Download - QUALITY OF HALAL MEAT
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QUALITY OF HALAL MEAT
Dr. Javaid Aziz Awan
Country Director,
Islamic Food and Nutrition
Council of America,
Faisalabad
Presented atHalal Research Council Conferencewww.halalrc.orgHeld at Expo Centre, Lahore - Pakistan
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About IFANCA?Islamic Food and Nutrition Council of America
Not for Profit Technical Islamic OrganizationSupervising production of Halal foodsCertifying halal productsFinding solutions for new challengesPublishing relevant informationConsulting Islamic scholars on issues facing
Muslims in selecting food products.
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IFANCA Strategy
IFANCA strives to satisfy:
Client Companies
Halal Recognition Authorities
Halal Consumers IFANCA - most knowledgeable organization in
the field IFANCA - provides services second to none IFANCA - builds relationships with the client
companies, halal recognition authorities and halal consumers.
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IFANCACrescent M Certification
IFANCA certificates and certified products accepted world over
IFANCA - recognized by organizations like:MUIS SingaporeJAKIM MalaysiaMWL Saudi ArabiaMUI IndonesiaUnited Arab Emirates
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IFANCA Crescent M CertificationGlobal Affiliations:
IFANCA provides Halal certification in over 55 countries directly or through affiliates like:
IFCE, Europe
AFIC, Australia
NZIMM, New Zealand
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Some Ifanca Certified Companies in Pakistan
AB Mauri Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd., Lahore
English Biscuit Manufacturers (Pvt.) Ltd. Karachi
Coronet Foods, Hattar
Capital Food Industries, Hattar
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Some Ifanca Certified Companies in Pakistan
Gaziani Industries (Pvt) Ltd. Karachi Nabeel Industries (Pvt) Ltd., Lahore
Pakistan Gum Industries (Pvt)., Ltd. Karachi
Pepsi-Cola International (Private) Ltd., Hattar
Super Gum Industries Ltd. Karachi
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Some Ifanca Certified Companies in Pakistan
National Foods, Karachi
Nestle Pakistan, Lahore
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IFANCA Halal Certification Logos
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GUIDANCE FOR MUSLIMS
Holy Quran and the Sunnah provide guidance and inspirations for life on Earth
Food laws among guidelines Ensure foods Muslims eat have positive
bearing on their health In fact the very first law to be passed on to
Mankind was a food law:
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VII:19 Al-Araf
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THE FIRST DIVINE LAW
The Holy Quran“And unto man: O Adam! Dwell thou and thy
wife in the Garden and eat from whence ye will, but come not nigh this tree lest ye become wrong-doers” VII-19 - Al-Araf
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THE LAST DIVINE LAW
The last Divine law incidentally a food lawRevealed during last pilgrimage of the Holy
Prophet Muhammed (pbuh):“They ask thee O Muhammed what is made
lawful for them. Say: all good things are made lawful for you” V:4 Al-Maidah
Aim of Divine revelations:Ensure man eats right type of food for his
nourishment
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MEAT
Meat indispensable for sound human healthProvides several essential nutrients:
ProteinsAmino acidsMineral elements Vitamins
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MEAT
Meat subject to spoilage by:Chemical reactions Biochemical reactions Biological agents, including bacteria
Meat responsible for food-borne diseasesHence must be produced to:
Minimize chemical and biochemical changesPrevent chances of bacterial contamination
and growth to preserve quality
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HALAL MEAT
Slaughtering of animals and birds: essential to prepare for food purposes
Pre-slaughter management and bleeding methods: regulated by legislations and religious
practices Earliest recorded laws on handling, care and
slaughter of animals:Revelations in the Holy Quran andAhadith by the Holy Prophet (pbuh)
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ESSENTIALS OF ISLAMIC METHOD OF SLAUGHTERING
Islamic method of slaughtering - based on two important principles:Tasmiya Tazkiyah
Tasmiya - invoking name of Allah means slaughter being done with His
permissionThis in accordance with several commands
given in the Holy Quran
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V:4 Al-Maidah
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ESSENTIALS OF ISLAMIC METHOD OF SLAUGHTERING
“Forbidden to you (for food,) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which hath been invoked the name of other than God; that which hath been killed by strangling, or by a violent blow, or by a head long fall, or by being gored to death; that which hath been partly eaten by a wild animal, unless ye are able to slaughter it (in due form) ….…………. (V:4) Al-Maidah
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ESSENTIALS OF ISLAMIC METHOD OF SLAUGHTERING
Tazkiyah means purification - cleaning meat of blood by slaughter
Consumption of blood prohibited in Holy Quran - VI:146
All lawful animals and birds contain blood Blood must be drained as per these commands
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ESSENTIALS OF ISLAMIC METHOD OF SLAUGHTERING
The Holy Prophet (pbuh) gave comprehensive guidelines on slaughtering of animals in following Hadith:
“Verily Allah, has prescribed proficiency in all things. Thus, if you kill, kill well; and if you slaughter, slaughter well. Let each one of you sharpen his blade and let him spare suffering to the animal he slaughters”.
