• Indigenous to Asia Minor and North America• People of Troy gathered wild fruits • The domestication of raspberries: recorded 4th century
writings of Palladius, a Roman agriculturist. • Seeds first discovered at Roman forts in Britain• Romans spread the cultivation throughout Europe.• British popularized and improved throughout the middle
ages, and exported to New York by 1771.
• “Bramble” means “envy” in the language of flowers• On both sides of the Atlantic, brambles were used
medicinally hundreds of years ago.• Roots were once used to remedy dysentery.
A great picture!
red raspberries on Flickr - Photo Sharing! Accessed on March 28, 2006
• Red raspberries are termed “brambles” along with blackberries.
• Diverse group of species and hybrids in genus Rubus. Members of the Rosaceae family, closely related to the strawberry in the subfamily Rosuideae.
• Termed an aggregate fruit because it’s formed by smaller fruits (drupelets) gathered together into a mass
• Most types require cooler summers. They’re poorly adapted to southern U.S. or hot, arid climates.
• It takes 2 years to establish raspberry planting• They grow and produce on many soil types; the best is
sandy loam soils with organic matter and plant nutrients.• Also need good drainage and an open site that gets 6 to
8 hours of sunlight. • Care: weed free, water when necessary, fertilize, prune,
keep insect and disease pest free!• Raspberry pests: aphids, leaf rollers, cane borers, cane
maggots, fruit worms, crown borers, sawflies, sap beetles, and Japanese beetles.
Statistics
• Worldwide 2002 911 million pounds of raspberries produced• 37 countries worldwide on 184,000 acres• Production increased 38% since 1992• Average yield 5000 pounds per acre• Top Countries with raspberry production: Russia (24% of world
production) and Serbia and Montanegro • U.S. 173 million pounds• Almost all grown in Washington, California, and Oregon• Total value of industry: $85 million a year with 90% or more of the
crop processed• In the off season, small quantities grown in Chile and other Latin
American countries, exported in the off-season
Heritage-
High quality with excellent, mild flavor
Boyne-
Sweet flavor
Nova-
Beautiful fruit with fine flavor
Pictures provided by: Raspberries Accessed on
March 29, 2006
Picture provided by:
Caroline Raspberries -
Nourse Farms - Fruit Nursery Online Catalog
Accessed on March 29, 2006
•They’re the new standard for fall-bearing varieties
•Larger berry than Heritage and more productive
•High adaptable, growing from the East Coast to the
West Coast
• A study was conducted by University of Maryland on raspberry production in Somerset County, on the Eastern Shore. Also in Garret County in the Appalachian Plateau in Maryland.
• Eastern shore had problems with establishment and disease, however the Appalachian met expectations with a good fruit season, size, firmness, and productivity.
• Annual returns from the top producer Caroline raspberries would be $66,000 per acre
• For more information, see the website:• http://agroecology.widgetworks.com/pdfs/harryswartzfullre
port122004 Accessed on March 28, 2006
Raspberries are known for:
• High fiber content
• Vitamin A
• Folate
• Antioxidants
• Phytochemicals
and much more~~
And finally: The Nutrients!
Nutrients:Serving Size: ¼ cup 30.75g (golf ball sized)
Energy:
Kilocalories 16
Protein .369g
Carb 3.67g
Fat, total .1998g
Fat:
Saturated .0058g
Monounsaturated
.0196g
Polyunsaturated
.1153g
Cholesterol 0mg
Essential Fatty Acids:
Omega-6 .0765g
Omega-3 .0387g
Carbs:
Dietary Fiber, total 1.9987g
Sugar, total 1.3591g
Other:
Water .0263 L
Alcohol 0g
More Nutrients:
Vitamins:
Thiamin .0098 mg
Riboflavin .0116mg
Niacin .1838mg
Vitamin B6 .0169mg
Folate 6.4575ug
Vitamin C 8.0565 mg
Vitamin D 0ug
Vitamin A 3.0746 ug
Alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E)
.1107mg
Minerals:
Calcium 7.6875mg
Iron .2121mg
Magnesium 6.765mg
Potassium 46.4325
Zinc .1291mg
Sodium .3075mg
In depth on…Phytochemicals
• Contains cancer fighting beta-carotene, ellagic acid, catechins, and monoterpenes.
Chart provided by: Photochemicals
- Washington Red Raspberry Commission
Accessed on March 28, 2006
Phytochemicals Values
Anthocyanins 20-65 mg/100g
Ellagic Acid 3.39 mg/g dry wt
ORAC Values 24 µmole TE/g
Salicylic Acid 5 mg/100 g
Quercitin 12 mg/100 g
Catechins 0.83 mg/100 g
• Ellagic acid is an anti-carcinogen that prevents HIV binding to cells, blood clotting, growth of tumors, and cancer.
