Energy and Climate Dialogue – pollution control in Ukraine
Reduction of harmful emissions from energy intensive industries
Experiences from Norway
Sergei Faschevsky Senior consultant Norsk Energi [email protected] www.energi.no
Norway is energy intensive country (per capity energy consumption)
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Heavy industries in Norway
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Smelter Works: Aluminium Works:
§ Fluorides from aluminium smelters - Critical loads for damage to forest was exceeded around some
plants - Dental and bone damage of cattle, sheep and deer
§ Dust from ferroalloy plants § Foul water in rivers and lakes - Rivers and lakes polluted by pulp and paper plants and by
eutrofication - Severe problems due to poor municipal waste water treatment.
An Outlook from Norway: why to promote environmental improvements?
Norwegian industry and its emissions SO2: NOx:
Production output in 2005 prices: GHG:
Environmental Improvements in Norway – driving forces § Improved knowledge about pollution problems
→ leads to change of behaviour
§ Pressure for improvement of local environmental problems → through the increased transparency and access to information
§ Compliance to international agreements → establish enabling environment for the ‘preventative’ strategies
§ Promoting the “polluters pay” principle → raise the payments for pollution, while the violations – criminal case
§ Development cleaner technologies and projects → facilitate project development
Increased regulatory pressure
§ Norway has to comply with EU environmental directives and regulations
§ International protocols v The Gotenburg protocol on reduction of SO2, NOx and VOC v The Aarhus protocol on reduction of heavy metals and persistent organic polutants v The Kiev protocol on PRTR
§ 3 generations of pollution permits v focus on EnMS/EnMS, v micropollutants, chemicals, transboundary pollution v risk assessments, internal control, historic contaminated soil
and waste deposits
Going Beyond the command-control paradigm: § Utilize the knowledge and experience of both parties § Understand and accept the roles of both parties § Develop mutual confidence § Transparency and predictability
We want to achieve the results that combine environmental improvement with industrial development
From the traditional role of Environmental authorities: § Set environmental standards § Regulate pollution from industries § Monitor compliance with regulations § Ensure that corrective actions are taken § Make sanctions when necessary
Case 1: Voluntary agreement to comply with the Gothenburg Protocol
§ International environmental agreement to reduce NOx emissions § Negotiated in 1999 § Norway ratified the protocol in 2002 § Entered into force in 2005 § Norwegian NOx emissions were 194 500 tonn in 2006 § Committment to reduce emissions to 156 000 tons within 2010 § This is a 20 % reduction during 4 years !
Disagreements and negotiations
§ A reduction of 20 % would be difficult
§ NOX tax of 15 NOK/kg of emissions was proposed
§ The tax was introduced 1/1/2007 for the industries with motors over 750 kW or boilers 10 MW (total capacity)
§ The industry did not like a new tax, of course Norwegian industry association claimed that the NOx-tax would give almost no emission reductions, because the costs for most measures for reducing NOx emissions costs more than 15 NOK/kg
The NOx agreement signed in 2008
§ The parliament (Stortinget) decided then that the industry could get tax exemption if they entered into a agreement with the government with clear, binding targets for NOx emission reductions.
§ Agreement between the government and 14 industry associations signed in 2008 («the NOx-agreement»)
§ The industry gets tax exemption for 3 years, but must committ itself to achieve emission reductions
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Government
NOx Agreement
NOx Fund
Company Commitments
2,2 EUR/kg NOx emitted
0,5 EUR/kg NOx emitted
Financial support to emission reduction technology investments
Status reporting
How to achieve emission reductions?
The NOx-fund has achieved NOx emission reduction of 28 000 tons, or 74% of the emissions reduction target (Industry is responsible for 32% of NOx emissions)
NOx and dioxides abatement technologies 15
Technology Component Approximate efficiency rate
(%)
Comments
SCR (selective catalytic reduction)
NO x Dioxines
80 – 90 90 - 99
NH3 is added
SNCR (selective non-catalytic reduction)
NO x Dioxines
70 - 80
Thermal after- Burning/oxidizer
organic compounds in high concentr.
95 - 99
Catalytic Afterburning/ oxidizing
organic components: styrene, dioxines
95 - >99
NH3 is added
For special purposes
For special purposes
However, most of the projects go for the «preventative» techniques
Fuel switch for NOx-reduction
Change-over to low nitrogen containing fuels offers cut of NOx emissions:
• Heavy oil > diesel > gas: • Heavy oil ca 600 – 800 mg/Nm3 = 150-240 mg/MJ
• Diesel ca 200 – 300 mg/Nm3 = 60 -80 mg/MJ
• Biofuel ca 180 – 300 mg/Nm3 = 30 mg/MJ
• Gas ca 100 – 200 mg/Nm3 = 30 mg/MJ
How significant NOx-reductions could be achieved by the preventative measures?