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ESSENTIALS OF ISLAMIC METHOD OF SLAUGHTERING - Slaughterer
Must be adult Muslim or Must believe in Holy Scriptures Must be in possession of his mental faculties
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PRE-SLAUGHTER HANDLING OF ANIMALS - 1. Selection of animals
Islam strictly prohibits:PorkCarrion Dead animals Carnivorous animals Birds of prey Amphibians Reptiles
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1. Selection of animals
Islam permits:All herbivorous, even-toed ruminants
Animal meant for slaughtering be:Healthy Free from any apparent or
hidden impurities/diseasesMust be legally owned.
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2. Pre-slaughter handling of animals
Modern methods require animal prior to slaughtering not be subjected to Stress Fatigue Neurotic Excitement
Rough handling of animals in pre-slaughter period: Adversely affects meat quality Results in dark, firm and dry meat
Fatigued or starved animals Organisms from gut may invade blood stream
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2. Pre-slaughter handling of animals
Proper relaxation before slaughtering:Helps animal to bleed wellBuilds up muscle glycogen to lower meat pH Increases storage life of meat by reducing
chances of microbial growthImproves taste due to conditioning/
tendernessHelps delay or reduce fermentation in
stomach - may otherwise give meat characteristic smell known as ‘bone taint’.
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2. Pre-slaughter handling of animals
Undesirable - animal awaiting slaughter view slaughtering process – cause stress
Animals under stress - lead to undue emotional instability, fatigue, anorexia, etc.
Discharge hormones from adrenal glands: adrenaline from adrenal medulla 17 hydroxy- and 11-deoxycorticosterones from
adrenal cortex Hormones deplete muscle glycogen and potassium Deleterious effects on meat quality Prevention - tranquilizers recommended to calm
stocks in transit.
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2. Pre-slaughter handling of animals in Islam
Islam promotes calm and rested animals prior to slaughtering: Not fatigued Not excited Not nervous
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2. Pre-slaughter handling of animals
Islam prohibits Any act that causes neurosis or excitement or
other abnormal behavioural changes in animalSharpening knife in front of slaying animalsPractice of collective slaughtering - other
animals viewing their companion being killed Research reveals
Practices inhumane Cause stress
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3. Feeding the animals
Two schools of thoughts:Animal to remain hungry - FastingAnimal be well fed
Advantages of fasted animals claimed: Bleed better Carcass has brighter appearance Carcass easier to dress Reduced bulk of animal’s stomach Reduced chances of bacterial contamination
from gut
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3. Feeding the animals
Disadvantages of fasted animals: Loss in weight of carcassLoss in weight of liverLower glycogen reserves in muscles Reduced gustative quality of meat
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3. Feeding the animals
Well-fed animals:Glycogen level in muscle reaches higher levelEnsures production of adequate lactic acid Lowers pH of meatMeat has good:
AppearanceTasteTendernessLonger shelf-life
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3. Feeding the animals
Meat of soothed and well-fed animals:pH attains 5.5 or even lower level
Meat of fatigued or neurotic animals:pH varies from 6.5 to 7.0
Often recommended to feed animals prior to slaughtering - meat of good keeping and eating quality
In some cases sugar solution fed to quickly restore glycogen level in tissues
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3. Feeding the animals in Islam
Holy Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) advised that animals destined for slaughtering be:well fed provided with drinking water
Preferable - animals have free access to feed and water prior to slaughtering
Result - good quality meat.
