GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 266
RECENT ESTIMATES OF THE
ABUNDANCES OF THE ELEMENTS
IN THIS EARTH'S CRUST
u. Q. rPUBLIC
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Douglas McKay, Secretary
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 285
RECENT ESTIMATES OF THE ABUNDANCES OF THE ELEMENTS
IN THE EARTH'S CRUST
By Michael Fleischer
Washington, D. C., 1953
Free on application to the Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C.
RECENT ESTIMATES OF THE ABUNDANCES OF THE ELEMENTS
IN THE EARTH'S CRUST
By Michael Fleischer
CONTENTS
Page
Abstract.... Introduction.
References for tables 2 and 3.
Page
3
ILLUSTRATIONSPage
Figure 1. Abundances of elements of atomic numbers 1 to 48.......................................... 22. Abundances of elements of atomic numbers 47 to 93......................................... 2
TABLESPage
Table 1. Weight percents of the 25 most abundant elements in the earth's crust........................ 32. Estimates of abundances of elements arranged in order of atomic number..................... 43. Estimates of abundances of elements arranged alphabetically................................ 6
ABSTRACT
This is a compilation of estimates of the abun dances of the elements, taken from nine papers pub lished between 1924 and 1952. They are arranged in three tables: (1) weight percents of the 25 most abundant elements, (2) abundances of the first 92 elements arranged in order of atomic number, and (3) abundances of the first 92 elements arranged alphabetically.
INTRODUCTION
The U. S. Geological Survey receives many requests for information on the abundances of the elements. Data on this subject are scattered through the literature and are not always readily accessible. I have therefore assembled nine esti mates of abundances of all the elements, published during the past 30 years and they are given in three tables: The first table gives the 25 most abundant elements, the second and third list the first 92 ele ments, arranged in the second table in order of atomic number and in the third in alphabetical order. The data are plotted in figures 1 and 2. No data are listed for the elements of atomic numbers 93 to 98, neptunium, plutonium, americium, curium, berkelium, and californium. Neptunium and plutonium have been shown to occur naturally in exceedingly small concentrations, probably less
than 10-is percent. It is not known at present whether the other elements listed above occur in nature; like wise there are no published data on the occurrence of the elements of atomic numbers 43, 61, 85, and 87 technetium, promethium, astatine, and francium.
It should be noted that the nine estimates are not strictly comparable. Three of them (nos. 2, 5, and 9) refer to abundances in igneous rocks only; that is, they ignore the sedimentary rocks and the oceans. This has very little effect on the data given for most elements because the igneous rocks are estimated to constitute 95 percent of the earth's crust down to a 10-mile depth; it does, however, have a marked effect on the estimates of hydrogen, oxygen, and chlorine which are so abundant in the oceans.
It is not practicable here to discuss the data in detail. It should be noted that since the estimates of column 9, tables 2 and 3, were made in 1924, advances in spectrographic methods of analysis have resulted in much higher estimates of the abundances of elements such as gallium, germanium, indium, and thallium, for which almost no quan titative determinations were available 25 years ago.
The methods by which the estimates were made are explained in detail in reference 9, also more briefly in references 1 and 2. It should be em phasized that many assumptions have to be made and that the accuracy of the figures given for the
100
-12
20 30
Atomic number
Figure 1. Abundances of elements of atomic numbers 1 to 48.
40 48
10-
c m-4Sm
CDoCD CL
10-
10-6
.£ I0-8O)oc o-D
JD
lO-'O
10 -12
H2
V ft HO VEu Tu
10,-2
10-4
10-6
-810
,0-io
io-|ZH2
50 60 70
Atomic number
80 90
Figure 2. Abundances of elements of atomic numbers 47 to 93.
2
Table 1. Weight percents of the 25 most abun dant elements in the earth's crust (Mason, 1952, p. 41).
