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ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN
JIHAD-E-AGRICULTURE MINISTRY
REDUCING POSTHARVEST
LOSSES IN I.R.IRAN
by:
Roughiah Sokoutfar
Senior expert
Agro Industry bureau
8 th Meeting of Agriculture Working Group
13th October 2016
ANKARA - TURKEY
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Outline
Agriculture Agricultural production Postharvest system postharvest losses Rice post harvest losses citrus postharvest losses vegetable post harvest losses challenges Suggestions Apperciation
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Iran -Terrain
Rugged, mountainous, high central basin with desert
mountains small discontinuous plains along both coast
Climate
Mostly arid or semiarid,subtropical along Caspian coast
Elevation extremes
Lowest point: Caspian sea 28m
Highest point:Kuhe-Damavand,5671m
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Iran Agriculture
• Arable land: 51 million ha
• Cultivated lands: 20 million ha
• Two main mountains: Zagros, Alborz
• Elevation: -28 to 5610 m
• Temperature: -30,-20 to 55⁰c
• Agriculture accounts for 16% of Iran’s GDP and
25% of its non-oil exports
• 85-90% Food sufficiency
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10/14/2016 5
• Agricultural products
• Superior products
…..cont
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Agriculture Production(2015)
products Amount (million tons)
Annual crops 78
Orchard products 17
Livestock & poultry 14
Honey 0.075
fishery 0.925
total 110
Reported by ministry of jihad-e-agriculture in 2007(APERI)
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row Name of product
1 Citrus
2 apple
3 grape
4 date
5 Pomegranate
6 saffron
7 pistachio
8 Raisin
9 Medical herbs
10 barbbery
11 caraway
Superior products
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Preference of Superior Products World Ranking
• Iran is the third raisin exporter to 100 countries
• Iran is the first saffron producer
• Iran is the 7th-9th grape exporter
• 40%of green caraway is produced in Iran
• Iran is the first barberry producer
• Iran is the second date producer
• Iran is the first pomegranate producer
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The post-harvest system encompasses a sequence of activities and operations that can be divided into two groups
1) Technical activities: harvesting, field drying, threshing, cleaning, additional drying, storage ,processing
2) Economic activities: transporting, marketing, quality control, nutrition, extension, information and communication, administration and management
Post harvest systems
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Main elements of the post-harvest system
• Harvesting
• Pre-harvest drying
• Transport
• Post-harvest drying
• Threshing
• Storage
• Processing
• Marketing
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Post harvest losses
• The expression "post-harvest losses" means a measurable quantitative and qualitative loss in a given product.
• These losses can occur during any of the various phases of the post-harvest system
• From an economic point of view, the sum of the losses in quantity and quality of the products inevitably means losses of money.
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Global Postharvest losses
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Global Rice losses
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0.6% 0.5% 6% 4% 22%
harvest
threshing Drying quantitative losses
Broken rice
Postharvest losses of rice in Iran
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Renewing &reforming rice milling project as the best practice
• There are more than 3000 rice mill as post harvest units that paddy is dried, processed , packed and stored.
• Most of them have old machinery with low technology with high processing losses
• The programme is done “ with the aim of reducing qualitative and quantitative losses in the line of processing” in the provinces that have rice milling mostly in north of Iran
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New technology & equipments in modern rice millings
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The outcome of the project
• 600 rice mill are modernized with new machinery, modern drier & new equipment ex,color sorter
• 115200 ton whole rice was added with 271059 $ price.
• Qualitative losses was reduced as 5%
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The other actions done in reducing post harvest losses
• Improvement the milk chain and modernizing the processing milk factories with added value products
• Good practice in contract farming as supplier the raw material to processing units ,such as Rojintak co in Kermanshah ,Daland co in Golestan provinces with added value products
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• Sabzane co in Tehran province that produce different dried vegetable & food products
The other actions done in reducing post harvest losses
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Fresh Produce Management & Logistics in Iran:Present Scenario
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Postharvest of pomegranate
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Orange Postharvest Problems
(Citrus sinensis L.)