• Currently double blind studies* conducted at the Hollings Cancer Center at the Medical University of South Carolina that show ellagic acid keeping cancer cells from dividing in a test tube.
• Forms a chemical compound (an adduct) to the DNA to mask binding cites with a carcinogen.
• Can be seen as an alternative to chemotherapy, radiation or other conventional treatments by aiding in cancer death without destroying the immune system.
* See Breakthrough Cancer Prevention for
more information! Accessed on March 29, 2006
In depth on…Ellagic Acid
• Act as pigments to give color• Naturally found in fruits and vegetables• Close to 300 different kinds• Current research for each anthocyanin and how they
impact human health. Under investigation is their anti-cancer potential, if they lower LDL cholesterol, prevent blood clotting, and defend cells against carcinogens.
• Most recent study shows that the anthocyanins in red raspberries can help reduce the risk of heart disease.
See anthocyanins Accessed on March 29,
2006
In depth on…Anthocyanins
In depth on…Antioxidants
• Protect plant cells from damage that make them susceptible to disease.
• May help prevent a number of different types of cancer. • Antioxidant vitamins: Beta-carotene (from Vitamin A),
Vitamin E, and Vitamin C, all found in raspberries.
Uses and Preparation
•Freshly prepared, sugared, raspberry sundae, jams, jellies
•Shopping- delicate structure, handle with care!
•Berries should be plump, dry, firm, well shaped, and uniformly
colored
Fat Free Raspberry Muffins 1/2 c Sugar1/2 ts Salt
2 Egg whites1 c Skim milk
2 c Flour3 ts Baking soda
1 1/2 c RaspberriesIn a small bowl, combine sugar, salt, egg whites, & milk; mix well. Add flour, baking soda, & raspberries. Combine thoroughly.
Pour into baking tins (use non-stick cooking spray on the tins). Bake 15-20 minutes in a 425 degree oven. Makes 6 big or 12 little
muffins.
Recipe
Bibliography:• (2000). Raspberries.
Wholehealthmd.<http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_vi• Ew/1,1523,109,00.html>. Accessed March 13, 2006. • (2002-2006). Raspberries. The George Mateljan Foundation. The World’s
Healthiest Foods. <http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=39>.
• Accessed March 6 2006. • (2005). Caroline Raspberries. Nourse Farms.
<http://www.noursefarms.com/catalog/rasp• berries/everbearing_red_raspberries/caroline_raspberries/>. Accessed
March 29, 2006. • (2006). Raspberries. Greenwood
Nursery.<http://greenwoodnursery.com/page.cfm/11629>. Accessed March 29, 2006.
• (2006). Diet analysis plus version 7.0.1. Thomson:Wadsworth. CD-ROM. • Blackberries and raspberries (Rubus spp.). <http://www.uga.edu/fruit/rubus.htm>.
Accessed March 11, 2006.• Breakthrough cancer prevention. Young Again Nutrients.
<http://www.youngagain.com/ellagic1.html?OVRAW=Red%20raspberries&OVKEY=red%20raspberries&OV MTC=standard>. Accessed March 11, 2006.
• Brown, Judith. (2005). Nutrition Now 4th edition. Thomson Learning, Inc. Belmont, CA. • Just berry recipes-raspberry recipes. <http://www.justberryrecipes.com/inxras.html>.• Accessed March 11, 2006.• Raspberries and more. University of Illinois Extension.
<http://www.urbanext.vicc.edu/ra• aspberries/>. Accessed March 11, 2006. • Smith, Keith. Raspberries for the backyard fruit planting. Ohio State University
Extension• Fact Sheet. <http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/1000/1421.html>.Accessed
March • 11, 2006.• Supplements: anthocyanins. Whole Healthmd.
<http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/• substances_view/0,1525,1026,00.html>. Accessed March 29, 2006. • Swartz, Harry. (2004). Bramble production in Maryland and anticancer effects of • Bramble fruits on human colon cancer cells.
<http://agroecology.widgetworks.co• M/pdfs/harryswartsfullreport/22004>. Accessed March 29, 2006. • White, Darlene. Reliable raspberries. The Taunton Press.
<http://www.taunton.com/fineg• ardening/pages/g00061.asp>. Accessed March 11, 2006. • Wholehealth MD Advisor. (2000). Cancer-fighting berries. Whole healthmd. <http://ww• w.wholehealthmd.com/hk/articles/view/1,1471,1054,00.html>. Accessed
March• 13, 2006.