12 34 5
67 89 10
11 12 13
Element
Oxygen mil r>nn
Aluminum
Sodium -------Potassium Magnesium-
Total of first 10
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Weight percent
46.60 27.72 8.13 5.00 3.63
2.83 2.59 2.09 .44 .14
99.17
.118 i on.052
14 15
1617 1819 20
21 22232425
r
Element
Carbon - Chlorine
Rubidium Fluor ine-- Strontium- Barium Zirconium-
Chromium Vanadium Zinc Nickel Copper
Potal of Q-] -] pc;
Weight percent
0.032 .031
.031
.030
.030
.025
.022
.020
.015
.013 ,008 .00?
99-70
various elements varies greatly. For example, the figures given for antimony and bismuth are based on very few determinations and are to be regarded as good guesses; in contrast, the figures for niobium and tantalum are based on many careful analyses. However, considering the many uncertainties involved, it is likely that only 2 significant figures for the more abundant elements (such as silicon) and only 1 sig nificant figure for the less abundant elements (such as samarium) are meaningful.
For further details on the individual elements and on methods of estimating abundances, references 1 to 9 should be consulted, especially 2 and 9; for data on the oceans, the reader is referred to "The oceans, their physics, chemistry, and general biology, " by H. U. Sverdrup, M. W. Johnson, and R. H. Fleming,
Prentice-Hall, New York, 1087 p. (1946); and for data on the relative abundances of the isotopes of the elements to "Relative isotopic abundances of the elements, " by K. T. Bainbridge and A. O. Nier, National Research Council Preliminary Report 9, 59 p. (1950).
REFERENCES FOR TABLES 2 AND 3
Columnno.
Mason, Brian, 1952, Principles of geochem istry, 276 p., New York, John Wiley and Sons. (For crust.)
Rankama, K., and Sahama, T. G., 1950, Geo chemistry, p. 39-40, The University of Chicago Press. (For igneous rocks.)
Polanski, A,, 1948, A new essay of evaluation of the chemical composition of the earth: Soc. des Amis des Sci. Lettres de Poznan, Ser. B, v. 9, p. 39-40. (For 35 km-crust.)
Anderson, J. S., 1945, Chemistry of the earth: Royal Soc. New South Wales Jour. andProc., v. 76, p. 329-345. (For crust.)
Goldschmidt, V. M., 1937, The laws of the geochemical distribution of the elements: IX. The abundance of the elements: Norske vidensk. - akad. Oslo, Mat.-Nat. Klasse, no. 4, p. 1-148 [in German]. (For igneous rocks.)
Fersman, A. E., 1933, Geokhimia, Leningrad [in Russian], quoted by Wells, R. C., 1937, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 878, p. 4-5. (For 10-mile crust.)
Schneiderhohn, H., 1934, Die ausnutzungsmog- lichkeiten der deutschen Erzlagerstatten: Metallwirtschaft 13, p. 151-157. (For 16 km-crust.)
Berg, G., 1929, Vorkommen und Geochemie der Mineralischen Rohstoffe, p. 11, Leipzig.
Clarke, F. W., and Washington, H. S., 1924, The composition of the earth's crust: U. S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper 127,p. 1-117. (For igneous rocks.)
Tabl
e 2. Estimates of a
bundance of the
elements in
the
eart
h's
crust, ar
rang
ed in
or
der
of a
tomi
c nu
mber
[Col
umn
num
bers
in
dic
ate
refe
ren
ces
on p
age
3]
Atom
ic
Element
no.
1.
2.
3. 4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9-
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25-
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33-
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46. VT.
Heli
um
G-i-il -P-M-K*
__ .. _.,_
fhl rtvSn*a .
..-.-- _____________-_____--_---
TiH r>
lri=
1 --_-_---_-_--_-_______---_-------------
Yttrium
Comp
osit
ion
in weight
percent
1 0.14"
IxlO
-7
.0065
.0006
.0003
.032
.0046
46.60
.030
2.83
2.09
8.13
27.7
2 .118
.052
.0314
4x10-6
2.59
3.63 .0005
.44
.015
.0
20
.100
5.00
.0023
.008.