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE
Conventionally, slaughtering process consists of two to three different stagesDepends on religious practices and
legislationsStunning
Jews not in favour of stunningMuslims divided on the issueWestern countries require stunned
Bleeding method governed by religious and national legislations
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE 1. Stunning
Stunning widely practiced in Western abattoirs Main objective
Make animal unconscious Make death gentle and painless
No standard method for all animals under all conditions
Stunning effective in having calm animal
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE 1. Stunning
Stunning - outcome of industrial revolution Maximum animals be slaughtered in least timeProbably no relation with mercy on animalsIndustrial revolution:
Provided mankind with innumerable benefitsInflicted damaging blows on some aspects of
human nutritionExample - refinement of wheat flour
Stunning might turn out harmful
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE – Bleeding
Quick incision recommended using very sharp knife on front of the neck to severe:Wind pipeOesophagusCarotid arteries Jugular veins
Positions for incision:Hanging animal on its hind legsLaying on the ground
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding
To produce good carcass – bleed animal effectively
Heart and respiratory system must function continuously as long as possible after severance
This attained when heart and respiratory functions retained by maintaining medulla oblongata/spinal cord
Animals convulse
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE - Bleeding
During convulsions blood squeezed out of vessels
Hence more blood drains out - a pre-requisite for meat of superior quality
Evidence suggests more blood lost from sheep in horizontal position than those hung vertically
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding
Blood excellent medium for growth of microorganisms
Meat retaining more blood than critical level liable to bacterial spoilage
Blood retention in tissues can cause unpleasant appearance and discolouration in meat
Keeping and eating qualities of meat depends, in part, on removal of maximum blood from carcass
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Laying Animal for Bleeding
Lay animal (except camel) on its left flank, preferably facing Kibla Laying enables animal to convulse - results from
contraction of muscles due to lack of oxygen in brain cells when incision made
Ensures maximum blood drainage owing to body pressure on heart - outranks other slaughtering techniques
Ensures rapid onset of unconsciousness and painless death
Prevents retraction of carotids
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE – Bleeding
While giving incisions with sharp knife:Recite name of Allah:Bismillah Allah-o-AkbarAllah-o-Akbar Subhan Allah La illaha illila
Takbir - religious significance to believer makes submission to Allah, that life taken out
of animal with His permission
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE 3. Bleeding techniques
Slaughtering actually done in the name of Allah and not in name of any person or deity in accordance with following commands:
“So eat of (meats) on which God’s name has been pronounced if ye have faith in His Signs” Vl:118, Vl:121 – Al Anam
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding techniques Islamic method: Use sharp knife or any sharp object for bleeding
except finger nail and bone Incision made in neck Throat cut transversely to severe carotid arteries,
jugular veins, oesophagus and trachea without injuring spinal cord
Two essentials in slaughter of animals for meat: animals be dispatched without unnecessary
suffering bleeding be as complete as possible
Both met in Islamic method of bleeding
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE Bleeding techniques
When both carotid arteries severed unconsciousness in sheep induced between 3 to 6 seconds
Islamic method ensures maximum blood drainage from body before completion of death process
Connection between brain and body retained via spinal cord
Brain sends messages to heart and lungsHeart pumps blood to parts of body - drained
out from severed blood vessels in neck
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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE 3. Bleeding techniques
Results of a comparative study Maximum blood lost in Kosher method
Jewish method similar to Islamic as regards physical details
Minimum when chicken simply beheaded
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Conclusion
Islamic method ensures:Minimum suffering to animalMaximum bleedingLower pH of meatBetter meat quality
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ANIMAL RIGHTS
Islam recognized animal rights long before recognition of human rights in Western World
Numerous Ahadith reflect Islam advocates kindness and mercy towards animals: Nourish animals well Save animals from hunger and thirst Show kindness to animals Do not hit or mark animal on its face Do not shoot arrows at cattle or bird tied or held up Do not fight animals for sports or recreation Do not unjustly kill even a sparrow or smaller bird
(other than for food)
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Thank YouHalal Research Council www.halalrc.org