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Regents ReviewPhysical Setting/Earth Science
Mrs. DuffyHenninger High School
Syracuse, NY
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Be Prepared for Exam Day• Bring to test site:
– Identification (student ID, drivers license, etc)– 2 pens– 2 sharpened pencils– Functioning calculator
• Get a good nights sleep• Eat a good breakfast• Start studying now!!!!
Cell phones,iPods,
Gameboys,mp3 players,
etc.
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Review and Study Ideas• Review Books: local bookstore and library• Review Classes: school review classes and
peer study groups • On-line review sites:
– http://www.nysedregents.org/EarthScience/– http://regentsprep.org/Regents/earthsci/earthsci.
cfm
• Practice a complete exam before test day
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Exam Format• Part A and B1– Multiple Choice
– Demonstrate understanding of scientific concepts and principles
• Part B2 – Constructed Response – Student provides the answer to the question
• Part C – Extended Constructed Response – Similar to Part B2 but requires more student time
and effort
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Tips for Multiple Choice Questions
• Read the question and try to answer before looking at the choices
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• Read the question and try to answer before looking at the choices
Tips for Multiple Choice Questions
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• Ask yourself if the ESRTs can be used
• Make sure you know what is in the ESRTs
Tips for Multiple Choice Questions
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Dry Bulb: 2°CWet Bulb: -1° C
Difference: 3°
Answer: 51%
pg. 12
ESRTs
Tips for Multiple Choice Questions
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• Ask your yourself if the ESRTs can be used
• Make sure you know what is in the ESRTs
Tips for Multiple Choice Questions
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• Look for and identify key words to help understand what the question is asking
Tips for Multiple Choice Questions
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• Eliminate obvious distracters
Tips for Multiple Choice Questions
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• Just because a choice may have some truth, it does not mean that it answers the question
Tips for Multiple Choice Questions
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Also…• Read all choices before answering a
question• Skip over hard questions for later• Information in one part of the test may be
helpful in other parts• Do not leave any answers blank -- if all else
fails, guess
Tips for Multiple Choice Questions
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• Contains multiple parts and/or steps• Requires you to develop your own response• Included on the exam to:
– assess your understanding rather than your memorization
– demonstrate your ability to solve problems and integrate data
– display your knowledge of skills such as graphing, calculating, and drawing isolines and profiles
Constructed Response Questions
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• Know what will be expected of you
• Always include units in your answers
• Make sure your answers match the form asked for
• Reply with complete, well constructed and organized sentences when asked
• Use your answer sheet for clues on how to answer questions
Tips for Constructed Response Questions
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Constructed Response – Practice 1
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Constructed Response – Practice 1
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Constructed Response – Practice 1
AB
C
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Constructed Response – Practice 1
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Constructed Response – Practice 1
The water velocity decreases; or
The particles slow down and are deposited
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Constructed Response – Practice 2
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Constructed Response – Practice 2
pg. 13 E
SRTs
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Constructed Response – Practice 2
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Constructed Response – Practice 2
pg. 13 E
SRTs
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Constructed Response – Practice 2
1009.6
mT
rain
pg. 13 E
SRTs
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Constructed Response – Practice 3
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Constructed Response – Practice 3
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Constructed Response – Practice 3
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Constructed Response – Practice 3
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Constructed Response – Practice 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Don’t forget to label each mark
with an elevation!
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Constructed Response – Practice 3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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Constructed Response – Practice 3
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Constructed Response – Practice 3
gradient = change distance
gradient = 100 ft – 20
ft distance
pg.