.007
.0132
.0015
.0007
.0005
9x10-6
.00016
.031
.0
30
.0028
.022
.0024
.0015
lxlO
-9(?
) Lx
lO-9
LxlO-e
IxlO
-5
2
Pres
ent
3xlO
-7
0.00
65
.0006
.0003
.032
.0
0463
46
.60
.06-
. 09
7x10-9
2.83
2.09
8.13
27
.72
.118
.052
.0314
4x10
-6
2.59
3.63
.0005
.44
.015
.0
2 .1
00
5.00
.0023
.008
.0
07
.0132
.0015
.0007
.0005
9x10-6
. 000162
.031
.0
3 .00281
.022
.0024
.000
25-
.0015
Presence
unsettled.
Present
1x10
-7
1x10-6
IxlO
"5
* 3 0.44
7x
lO-8
.006
5 .0006
. 000
56
.055
.0079
47.9
.029
1.2x
lO-7
2.76
2.04
7-9
27.0
.7
8 .55
.1
.001
3 2.52
3.54
.0
005
4.3 .15
.019
.0
97
4.87
.004
.01
.01
.004
.015
.000
7 .0005
.00001
.0004
3x10-8
.029
.0
15
.0028
.021
.002
.0015
2x10
-6
IxlO
-7
IxlO
-6
IxlO
-5
4 0.87
8x
io-7
.004
.000
5.0
01
.08
.030
49.5
.027
5xlO
~7
2.63
1.93
7-5
25-7
.1
2 .0
6 1
9 3.
5xlO
-4
2.40
3.39
.000
6 .5
8 .0
16
.033
.09
4.7 .0012
.018
.010
.0
2 . 00002
.000
1 .0
0045
.0
0008
.0006
1.9x
lO-8
.0033
.017
.007
.023
. 000
06
.00075
1x10-7
5x10-6
IxlO
-6
, 5x
lO-6
4x10
-6
5 0.00
65
.0006
.000
3 .0
32
46.60
.03
2.83
2.09
8.13
27
.72
.080
.0
52
.048
2.59
3.
63
.000
5 .4
4 .015
.02
.10
5.00 .004
.01
.01
.004
.0015
.0007
.0005
9xlO
-6
.031
.0
15
.0028
.022
.002
.0015
1x10
-7
IxlO
-6
IxlO
"5
6
1.00
Ix
lO-6
.005
.0
03
.01
.35
.04
49.13
.08
5xlO
-7
2.40
2.35
7-45
26.00
.12
.10
.20
.0004
2.35
3.25
.0006
.61
.02
.03
.10
4.20
.002
.02
.01
.02
.001
.0
001
.000
5 .0
0008
.0
01
2xlO-8
.008
.035
.0
05
.02.
5 .0
0003
2 .0
01
IxlO
-7
5x10-6
IxlO
-6
8xlO-6
IxlO
-5
7
0.87
8xlO
-7
.004
.0005
.001
.08
.030
49
.5
.026
5xlO'7
2.63
1.93
7-5
25.3
.12
.06
.19
. 000
35
2.40
3.39
.0006
.63
.018
.0
38
.09
5.08
.0012
.018
.0
10
.017
.00005
.0001
.000
48
.000
08
.0006
2x10
" 6
.003
5 .0
20
.007
.0
23
. 000
06
.00075
4x10
-6
IxlO
-6
5xlO
-6
6xlO'6
8
0.87
8xlO"7
.004
.0005
.001
.08
.030
49
.5
.027
5xlO-7
2.63
1.93
7-5
25.7
.12
.06
.19
. 000
35
2.40
3.39
. 000
075
.58
.016
.033
.09
4.7 .0012
.018
.0
10.0
045
1x10-7
2xlO-8
. 00045
3x10
-6
.0006
1.9x
10-8
.0033
.020
.0
07
.023
.00006
. 00075
3.6X
10-11
Ix
lO'10
6xlO
~9
4xlO
-6
9 0.13 .004
.001
.0
01
.032
46.5
9 .030
2~85
2.09
8.13
27.72
.13
.052
.048
nxlO
-4
2.60
3.