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Pre-harvest problems:
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Biotic factors
Abiotic factors
Cultural practices
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Biotic factors
Diseases
Pests Genotype
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Abiotic factors
Climate: Temperature, humidity, precipitation (rain, snow,
hail,…), radiation, wind
Edaphic: Chemical fertilizers, salinity (EC), pH, soil microflora
Nutrition
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Postharvest decay
One of the most important problems
Factors of orange postharvest decay:
Penicillium italicum (Blue mold)
Penicillium digitatum (Green mold)
Fusarium spp.
Alternaria citri
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Cultural practices
Poor knowledge of farmers
Lack of modern technologies
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Harvest problems:
Tools
Labor: cost, skill, availability, gender, health considerations
Horticultural Maturity Time of day for harvest: Early morning in a sunny day
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Postharvest problems:
Transportation
Pre-cooling
Grading and sorting
Washing
Waxing
Packaging
Storage condition
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Major problems for orange
• Fungal decay : Postharvest: (fungicide), heat treatment, biological control
(Debaryomyces hansenii)
• Chilling injury:
Preharvest: Warming, Wind machine, cold resistant genotypes
Postharvest: Optimum temperature of storage (5°C), Air circulation
Mechanical injury:
Preharvest: Suitable harvesting methods
Postharvest: Packaging and transportation
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Fungicide treatment Heat treatment
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Harvest
Transportation
Grading/Sorting
Washing & disinfestation
Waxing
Packaging
Distribution
Flow chart of orange postharvest operations
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Harvest
Transportation
Grading/Sorting
Washing &disinfection
Waxing
Packaging
labeling
Export
Flow chart of Orange Post-harvesting
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Postharvest-Transportaion of the products
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Grape Post harvest
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Raisin production
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……cont
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post harvest losses in a vegetables processing factory
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Fresh Produce Logistics
• Handling – both in the farms and Medians - manually mostly by untrained labor.
• Therefore heavy losses
• Most of the risk in supply chain is that of farmer
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Fresh Produce Logistics
• Buyers and farmers both
should pay for the losses in supply chain.
• Farmers often made to sell produce at low rates and do not get fair share
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Fresh Produce Logistics
• An estimated $ 35 Billion of annual waste in perishable goods is considered the biggest challenge and source of enormous opportunities for governments and private companies to differentiate themselves in market place.
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Fresh Produce Logistics
• Industrial experts say that an astonishing 30-50 % of fruits and vegetables harvested in Iran don’t make it suitable for the consumers, because of poor logistics and temperature control management.
• Losses are twice as estimated in the Netherlands and in other European Union countries
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Major Challenges
• Wonder why fresh produce like iceberg lettuce can’t be purchased/exported year round at premium prices and with good quality
• Why a fruit or vegetable prematurely spoils after buying • Chances are that these unfortunate realities are linked
to the lack of proper refrigeration along the supply chain, as well as handling and packaging
• At all stages, manpower involved in logistics and marketing is not fully aware of produce requirements, leading to loss in quality and value
• Limited expertise available in the country in orchard care and post-harvest management
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Major Challenges
• Rural infrastructure is poor, affecting transport
• Pre cooling is considered to be the most important unit operation
• Transport conditions of the vehicles -tents/covers.
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Major challenges
• Inadequate two-way dialog between government &stakeholders
• Poor decision by all participants
• Poor basic infrastructure affecting production planning & postharvest infrastructure
• Inappropriate &lack of adequate technology
• Low level of organization
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• Small and scattered nature of cultivation
• Inability to initiate & sustain linkage with international markets
Major challenges
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What needs to be done
• Preferably using fully air conditioned sorting / grading /packing facility to retain best quality at all stages.
• Grading, Sorting and Packing on automatic lines.
• Facility for mechanized packing for both Retail and Bulk.
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What needs to be done
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Suggestion
• Establishment HACCP system in production chain
• Establishment the GHP &GMP practice in post harvest steps
• Education the post harvest labor
• Supporting the agri food producers
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Thank you