REC 3010HUMAN MOVEMENT
THE STRUCTURE OF MUSCLE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE/FASCICLES
AGONIST AND ANTAGONIST MUSCLES
Upper Trapezius
Middle Trapezius
Serratus Anterior
Lower Trapezius
Levator Scapulae
Rhomboid Minor
Rhomboid Major
Agonist-Antagonist Muscles
The Upper Trapezius and the Lower Trapezius have an Agonist-Antagonist relationship
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Glenohumeral joint
Greater Tubercle
Lesser Tubercle
Subscapularis
Agonist-Antagonist Muscles
The Subscapularis and the Supraspinatus/Infraspinatus/Teres Minor have a Agonist Antagonist relationship
External Abdominal Oblique
Internal Abdominal Oblique
Pectoralis Major
Rectus Abdominal
Transverse Abdominis
Tendinous Transcriptions
Longissimus
Spinalis
Iliocostalis
The muscles of the Abdominals are opposite the Lower Back
The Transverse Abdominals are opposite each other
Biceps Femorus
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Intermedialis
Vastus Lateralis
Semimembranosus
Semitendonosus
There are some interesting Agonist Antagonist relations between the Hip Extensors and the Hip Flexors
AGONIST/ANTAGONIST STRENGTH RATIOS
ACTIN & MYOSIN FILAMENTS (SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY)
ACTIN & MYOSIN FILAMENTS
SARCOMERE DIAGRAM
MYOSIN CROSS BRIDGE IN ACTION
MUSCLE CONTRACTION/RELAXATION
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
PRODUCING A MUSCLE ACTION
ISOTONIC CONTRACTION*CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION
-muscle acts as moving force-muscle shortens creating tension-motion is created
*ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION-muscle acts as a resistive force-external force exceeds contractive force-muscle lengthens & motion is slowed
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION - -muscle tension is created with no movement
-resistance comes from opposing muscle, gravity or an immoveable object
-motion is prevented by equal opposing forces
• There are three lever classes.
• The body operates primarily as a series of third-class levers, with only a few first- and second-class levers.– Force (F) acts
between the axis (X) and the resistance (R)
WHICH MUSCLES ACT AS 1ST & 2ND?
1ST CLASS LEVER 2ND CLASS LEVER 3RD CLASS LEVER
LEVERS OF THE BODY
1ST CLASS LEVER
2ND CLASS LEVER
THE BALL OF FOOT ACTS AS FULCRUM OR AXIS OF ROTATION
THE FOOT ACTS AS THE RESISTANCE ARM
WHEN THE CALF CONTRACTS IT PROVIDES THE EFFORT FORCE
THE WEIGHT OF THE BODY PROVIDES THE REISISTANCE LOAD
7 Principles of BiomechanicsPrinciple #1: StabilityThe lower the center of mass
the larger the base of supportthe closer the center of mass to the base of support& the greater the mass
The more stability increasesExample: Sumo Wrestler
Principle #2: Maximum EffortThe production of maximum force requires the use of all possible joint movements that contribute to the tasks objectiveExample: Bench Press or Golf
Principle #3: Maximum VelocityThe production of maximum velocity requires the use of joints in order from largest to smallestExample: Slap Shot or Golf Drive
Principle #4: Linear MotionThe greater the applied impulse the greater the increase in velocityExample: Slam Dunking in Basketball
Principle #5: Linear MotionMovement usually occurs in the direction opposite of the applied forceExample: High Jumper, Runners & Cyclists
Principle #6: Angular MotionAngular motion is produced by the application of a force acting at some distance from the axis, that is, by torque
The production of Angular MotionExample: Baseball Pitcher
Principle #7: Angular MomentumAngular Momentum is constant when an athlete or object is free in the air. Once an athlete is airborne, he or she will travel with a constant angular momentum.Example: Divers
Anatomical, Directional, and Regional Terms
Movement of the Skeleton• There are three main types of joints:
– Fibrous joints– Cartilaginous joints– Synovial joints
• Synovial joint movement occurs within the three planes of motion: sagittal, frontal, and transverse.– Movement occurs along the joint’s axis of rotation, where
the plane of movement is generally perpendicular to the axis.
– Uniplanar joints (hinge joints) allow movement in only one plane.
– Biplanar joints allow movement in two planes that are perpendicular to each other.
– Multiplanar joints allow movement in all three planes.
Movement in the Sagittal Plane The sagittal plane runs anterior-posterior, dividing the body into left and
right sections. Movements that involve rotation about a mediolateral axis occur in the
sagittal plane. Examples include:– Flexion– Extension– Dorsiflexion– Plantarflexion
Movement in the Frontal Plane • The frontal plane runs laterally, dividing the body into anterior and posterior
sections.• Movements that involve rotation about an anteroposterior axis occur in the frontal
plane. Examples include:– Abduction– Adduction– Elevation– Depression– Inversion– Eversion
Movement in the Transverse Plane The transverse plane runs horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior
sections. Movements that involve rotation about a longitudinal axis occur in the transverse
plane. Examples include:– Rotation– Pronation– Supination– Horizontal flexion– Horizontal extension
Movement of Synovial Joints
Angular Movements*Flexion
*Extension
*Abduction
*Adduction
Circular Movements
*Circumduction
*Rotation
Movements Special to the Shoulder*Protraction
*Retraction
*Elevation
*Depression
Movements Special to the Ankle
*Inversion
*Eversion
*Dorsiflexion
*Planterflexion
Anatomical Position