63
«x!0
~5
.63
.017
.037
.10
5.01
.001
.0
20
.010
.004
HXlO-9
HXlO
-9HXlO'4
nxlO'6
HXlO-4
.000*
.019
b
.015
.026
.003
nxlO-4
nxlO-9
HXlO"9
HxlO-9
HXlO-6
48.
*9.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69-
70.
71.
72.
73-
7^.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89-
90.
91-
92.
Tj_n____ _____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_ _______
Asta
tine
(no
data
) .
Francium (no
data
) .
1.5x
lCr5
IxlO
-5
.004
lx
lO-4(?)
2xlO
-7(?)
3xlO
-5
.0007
.025
.0018
.0046
.00055
.0024
.000
65
.00011
.000
64
9x10
-5
.0004-5
.000
12
.00025
2x10
- 5
.00027
8xlO
-5
.00045
.000
21
.0069
IxlO
-7
1x10
-7(7
):1x10-7
5xio-7
5x10
-7
5xlO
-5
6xlO
"5
.001
62xlO-5
.0012
.0004
1.5x
lO-5
IxlO
-5
.0040
.0001
1.8x10-7
3x10-5
.0007
.025
.00183
.00461
.000553
.00239
.000647
.000106
.000
636
9.1x10-5
.000447
.000115
.000247
2xlO-5
.000
266
7.5xlO-5
.00045
.000
21
.000
15-
.0069
1x10-7
1x10-7
5x10
-7
5x10
-7
7.7x
lO-6-
5xlQ-5
.000
03-
.0003
.0016
2x10
-5JxlO-14
1.3x
lO-10
3xlO
-14
.001
15
8x10
-11
.0004
5xlO
'5
IxlO
-5
.004
.0001
2x10-7
3x10-5
4.6x
lO-9
.0007
.024
.0018
.0046
.00055
.0024
.00064
.000
11
.00064
9xio
-5
.000
45
.00011
.00025
2x10
-5
.00027
7.5x10-5
.00045
.00021
.0069
1x10-7
IxlO
-6
IxlO
-7
5x10
-7
5xlO
-7
5x10-5
3x10-5
.0016
2x10
-5
1.4x
lO-14
5x10
-16
6.6X10-11
2.6x10-1*
. 000
73
2.4xlO-ii
.0002
IxlO
-5
IxlO
-5
.0006
3x10
-5
1x10-6
7x10
-6
2.9x10-9
.000
07
.04
.'00
05
.0022
.00035
.0012
IxlO
-5
.0005
.000014
.0005
7x10-5
.0005
.00007
.0004
7x10-5
.0005
.0001
.0025
2x10
-5
.005
IxlO
-7
5x10-6
IxlO
-6
5x10
-6
1.5x10-7
3x10-6
IxlO
-s
.002
3x
10-6
1. 4x1
0-15
4x10-17
7xlO
-i2
2.3x
lO-i
4 .0
02
2.6x
lO-i
2 .0
0002
5x10- 5
IxlO
-5
.004
.0001
2xlO-7
3x10-5
.0007
.025
.001
8 .0046
.000
55.0024
.0006
.0001
.0006
9x10
-5
.00045
.0001
.000
25
2x10
-5
.0003
8x10
-5
.00045
.0015
.0069
1X10
'7
IxlO'7
5x10
-7
5xlO
-7 d
5x10-5
3x10-5
.0016
2x10-5
3xlO
-i4
1.3x
10-1
° 3x
10- i4
.0012
8x10
-11
.0004
5xlO
~4
IxlO-5
.0006
5x10-5
1x10-6
1x10-*
3x10-9
.000
6 .0
5.0
0065
.0
029
.00045
.00175
.0007
.00002
.00075
IxlO
-4
.000
75
.0001
.00065
IxlO
-*
.0008
.000175
.0004
2.4x
10-5
.0009
IxlO
-7
5x10
-6
IxlO
'6
5x10
-6
5xlO
-7(?)
