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Radiation Safety for
Customs & Border Protection Officers and Ports
Luke McCormick
Department of Homeland Security
US Customs & Border Protection
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The Mission
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The Daily Challenges• 7500 miles of Land Borders,
• 89,000 miles of Tidal Shoreline,
• 1.1 million people including 724,192 aliens enter,
• 359,129 vehicles
• 62,026 trucks and containers,
• 2,526 aircraft,
• 27 million packages/bags per day,
• 56,363 merchandise entries, and
• collected $68 million in revenue.
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CBP Sites WorldwideCanada (3), Netherlands, Germany (2)
Belgium, France, Sweden, Italy (3),
United Kingdom, Greece, Spain,
Singapore, Japan (4), Hong Kong,
South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand,
South Africa, Malta, Bermuda, Bahamas
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The Resources
57 Different types of Radiation Equipment
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Our Most Valuable Resource
17,000 highly trained Officers
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The Core of the CBP Program
• Keep Officers dose < 100 mR/yr
• Survey Each Type of Equipment
• Work with Manufacturers and Regulators
• Keep Port Workers Out of Exclusion Zones
• Limit Workers in Controlled Areas
• Train Officers
• Audit Port Programs
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NII Equipment is thoroughly surveyed
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Doses are mapped
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Doses are mapped
Cargo
For two 40' cargo containers with 10' between them and 65' on each side, the total length is 220'.
Rear Front
A
E
F
H
MSCSBC
D
G
Simulated Cargo
Detector
Source
MSCS
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Exclusion area and Controlled area
Controlled
Area
Line
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Rail VACIS
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Mobile VACIS
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Two Types of Scans Stationary & Rolling
• Stationary requires 2 Operators
• Rolling requires 3 Operators
•Rolling scan removes driver from truck allowing scan of drivers compartment
•Stationary scan driver pulls up so beam is behind the cab, on signal drives trailer through beam.
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Stationary Scan
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Rolling Scan
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Survey Points.
L
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Typical Survey ResultsBackground
0
20
40
60
80
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43
Seconds
µR/h
r
Rear Bench Sear Far Left
0
20
40
60
80
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49
Seconds
µR/h
r
5' behind source in line
0
20
40
60
80
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53
Seconds
µR/h
r
25' behind detector tower in beam
0
20
40
60
80
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61
Seconds
µR/h
r
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Dose in Beam
5' from source in beam
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43
Seconds`
µR/h
r
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Dose to a Stowaway
• Background dose, 1 year – 360,000 microrem
• Rail VACIS ------------------------- 2.5 microrem
• Mobile Truck Gamma -------------- 4 microrem
• VACIS-II ------------------------------- 5 microrem
• Truck X-ray - -------------------------40 microrem
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Radiation Detection Equipment
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Radiation Detection Directive
• If radiation is detected, it must be resolved.
• If a pager reads 9, back off until it reads 8.
• If back-off distance is less than 10’ a 3 minute inspection is allowed.
• If back-off distance is greater than 10’ isolate the shipment, call LSS experts.
• If neutrons are detected, isolate the shipment, call LSS experts.
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Common Radioactive Shipments
• Medical Isotopes and persons receiving them.
• Agricultural products, fruits & leafy vegetables, tobacco,
• Bananas (large quantities)
• Antique items, Ceramic-glazed products “Vaseline” glass.
• Camera lenses and any high-quality optical lens system
• Radio-luminescent products (radium paint, Tritium)
• Dental ceramics
• Irradiated gemstones
• Lantern mantels (natural Thorium)
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Common Radioactive Shipments
• Polishing powders
• Propane tanker trucks
• Smoke detectors (Am-241)
• Televisions sets
• Thoriated aluminum (an alloy containing Th-232)
• Thoriated tungsten arc-welding rods
• Uranium ore samples
• Naturally occurring radioactive material stone, slate and concrete, feldspar, fertilizers, and granite.
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In Summary
• CBP Workers are only allowed the same dose as members of the public.
• This dose is less than 1/3 of background
• Port workers and the Public are kept clear of operating equipment so receive less dose.