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Recording natural history
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Break-down of time
• Different periods of Earth’s history are broken into periods of time,just like a year is broken into months, weeks, days and hours
• Earth’s history is broken into eons, eras, periods, and epochs
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Eons – Billions of years • Haden: Earth before life evolved
3.5 to 3.9 Billion years ago • Achaean: Earth with only prokaryotic cells
– 3.9 to 2.5 Billion years ago
• Proterozoic: Current Eon– 2.5 BYA to present
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How time periods are distinguished
• Major geological events: The movement of tectonic plates to form continents and super-continents
• Changes in climate: a change from an ice ace to a warming period
• Mass extinctions or explosions: Changes in the types of life forms on earth
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Haden Eon 4.5-3.9 BYA
• The first 13% of the Earth’s history
• Earth is a solid lifeless planet
• No liquid water, little O2 in the atmosphere
• Relative to a calendar year: Jan 1st – Feb. 25th
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Achaean Eon 3.9-2.5 BYA
• Earth has a crust & ocean• Life forms in the sea• Prokaryotes including photosynthetic blue-green
algae & later bacteria• Feb. 25th - April 17th
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Proterozoic Eon: Precambrian Era2.5 BYA – 540MYA
• Super continent Rodinia
• 21% O2 in Atmosphere
• First Eukaryotic cells & sexual reproduction– July 13th
• First Multicellular organism (seaweed/algae)– Aug 31st
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Haden
lifeless Earth
Achaean Achaean
Prokaryotic lifeProkaryotic life
Little OLittle O22
Proterozoic
Eukaryotic life, multicellular plants, First plants & soft bodied animals in oceans later vascular
plants fish, arthropods in ocean
Insects, amphibians & reptiles on land
Review of Earth’s first 3.9 Billion years
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Paleozoic Era From the Cambrian explosion to the
Permian extinction
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Cambrian Explosion 540-490 MYA
• 2 continents: mild climate• All life in ocean only• Sponges & coral • Then mollusks (clams)• Later arthropods (trilobites) • Finally chordates – pre-vertebrate ancestors• Nov. 17 - Nov. 21st
Paleozoic Era
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Ordovician Period 490-443 MYA• More Continents • First vertebrates – armored fish• First plants & invertebrates on land• Nov. 21st – Nov. 24th
Paleozoic Era
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Silurian Period 443-417 MYA • Most continents are near equator
First: nautilus, jawed fish, shark, lungfish
Lots of arthropods
more complex plants on land (vascular)
Nov 24th – Nov. 27th
Paleozoic Era
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Devonian Period 417-354• Europe & N. America at equator & S America &
Africa over S. pole• Warm & moist• First: air breathing Arthropods • First: insects (beetles), amphibians, seed plants (ferns) • Nov. 27th - Dec 1st
Paleozoic Era
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Carboniferous Period 354-290 MYA
• First swampy & warm then cold glaciers • Oceans: armored fish extinct • greater diversity of fish etc.• Land: Giant insects, first reptiles• Dec 1nd – Dec 6th
Paleozoic Era
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Permian Period: 290-248• Supercontinent Pangaea – all climate zones
• Glaciers & deserts
• Mass extinction 99% of all life gone
• Modern insects, fewer amphibians, many reptiles
• Dec. 6th - Dec 10th
Paleozoic Era
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Mesozoic Era The rise and fall of dinosaurs
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Triassic Period 248-206 MYA• Pangea covers ¼ Earth’s surface• Warm and dry climate• On land: 1st small dinosaurs • Plants: Ferns, ginkgoes, & conifers • In ocean: 1st reptiles • Dec. 10- Dec. 14
Mesozoic Era
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Jurassic Period 206-144 MYA
• Pangaea begins to break apart• Dinosaurs dominate land and sea• First bird• Early amphibians go extinct, replaced by frogs & salamanders • First mammals (small shrew like) • Dec. 14th - Dec. 19th
Mesozoic Era
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Cretaceous Period 144-65 MYA• Sea levels rise: no ice at poles• Large dinosaurs dominate • most modern insects• First flowering plants• Ends with mass extinction of Dinosaurs
Dec. 19th – Dec 25th
Mesozoic Era
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Cenozoic Era
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Paleocene Epoch 65-55 MYA
• Mammals diversify: first only marsupials • Inland seas dry up, Australia breaks free• Later placental mammals • First dogs & cats• Dec 25th
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Oligocene Epoch 34-24 MYA • Lots a tectonic plate movement temperate
climate
• Grass land expand forest decline
• First primate
• Dec. 28
Cenozoic Era
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Miocene Epoch 24-5 MYA
• Climate cools
• Half of modern mammals exist
• Many modern bird groups
• First: apes
• Dec 29th – Dec. 31st 3PM
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Pliocene Epoch 5-1.8 MYA
• Alps rise & Central America formed
• Camels, horses, & giant ground sloths in N. America
• Australopithecines – 1st human ancestor
• Dec 31st 3:00 PM – 10 PM
Cenozoic Era
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Pleistocene Epoch 1.8 M- 10,000• Great ice age – 30% earth covered
in ice
• Wooly mammoths & saber-tooth cats go extinct
• Homo Habilis: tool maker
• Dec. 31st: 10PM – 11:48 PM
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Holocene Epoch 10 TYA - today• Glaciers retreat, sea levels rise, deserts form
• 1st humans modern civilizations
• The world as we know it
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Review of last 240 Million years
First Dinosaurs
Last Dinosaurs
Flowering Plants
First Mammals
First bird
First monkeyFirst human
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Review1. What was the surface of the earth life for most of the
Haden Era? 2. During which era did multicellular life evolve?3. Which is a shorter period of time and eon or an era? 4. During which period did flowering plants evolve?5. When did the first birds evolve?6. What were the first vertebrates?7. When did the first air breathing arthropods evolve. 8. What was the name of the supercontenent formed
during the Permian?