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R.B. Baker, DVM, MS Past Director of the Iowa Pork Industry Center, ISU Extension and Outreach
Senior Clinician & Dr. David R. Trask Professorship in Entrepreneurial Studies Food Supply Veterinary Medicine – VDPAM
A Summary of Our Current PEDV Knowledge
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PED virus Update:
Diagnostics, Transmission,
Management, & Reporting
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Talk Focus • Brief review of our advancing knowledge
–The PED virus in our herds
–The role of the Iowa State Diagnostic Lab
–Current Research
–Biosecurity Efforts
–Disease Management
–Reporting
Additional Resources: www.pork.org/pedv
4
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PEDV History in the USA
• First case of PEDV was submitted to Iowa State University Vet Diagnostic Lab (ISUVDL) on April 29
• Initially thought to be transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)
• Persistence of staff at ISUVDL led to confirmation of PEDV on May 17, 2013
• Retrospective testing of submissions that were saved found positive samples back to mid-April 2013, on a growing pig site in Ohio
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PEDV spread rapidly
between and within regions
of the USA
Biosecurity as currently practiced in the U.S. was NOT effective at slowing the spread of the virus
High Health Herds with a long period of disease freedom were affected
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Total Positive PEDV Cases (NAHLN)
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PDCoV Positive Biological Accessions
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Where the Pigs Are Located in US ≈ 500,000 pigs/week imported to IA to be grown
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Porcine Epidemic
Diarrhea Virus
• PED is primarily spread by the fecal-
oral route
• Incubation is very short: 12-36 hours
• Vomiting and diarrhea in all ages
• PEDV only infects pigs
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Other diseases that cause diarrhea
– don’t automatically assume it is
PEDV if you see loose stools
• Viral
– Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV)
– Porcine rotavirus groups A and B
• Bacterial
– Clostridium, E. coli, Salmonella, Brachyspira, Ileitis.
• Parasitic
– Coccidia, Cryptosporidium, Nematodes
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-21 -19 -17 -15 -13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Farrowing performance related to PEDv infection on 16000 sows
Avg totalborn Avg liveborn
Reproductive Ramifications Pod 1
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Farrowing rate in 16,000 sows bred during the PEDV break
Reproductive Ramifications Pod 1
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Stillborn Pod 1
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% Stillborn
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Avg totalborn
Avg liveborn
Farrowing Performance related to PEDV Infection on 12,000 sows
Reproductive Ramifications Pod 2
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Farrowing rate in 12,000 Sows post PEDV break
Reproductive Ramifications Pod 2
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Pod 2 Stillborn
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% Stillborn
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ISU Diagnostic Lab Serving Food
Animal Agriculture
Comprehensive Diagnostic Service, Teaching, and Discovery (Iowa’s only Full-Service & Fully Accredited Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory)
Processing 55,000+ cases/year from livestock producers Applying world-class technology to real-world problems
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≈ 75% Swine, 10% Bovine, 10% Poultry, + 5% Everything Else
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Porcine Coronaviruses in US Swine
TGE: Transmissible Gastroenteritis
PEDV: Porcine Endemic Diarrhea Virus
PDCoV: Porcine Deltacoronavirus
* Field reports suggest it to be a pathogen
* Most reports suggest it is milder than PEDV -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PRCV = Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus
* Seems to be more of a friend than a foe
Porcine enteric disease picture in the US has rapidly become more complex
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Porcine Coronavirus Diagnostic Specimens
(TGE, PEDV, & most recently PDCoV)
• Intestine (Fresh & Fixed)
• Feces
• Fecal Swabs
• Oral Fluids
• Serum (Antibody) Antemortem diagnostic tools are increasingly used (especially Oral fluids & Molecular Dx) to monitor the heath status of US swine in real-time.
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Oral Fluids
New PEDV
Diagnostic
Tool
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Porcine Coronavirus Serology
(Antibody Testing)
• PEDV – IFA (labor intensive, subjective, but it has been fairly robust)
• PEDV-Elisa (only routine @ UMN & ISU)
– Duration of detectable antibody response needs to be understood with PEDV
– Commercially Available PEDV Elisa’s → Very Poor
• TGE-PRCV Differential Elisa
• PDCoV = No Assays Available
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Research Efforts to Date
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• Great effort to produce and validate diagnostics
for PEDV and PDCoV (milk, feces, serum, saliva)
• Route of spread – transport, slaughter, buying
station roles, heat inactivation, drying etc.
