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Regulating Gene Expression from RNA to Protein
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Fig 16.1
Gene Expression is controlled at all of these steps:•DNA packaging•Transcription•RNA processing and transport•RNA degradation•Translation•Post-translational
Fig 15.1
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A processed mRNA ready for translation
Protects from degradation Protects from degradation/ transport
5’ untranslatedregion
3’ untranslatedregion
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Fig 16.1
Gene Expression is controlled at all of these steps:•DNA packaging•Transcription•RNA processing and transport•RNA degradation•Translation•Post-translational
Fig 15.1
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Seeds germinated underground begin growing in darkness then emerge into light and begin photosynthesis
energy from seed
energy from sun
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The level of this mRNA increases after plants are exposed to light.
•How might the cell accomplish this?
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The level of this mRNA increases after plants are exposed to light.
•How might the cell accomplish this?Increased transcription and/or decreased mRNA degradation
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Northern blot analysis: The level of this mRNA increases after plants are exposed to light.
•How might the cell accomplish this?•Does this necessarily lead to increased protein production?
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Fig 16.1
Gene Expression is controlled at all of these steps:•DNA packaging•Transcription•RNA processing and transport•RNA degradation•Translation•Post-translational
Fig 15.1
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Fig 15.25
Regulation of iron assimilation in mammals:Regulating of Translation
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Fig 15.26Ferritin is regulated at translation
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C. elegans is commonly used to study development
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C. elegans development
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C. elegans mutants with cells that do not develop properly.
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C. elegans mutants with cells that do not develop properly.
The product of these genes was found to be RNA?
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Cell vol. 116,281-297 2004
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are ~22nt RNAs that play important regulatory roles
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How do microRNAs control gene expression?
miRNA expressed
miRNA processed to ~22nt RNA
Mature miRNA
Fig 15.23 and
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A processed mRNA ready for translation:microRNAs inhibit translation by binding to the 3’ end of mRNA
microRNA bind to 3’-UTR
5’-UTR3’-UTR
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miRNA expressed
miRNA processed to ~22nt RNA
Mature miRNA
the 3’ end with attached microRNA interacts with the 5’ end, blocking translation
Fig 15.23 and
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miRNAs can lead to methylation of DNA that
leads to inhibition of transcription
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microRNAs primarily target gene products that function during development
Tbl 1
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PNAS vol. 101 #1 pg 360-365, 2004
tissue specific expression of mouse microRNA
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Silencing RNAs (siRNA) are artificially induced dsRNA
Fig 15.21
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siRNA with exact matches to the target mRNA causes degradation of the mRNA
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microRNA siRNA
Translation inhibited mRNA degraded
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Fig 16.1
Gene Expression is controlled at all of these steps:•DNA packaging•Transcription•RNA processing and transport•RNA degradation•Translation•Post-translational
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Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins can change activity
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Ubiquitinization targets proteins for degradation
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All protein interactions in an organism compose the interactome
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Some proteins function in the cytoplasm; others need to be transported to various organelles.
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How can proteins be delivered to their appropriate destinations?
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Fig 13.23
Proteins are directed to their destinations via signals in the amino acid sequence
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Protein Destinations: secretion or membrane
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• Signal sequences target proteins for secretion
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Translation of secreted proteins
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Translation of membrane bound proteins
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Translation of secreted or membrane bound proteins
This step determines secretion or membrane bound.
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Protein Destinations: nucleus Signal anywhere in protein, Translation in cytoplasm,Signal not removed
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Protein Destinations: mitochondria or chloroplast
Signal translated first, Translation in cytoplasm, Signal removed
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Protein Destinations: signals in protein determine destination
Tbl 13.8
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Development: differentiating cells to become an organism
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