1 ESRTs
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gradient = change distance
gradient = 80 feet distance
gradient = 80 feet distance
Constructed Response – Practice 3
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gradient = change distance
gradient = 80 feet distance
gradient = 80 feet 4 miles
Constructed Response – Practice 3
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gradient = change distance
gradient = 80 feet distance
gradient = 80 feet 4 miles
Constructed Response – Practice 3
20 feet/mile
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Constructed Response – Practice 3
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Constructed Response – Practice 3
• Streams flow from high elevation to low elevation
• “V’s” point upstream• The closer together the
contour lines are, the more change within that distance
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Constructed Response – Practice 3
southeast
• Streams flow from high elevation to low elevation
• “V’s” point upstream• The closer together the
contour lines are, the more change within that distance
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Constructed Response – Practice 3
southeast
The contour lines are close together
• Streams flow from high elevation to low elevation
• “V’s” point upstream• The closer together the
contour lines are, the more change within that distance
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Midpoint
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Earth Science Reference Tables
• Provided for all students to use during the written exam
• Be familiar with the ESRTs prior to exam• Some questions require the use of the
ESRTs, while for other questions, the ESRTs may be helpful
• Not all questions will prompt you to use the ESRTs
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Laboratory Performance Test
• Evaluate lab skills developed throughout the year
• Must be taken before the written exam• May count for approximately 15% of overall
test grade• Consists of three stations• Allotted 9 minutes to complete the tasks
associated with each station
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pg. 16 ESRTs Minerals• Mineral: naturally occurring substance with
a unique crystalline structure and chemical composition
• Identification based on: – Luster: metallic or non-metallic– Hardness: resistance to being scratched;
measured on the Mohs scale – Cleavage or fracture: how the mineral breaks– Streak: colored powder, if any, left behind after
mineral is rubbed on a surface– Acid test: bubbles result if calcium carbonate is
present
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pg. 6 ESRTs Igneous Rocks• Igneous rock: formed from cooled and
hardened magma (intrusive) or lava (extrusive)
• Intrusive: formed inside earth– coarse grained and large crystals (granite)
• Extrusive: formed outside earth– glassy appearance (obsidian)– vesicular: gas pockets (pumice)– fine grained and small crystals (basalt)
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Sedimentary Rocks
• Sedimentary rock: generally formed from compaction and cementation of smaller rocks and/or sediments
• Generally formed in aquatic environments• Key characteristics:
– Visible sediments or pieces of other rocks (such as sand, pebbles, silt, and cobbles)
– Fossils may be present
pg. 7 ESRTs
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Metamorphic Rocks
• Metamorphic rock: formed when existing rocks undergo intense heat and pressure
• Generally formed deep in lithosphere• Key characteristics:
– Foliation: thin layering due to mineral alignment
– Banding: type of foliation where minerals are separated into bands
pg. 7 ESRTs
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Elliptical Orbits and Eccentricity • Ellipse: oval; elongated circle with two
centers called foci – the shape of all planetary orbits in our solar system
• Eccentricity: degree of ovalnessFoci
Major Axis
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• Eccentricity is: – Never less than zero or greater than 1– Unitless – Rounded to the nearest thousandths (0.000)
pg. 1 ES
RTs
Elliptical Orbits and Eccentricity • Eccentricity = distance between foci
length of major axis
length of major axis
distance between foci
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pg. 15 E
SRTs
Elliptical Orbits and EccentricityRemember:• The ellipse represents the shape of the path
a planet travels around the sun• The sun is one of the two foci• The greater the eccentricity, the more oval
the ellipse
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• The elliptical shape of an orbit causes the distance from the sun to the planet to change
Elliptical Orbits and Eccentricity
• When a planet is close to the sun:– Gravitational attraction
increases– Apparent diameter increases– Orbital velocity increases
• When a planet is far from the sun:– Gravitational attraction
decreases– Apparent diameter decreases– Orbital velocity decreases
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Earthquakes and Epicenters• Epicenter: location on earth’s surface
directly above the focus (where the earthquake originates)
• Distance to the epicenter can be determined if the travel times of the P- and S-waves are known
• Lagtime: difference in travel time between the P- and S-waves
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Earthquakes and Epicenters
lag time: 6 min
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pg. 11 E
SRTsEarthquakes and Epicenters
Lag time: 6 minutes
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pg. 11 E
SRTs
Lag time: 6 minutes
Earthquakes and Epicenters
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Lag time: 6 minutes
pg. 11 E
SRTsEarthquakes and Epicenters
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Lag time: 6 minutes
4,400 km
pg. 11 E
SRTsEarthquakes and Epicenters
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Earthquakes and Epicenters
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Earthquakes and Epicenters• To locate the earthquake’s epicenter, a
minimum of three seismic stations are needed
• With one station, there are many possible epicenters
Station 1
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Earthquakes and Epicenters• With two stations, there are only two
possible epicenters
Station 1
Station 2
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Earthquakes and Epicenters• With three stations, there is only one
possible epicenters
Station 1
Station 2
Station 3
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In Summary…• Be prepared for test day
– Get supplies together the night before– Get a good nights sleep and breakfast
• Start studying now• If you don’t understand a topic, ask for help before the
test• Practice test taking strategies• During the exam: Take your time and read carefully• Check your work if time is left• Relax and take a deep breath!