• Pathogenesis
• Feed transmission bioassay development
• Control Interventions in feed
• Understanding Feed Mill contamination
• Conditioning Time and Pelleting – virus
inactivation
• Bird involvement studies
• Duration of Immunity in Sows after initial
infection
• Maternal Immunity and piglet protection
• Many Others
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Transport of pigs may be the
most significant way the
virus is moving around
• Lowe, etal, 2013. The Role of Harvest Plant Lairage and Transportation in Propagating …..(PEDV)– Preliminary Results
– 669 trailers sampled over a 2-3 day period from 7 slaughter plants between June 14 and 20, 2013
– Analyzed for the presence of PEDV RNA by a commercially available PCR test at the ISU VDL
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What was discovered
• 17.3% of the trailers were contaminated prior to unloading
• Contamination rates ranged from 2.0% to 69.7% between plants
• Of the trailers not contaminated at arrival, 11.4% were contaminated during the unloading process
• Plants with higher contamination rates at arrival tended to have higher rates of trailers that were contaminated during the unloading process (R2=0.98)
• Across all plants, each contaminated trailer at arrival resulted in 0.96 additional trailers that were contaminated during the unloading process
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Yoon, Madson, Magstad, Labois, et al – experimentally infected with PEDV.
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Porcine Coronavirus Molecular Diagnostic Assays @ ISU VDL Red = New Assays in Past 12-months
• TGE – PCR
• PEDV – PCR
• PEDV Differential – PCR – Original US strain vs. more recently identified variant
• PDCoV – PCR
• Pan-Corona – PCR (Discovery – Yoon et al)
• PEDV Sequencing – S1 Gene (Routine)
– Whole Genome (Research)
• PDCoV Sequencing – Research & diagnostic
↑ Sensitive, Semi-quantitative, Same-day testing, Used Extensively
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Dr. Jianqiang Zhang, ISU-VDL
Two Distinctly Different Groups
of PEDVs Circulating in US
• January 2014 – ISU VDL S1 Sequencing
– 15 PEDV positive cases
– 10 cases shared 99.1-100% nucleotide identities to PEDV strains identified in US swine since April 2013
– 5 cases shared 99.6-100% nucleotide identities to each other but only 93.4-94.6% nucleotide identities to the originally identified US strain
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PEDV Variant Epidemiology
• January 2014 – ISU VDL retrospective testing – 183 random PEDV PCR positive fecal samples from ISU VDL cases
submitted May to September 2013
– 6 of 183 cases were positive “PEDV variant”
– Five of the 6 PEDV variant positive cases were submitted in May 2013 and the other in early June
• In retrospect, both PEDV strains have been present and circulating in US since April/May 2013. – Earliest PEDV positive case identified in the US was submitted to the
ISU VDL on April 15, 2013.
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PDCoV
• PDCoV not PEDV or TGEV or PRCV
– Delta vs. Alpha Coronaviruses
– Doesn’t appear to be any cross-protection
• Vomiting and diarrhea (Field/Diagnostic Reports)
– Similar clinical signs and lesions to PEDV/TGE
– Reportedly more transient &/or less severe
– Koch’s postulates yet to be fulfilled
• ISU-VDL Available Assays
– PDCV PCR is currently offered
– PDCV sequencing available
• Limited retrospective testing on PDCoV completed to date
Alphacoronavirus: PEDV Deltacoronavirus: PDCV
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PED Management
• Elimination similar to TGE programs
– reported successful – takes longer
(>90days)
– Failures are reported but little data
• In single site continuous flow farms the
virus often becomes endemic
• A generation II vaccine is on the market
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PEDV Elimination
• First Step has been early weaning off site
• Immediate feedback of infected material to the breeding herd
• Herd closure to replacements
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Elimination
• If Possible:
• All replacement gilts necessary for a period of four to six months should be in the farm during the feedback exposure period
• Sentinel animals are best to determine if the virus has been eliminated prior to resumption of replacement flow (introduction of naïve animals)
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Feedback protocols are
like those for TGEV
• Consist of fecal material and/or the intestinal tracts (viscera) from infected / scouring piglets
• Process the viscera through a garbage disposal/blender etc. to macerate thoroughly
• Cold water may be used to extend/carry the feedback material – The virus is temperature sensitive – warm, hot, or
chlorinated water should be avoided
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Keeping PEDV OUT
Biosecurity!
Biosecurity!
Biosecurity!
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Bio-Exclusion Considerations
Pest/Wildlife Control
Aerosol – weather
Manure Application
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Keeping it out
• Biosecurity Challenges
–Fecal Oral Routes are Numerous
• Pigs (Isolation of new stock)
• Pig Trailers & Truck Drivers
–Rendering, Slaughter, Cull Sows etc.