IxlO
-*
1x10-5
.0016
1x10
-5
5x10
-6
1.2x10-15
3x10
- 10
.002
7xlO
-ii
.0009
4x10
-5IxlO-5
.0006
3x10-5
1x10-6
7xlO
-6
3x10-9
.04
.00045
.002
.00035
.0012
.00045
.000
015
.00045
7x10
-5
.00045
.00007
.0004
7x10
-5.00035
9x10
-5
.0025
2x10
-5
.005 IxlO-7
4xlO
-e
2x10-6
5x10
-6
6xlO-7
3xio
-6
1x10
-5
.003
3x
10-6
1.4x
lO-10
.0012
.00042
IxlO
-5
9xio
-7.0006
3xio~5
6x
10-8
7x
10-6
2.9x10-9
7x10
-5
.04
.000
5.0022
.00035
.0012
.000
5 .000014
.005
7x10-5
.000
5 . 00007
.0004
7x10
-5
.0005
.000
1 .0025
2x10-5
.005
9xio
-10
5xio-1
01.
2xlO
-8
1.5x
lO-7
3x10
-6
SxlO
-8
.002
3x10
-6
7x10
-12
.002
.00002
nxlO
-sHXlO-9
nXlO-4
nxlO-5
nxlO'7
nXlO-5
nXlO'5
.050
.003
.005
nxlO-8
nxlO-8
nxlO-7
nXlO-7
nXlO-5
nxlO-8
.002
nxlO-6
«XlO-10
.002
.008
Som
e of
th
ese
figu
res
appe
ar t
o be
one
ord
er o
f m
agni
tude
too
hig
h, p
erha
ps b
ecau
se o
f m
ispl
aced
de
cim
al p
oin
ts.
& Y
ttri
um p
lus
ceri
um p
lus
all
othe
r ra
re e
arth
s.
'Nio
bium
plu
s ta
ntal
um.
Val
ue i
s m
isqu
oted
in
Wel
ls.
Tabl
e 3, Estimates of abundances of t
he elements in t
he ea
rth'
s crust, arranged a
lphabetically
[Col
umn
num
bers
in
dic
ate
refe
ren
ces
on p
age
3 J
Elem
ent
Columbium
(see
niobium) .
Gold
WiVlri=1 _____ __ _____ __ __ _ -
Comp
osit
ion
in weight
percent
1 8.15
.000l(?)
4x10
-6
.0005
.025
.0006
2x10
-5
.0003
.00016
1.5x10-5
3.6?
.0
32
.0046
.0007
.0314
.020
.0023
.007
. 000
45
.00025
.00011
.03
A 000
64
.0015
.0007
5x10-7
.00045
3x10
-7
. 000
12
.14
P
LxlO
"5
3x10-5
1x10
-7
5.00 .0018
.0016
.0065
8xlO
-5
2.09
.10
5x10-5
.0015
.0024
.008
2 3x10
- 14
8.13
.0001
4x10-6
.0005
.025
.0006
2x10
-5
.0003
. 000162
1.5x10-5
3.63
.032
.00461
.0007
.0314
.02
.0023
.007
.000447
.000
247
. 000106
.06-
. 09
. 000636
.0015
.0007
5x10-7
.00045
3x10
-7
.000
115
IxlO
'5
3xlO
-5
1x10
-7
5.00 .001
83
.0016
.0065
7.5x10-5
2.09
.100
7.7x10-6-
5x10-5
.000
25-
.0015
.00239
7x10-9
.008
a 3
2.6x10-14
7.9 .0001
.0013
.0005
.024
.0006
2x10-5
.00056
.0004
5x10-5
3.5^
.0
55
.0046
.0007
.1
.019
.0
04
.01
.00045
.00025
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