p+
12n0
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Ionic Bonding
Cation:• a positively charged ion• forms when an atom loses one or more
electrons, leaving more protons (+) than electrons (-) and resulting in a net positive charge
• Example:– Na loses one e-
Na
11 p+
12n0
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Ionic Bonding
Cation:• a positively charged ion• forms when an atom loses one or more
electrons, leaving more protons (+) than electrons (-) and resulting in a net positive charge
• Example:– Na loses one e- Na+
Na+
11 p+
12n0
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Ionic Bonding
Anion:• a negatively charged ion• forms when an atom gains one or more
electrons, leaving more electrons (-) than protons (+) and resulting in a net negative charge
• Example:– Cl
Cl
17 p+
18 n0
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Ionic Bonding
Anion:• a negatively charged ion• forms when an atom gains one or more
electrons, leaving more electrons (-) than protons (+) and resulting in a net negative charge
• Example:– Cl gains one e-
Cl
17 p+
18 n0
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Ionic Bonding
Anion:• a negatively charged ion• forms when an atom gains one or more
electrons, leaving more electrons (-) than protons (+) and resulting in a net negative charge
• Example:– Cl gains one e- Cl-
Cl-
17 p+
18 n0
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Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bond:• a bond formed when a metal and a non-metal
transfer electrons• held together by the attraction between the
positively charged metal (cation) and the negatively charged non-metal (anion)
• Example:– NaCl [Na]+[Cl]-
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Ionic Bonding
Na
11 p+
12 n0
Cl
17p+
18n0
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Ionic Bonding
Na
11 p+
12 n0
Cl
17p+
18n0
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Ionic Bonding
Na+
11 p+
12 n0
Cl-
17p+
18n0
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Naming Ionic Compounds
1. Name the metal2. Name the non-metal3. Add “ide” to the non-metal
Name of Metal Name of non-metal + ideSodium chloride
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How do we find the formula?
• Li1+ and O2-
• What do you notice?
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• 2 Lithium atoms• 1 Oxygen atom• Li2O
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Here’s the trick
1. Write the symbols and charges
2. Crisscross
3. Write symbols with subscripts
Li 1+ O 2-
Li 1+ O 2-
Li2O1
Li2O
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Try This!
• “Ions and Ionic Bonding” worksheet
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Molecular (Covalent) Bonding
Covalent Bond:• formed when two non-metal atoms share electrons
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Covalent Bonding
• Very strong bond; requires a lot of energy to form/break
• Example:– H2 H—H
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Covalent Bonding
1 p+
H
1 p+
H
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Covalent Bonding
1 p+
H
1 p+
H
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Covalent Bonding
1 p+ 1 p+
H—H
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Prefixes for Naming Molecular Compounds
# atoms Prefix1 Mono2 Di3 Tri4 Tetra5 Penta6 Hexa
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Never use “Mono” for the first element!
Ex. CO2
x Monocarbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
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Formula Name
1. Write the name of each element
2. Write the subscripts as prefixes
3. Change ending of last element to “ide”
Ex. H2O1
1. Hydrogen oxygen
2. Dihydrogen monoxygen
3. Dihydrogen monoxide
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Now you try
CCl4
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How did you do?
CCl4
1. Carbon chlorine
2. Carbon tetrachlorine
3. Carbon tetrachloride
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Name Formula
Dihydrogen Dioxide
1. H O
2. H2O2
1. Write the names as symbols
2. Write the prefixes as subscripts
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Now you try
• Dinitrogen Tetroxide
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How did you do?
Dinitrogen Tetroxide
1. N O
2. N2O4