• Feed Trucks and Drivers
• Pig handling equipment – cut boards
etc.
• Employees – hands, shoes, clothing
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Bio-Exclusion Considerations
For the Farm • Limiting traffic onto the farm
– People and equipment
• Thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting
potential fomites coming onto the farm
• Enforcing downtime requirements
• Maintaining a log of visitors
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The AP Bio-Dry
Truck and trailer are heated to a minimum
of 160°F for 10 minutes to inactivate PED
virus
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Keeping it out
• Manure handling equipment and operators
• Service personnel
• Water supply
• Tools
• Supplies
• Any fecal contaminated object that enters
the farm and contacts a pig
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A typical site …
tough to have lines of separation ?
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Disinfectants?
Antifreeze may
be used with
some disinfectants
RV Antifreeze
1 gal (-50 oF)
to 5/6 gal/water
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Keeping it out
oLines of Separation
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Bench Entry
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A double entrance separates farm personnel
from feed trucks, manure haulers or other
farming equipment
A double entrance separates farm personnel
from feed trucks, manure haulers or other
farming equipment
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Daily Biosecurity Priorities
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Keeping it out – Other
Risks – Feed ingredients - Plasma Protein?
– Airborne virus ?
– Visitors and employees?
– Birds?
Winter weather greatly
enhances virus spread by all
tracking possibilities
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BIOSECURITY
THINK!!
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What About Vaccine
• Many in Asia
• One on the market in the USA
• Several in the works in the USA
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Mandatory Reporting
• June 5th, Federal order requiring pork producers report cases of Novel Corona virus infections
– Any outbreak that meets the case definition
– National Animal Health Laboratory's required to report positive cases
• Veterinarians may be the reported contact or the owner – This choice is now on accession form when submitting a case
– All other labs – commercial or private
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Approved sample types submitted
for PEDV and PDCoV PCR testing
eligible for reimbursement include:
Intestines
Feces
Fecal Swabs
Oral Fluids
Environmental Samples (specifically associated with a farm site and live pigs)
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Lab Mandatory Reporting
Requirements
1. Premises Identification number (PIN)
2. Submitter Information (Practitioner etc.)
3. Accession and specimen information
• Barcode must be included
• Diagnostic Test Results
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Producer Responsibility
when Diagnosed Positive
• In collaboration with the herd veterinarian (or state vet, APHIS vet) must develop a herd management plan that includes
1. Diagnostic monitoring plan
2. Herd management best practices for PEDV control and/or elimination and biosecurity
a. Employee and visitor
b. Pigs coming onto a site
c. Trucks and trucking personnel
d. Feed components (ingredients, etc.)
3. Maintenance of up-to-date records on pig movements and make them assessable if requested by APHIS vets
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CURRENT STATISTICS: SECD Positive Premises Confirmed (July 10–16, 2014) by Case Definition
State
PEDV Confirmed
Positive Premises
PDCoV
Confirmed
Positive
Premises
PEDV and PDCoV mixed
infection Confirmed
Positive Premises
SECD Confirmed
Positive Premises
Totals
SECD Confirmed Positive
Premises with Active Herd
Plans added this period.
IA 5 0 0 5 0
KS 3 0 0 3 0
NC 3 0 0 3 0
OK 7 0 0 7 0
TX 1 0 0 1 0
OH 1 1 2 4 0
NE 2 0 0 2 1
MI 1 0 2 3 0
PA 1 0 0 1 0
Totals 24 1 4 29 1
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CUMULATIVE STATISTICS: SECD Positive Premises Confirmed (June 5–July 16, 2014) by Case Definition.
State
PEDV Confirmed
Positive Premises
PDCoV Confirmed
Positive Premises
PEDV and PDCoV mixed
infection Confirmed
Positive Premises
SECD
Confirmed Positive
Premises Totals
SECD
Confirmed Positive
Premises with Active Herd
Plans
IA 16 1 0 17 0
IL 1 0 0 1 1
KS 3 0 0 3 0
MI 1 0 2 3 2
MO 1 0 0 1 0
NC 3 0 0 3 0
NE 2 1 0 3 1
OH 3 1 2 6 0
OK 7 0 0 7 0
PA 1 0 0 1 0
TX 1 0 0 1 0
Total 39 3 4 46 4
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Novel Swine Enteric
Coronavirus Disease
• Emergency Management Response System
– EMRS Data Base.
– So far 29 premises entered
– 415 Pending or received for follow-up
• Information Security
– NAHLN Labs have a layer
– USDA adds their Layer
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Resources:
NPB http://www.pork.org/filelibrary/PEDfsBook4.pdf
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Thank you