• Fuel switch: Reduction of nitrogen content in the fuel • Heavy oil > diesel > gas 50-75% reduction
• Better combustion techniques/process optimisation • Reduced air dosage/O2 -regulation 10-44% • Reduced combustion temperature 20-30% • Recovery of flue gases 20-50% • Staged dosage of air 10-75% • Strage filling of fuel 50-60% • Steam injection 5-10% • Water injection 5-10% • Gas reburning (after-burning) 50-60%
• Shift til modern low-NOx burners 25-60%
NB! This is just Experience based assumptions
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Example – Hafslund DH system at the airport
PC QC
TC
RETUR
TUR
TC
PRIMÆRLUFT
PUSHER
RIST
RESIRKULERING RØYKGASS
SEKUNDÆRLUFT
UNDERTRYKKSREGULERING
LC
PRIMÆRFORBRENNING
SEKUNDÆRFORBRENNING
SEKUNDÆRFORBRENNING
KJELSPJELD
LC
RØYKGASSSTANGMATERSILO
KRAN
ASKE-UTMATING
BRENSELSILO
Even fuel distribution at the grates
Even air-distribution over the grates
Staged air dosage Good degree of penetration
Recovery of flue gases-optimal temperature
Avoid/reduce airheating
Example – Kronos Titan AS
§ Boiler conversion to natural gas § 130,6 tonns NOx reductions (apprx. 80%) § 9,5 mln NOK in grant support (80% of the total costs) § 73 NOK/kg NOx prevented § New boiler with injection of steam and NH3 to the combustion chambers § 60% reduction of NOx emissions or 100 tonnes of NOx emissions § Support from NOx fund
Example – Hallingdal Waste Combustion Plant
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SO2 rensing
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Examples of SO2-emissions reduction techniques
§ Cement industry: § For rawgas < 1200 mg SO2/Nm3
§ Adding of absorbents § For rawgas > 1200 mg SO2/Nm3
§ Various gas-scrubber reduce the Nox load by 200-400 mg SO2/Nm3
§ Large boiler plants: § Conversion to low sulphur fuel (gas or biomass) § Wet cleaning of fluegases
§ Cement industry:
How to find the right measure? § Mapping emissions and O&M patterns:
§ Volumes of fluegases and temperature zones § Emission concentrations and flows § Operational loads and periods
§ Maping of public regulations and norms § Public regulation, local requirements § Background concentrations
§ Evaluate various alternatives measures § Technical assessment and possibilities for various standard techniques § Reduction potential, calculations, modells, tests § Investment requirement/operational costs § Support schemes NOx-fund/Enova
§ Costs/benefit analysis
SNCR injection of NH3 at Norsk Skog Saugbrugs
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Major BREF-documents for the Norwegian industry
§ Mineral Oil and Gas Refineries 518 pages
§ Production of Iron and Steel 383 pages § Ferrous Metals Processing Industry 538 pages § Non-Ferrous Metals Processing Industry 807 pages! § Cement and Lime Manufacturing Industry 127 pages § Pulp and Paper Industry 509 pages § Waste Incineration (draft) 467 pages § Large Combustion Plants (draft) 567 pages § W.water and w.gas treatment in the chemical sector 472 pages
Can the industry read such documents?
Policy approach:
Facilitating Projects development and Capacity Building
q Dissemination of information: case studies, fact sheets, key figures (e.g., European IPPC Bureau (EIPPCB)
q Use of internet
q Focus on helping SMEs
q Provide free advice and consultations
q Promote the setting up of regional clubs or initiatives
q Setting up a center or focal point
BAT –compliance scans 25
1 day – site visit; 1 week report preparation
Example: Copper factory § One of the opportunity areas identified: heavy oil use for drying of copper concentrate § BREF document suggested to change the drum dryer to modern one – thus heavy oil use may get lower from 17,3 kg to 8 kg/tonn of fuel § Do we need to use the heavy oil at all?
§ Should we buy concetrate from another place? § There is a lot of waste heat – recover it?
Example initiatives: Norway
q Cleaner Technology Programme launched in 1990 by the State Pollution Control Authority (SFT, nowadays Miljødirektoratet)
q Aimed at large manufacturing companies (> 100 staff)
q Included both technology demonstration projects and CP assessments
q Ministry of Industry and Energy initiative launched in 1991 aimed at SMEs; the National Environmental Technology Programme
q Both programmes offered grants in the form of ”free” consulting assistance
q Reports for over 250 case studies now freely available
Implemented waste heat recovery projects in Norwegian ferroalloy industry