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Recycling of Matter
Science 20 Unit D – Living Systems
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Matter is recycled, but energy is not.
Ex) Even when trees die from a fire, their seeds do not and plant new seedlings.
Matter Cycles
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Recycling happens through biogeochemical cycles: the movement of elements/compounds between abiotic and biotic parts of the environment.
We will look at three types of matter cycles:
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The Carbon and Oxygen cycle
• Plants perform photosynthesis (carbon dioxide + light glucose + oxygen)
• Animals/plants perform cellular respiration (oxygen +glucose carbon dioxide and energy).
• Soil organisms (bacteria) decompose dead organisms and return carbon.
• Reservoirs of carbon = carbon sinks.
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Fossil fuels – part of the carbon cycle• Dead organisms are compressed
into fossil fuels; when it is burned, it releases carbon into the atmosphere.
• Added Carbon disrupts natural cycling, leading to climate change.
• The Greenhouse effect: CO2 traps energy in the atmosphere and increases the temperature of the Earth.
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Greenhouse effect
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Nitrogen cycle• Includes four processes:
• Nitrogen fixation
• Ammonification
• Nitrification
• Denitrification.
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Nitrogen is an important component of all proteins and nucleic acids (think DNA).
Most organisms can’t use nitrogen directly; it must be put into soil by:
•Volcanic action.•Lightening.•Nitrogen- fixing bacteria.
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Nitrogen fixation and Ammonification
• Nitrogen fixation: bacteria (90%)/lightening (10%) convert atmospheric nitrogen into roots of plants (legumes).
• Fertilizers increase this amount.
• Ammonification: Decomposers convert nitrogen products (from tissues) into ammonia (NH3).
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Nitrification and Denitrification
• Nitrification: process changing ammonium ions into nitrates (NO3), performed by nitrifying bacteria.
• Absorbed by plants, used to make amino acidss: absorbed by consumer when eaten.
• Denitrification: Bacteria convert ammonia into Nitrogen, which returns to atmosphere.
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Pesticides
• Pesticides have had the largest impact on food webs
• Pesticides benefit society – reduce the number of pests (weeds,
molds, insects, birds, etc.) to increase crop production–Reduce the spread of disease (malaria,
West Nile)
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Pesticides have also negatively affected
ecosystems:
Eliminating an insect species on small island
using DDT reduced the spread of malaria,
however, the entire food web of the island
was affected: other insects disappeared -
then lizards - then cats - increasing rat
population – outbreak of disease = more
problems!!!
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Biological amplification/ magnification – the buildup of toxins as you move up a food chain.
Therefore, the higher the trophic level, the greater the concentration of toxins.
Toxins affect the environment in unexpected ways. Example: DDT accumulation in the Peregrine Falcon creates thin shells, therefore breaking easily. The numbers of the species in Canada decreased so dramatically, that they were close to extinction.
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Human use of Pesticides
Soluble in water,Collects in fatty tissue
DDT interfered withCalcium deposition
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Time magazine in 1947
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Assignment
• Read: 453-462