TAG ARCHIVES: RE INFORCED CONCRETE

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Reinforced Concrete DesignPosted on May 22, 2013

Reinforced Concrete Design. My blog which I used most of my time, research, writing aboutconcrete design calculations….!!!

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Reinforced Concrete DesignPosted on May 21, 2013

What makes Unique of RC…?

It is a COMPOSITE MATERIAL…

It requires APPLICATION of more involved Principles of Mechanics…Structural Design is iterative requiring both ANALYSIS and DESIGN DECISIONSaided by judgment and EXPERIENCE.

Engineer's OutlookAn Engineer's Simple Outlook and Journal blog..

ACI 318 the model code in the United States of America for guiding the design of RCmembers, look at Chapter 8.NSCP Code the code in the Philippines..conforms to the provisions of ACI 318Code!!!

Important Material Properties…

Concrete Strength and Steel Strength…

28day Compressive Strength, f’c: ACI 318 Code 2011 edition, Chapter 5.Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec: ACI 318 Code 2011 edition, Chapter 8.5Strength property or yield strength, fy..Modulus of Elasticity of Steel, Es: 29,000,000 psi –ACI 318 Code 2011 edition.

1. –Procedures on how to Design Reinforced Concrete Beams!!!

Concrete Beam Sizing..!

Determination of Beam Size (b x h)—USE Spreadsheet or Hand Calculation!!!

Concrete Beam Size (b x h) or (b x d), FORMULA:

Beam Section Diagram—

Beam Size Formula—

Beam Section, Strain and Force Diagram—

Rebars Determination..

Area of Steel (As) determination!!!

Equilibrium Equation orm Neutral Axis Distance, c — Quadratic Equation for c—

Strength Formula—

As—

The ACI Code 10.3.3 to 10.3.5 limits on the Steel Ratio (rho):

1.1 Minimum Beam Size for which Deflections are NOT LIKELY to be a Problem.

1.1.1 Set Neutral Axis distance, c = 0.375cb….

1.2 Arrangement of Rebars, Splicing points and splice length, development length, hooksrequirement, and required Stirrups.

Rho—

Smallest Beam Size NOT LIKELY TO HAVE DEFLECTION PROBLEM—

Stirrup Spacing Requirements per ACI—

Stirrup Maximum Spacing—

ACI Bottom Bar Splice Requirements—

ACI Standards for Top and Bottom Splice Requirements—

2. –Procedures on how to Design Reinforced Concrete Columns!!!

ACI Standards for Beams Reinforcements—

Tie Design Standards—

ACI Standards Columns Bars Details—

ACI Column Splice Details—

ACI Bar Bending Details—

ACI Bar Bending Details—

2.A. –Structural Design for column using Interaction Diagram!!!

2.B. –Example of ACI Interaction Diagram.

ACI Column Ties Requirements—

Interaction Diagram plot using Column design software and MS Excel Spreadsheet—

Interaction DiagramRectangular SectionCourtesy of ACI—

2.C. –Summary of Column Design Requirements!!!

Interaction DiagramSpiral ColumnCourtesy of ACI—

2.1 Strength Reduction Factor, phi =0.70 applicable up through ACI 3181999; they havebeen changed to phi =0.65, for compression controlled members (columns and beams undercompression controls) beginning with ACI 3182002 Code, and continuing with the ACI 31805 and 2008 up to present.

3.–Example: Design of Concrete Members, i.e. Frame Analysis, Beams, Columns,Footings using MS Spreadsheet.

Column Design Requirements—

FRAME ANALYSISMy own Spreadsheet Program—

MS Excel Spreadsheet for Column—

Column Excel Spreadsheet—

RC BEAMS—

RC FOOTING1—

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REFERENCES:

1. Design of Reinforced Concrete by Jack. C. McCormc, 3rd edition1993, 7th edition2005, 9th edition2011;

2. Design of Concrete Structures by Arthur H. Nilson, 12th edition 1997, Internationaledition;

3. Design of Concrete Structures by Arthur H. Nilson, 14th edition 2010, Internationaledition;

4. Reinforced Concrete (A Fundamental Approach), by Edward G. Nawy, 6th edition2008,

5. Reinforced Concrete, Mechanics and Design, by James K. Wight and James G.MacGregor, 6th edition 2012,

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RC FOOTING2—

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History of Reinforced Concreteand Structural DesignPosted on May 4, 2012

Engineer's Outlook

The average person thinks that concrete has been in common use for manycenturies, but such is not the case. Although the Romans made cement – calledPozzolana – before Christ by mixing slaked lime with a volcanic ash from MountVesuvius and used it to make concrete for building, the art was lost during the DarkAges 5th century 15th century A.D. and was not revived until eighteenth andnineteenth centuries (A. D.). Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, Vitruvius, an Architect/Engineerduring the golden age of Caesar Augustus (around 25 BC). In his writings around 25BC in Ten Books on Architecture distinguished types of aggregate appropriate for thepreparations of lime mortars. For the use of structural members, he recommendedpozzolana, which were volcanic sand from the sandlike beds of Puteoli, brownishyellowgray in color near Naples and reddish brown at Rome. He specifies 1 partlime to 3 parts…

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Posted in Engineering | Tagged Early Renaissance, Greek engineering, Hannebique,Joseph Monier, Reinforced Concrete, Romans engineering, Structural engineering

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History of Structural AnalysisPosted on April 8, 2012

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS as we know it today evolved over several thousandyears. During this time many types of structures such as beams, arches, trussesand frames were used in construction for Hundred or even thousand of years beforesatisfactory methods of analysis were developed for them.

While ancient engineers showed some understanding of structural behavior (asevidenced by their successful construction of bridges, cathedrals), real progress withthe theory of structural analysis occurred only in the past 150 years.

The EGYPTIANS and other ancient builders surely had some kinds of empirical rulesdrawn from previous experiences for determining sizes of structural members. Thereis, However, NO EVIDENCE that they had developed any THEORY ofSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS. The Egyptian Imhotep built the great PYRAMID ofSaqqara, the Step Pyramid of Djoser Egypt’s first pyramid, built during the thirddynasty of the old kingdom in circa 2630 B.C. sometimes is referred to…

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Posted in Engineering | Tagged Ancient Egypt, Building Design, Construction, History,Reinforced Concrete, Structural Analysis, Structural Design, Structural engineering |Leave a reply

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HARDY CROSS METHODStructural AnalysisPosted on January 20, 2012

My passion for Structural Engineering, I focused my sight to delve into manybooks for Structural Analysis and Design calculations, so most of the timegiven to me by God, I used to study and to research the history of thisinteresting major subjects in civil engineering;

1. Structural Reinforced Concrete Design;2. Structural Steel Design;3. Timber Design;

4. Engineering Mechanics;5. Strength of Materials (Mechanics of Materials),6. Theory of Structures;7. Hydraulics;8. Transportation Engineering;9. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Design;10. Differential and Integral Calculus;11. Physics;12. Analytic Geometry;13. Plane Trigonometry;14. Advance Algebra.

Having a lot of experiences in life, and my passion for structural engineering,I was challenged to research and study continuously particularly structuralengineering. Fortunately, I have collected and acquired many books, designcodes for civil engineers valued in US Dollars, namely;

1. ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, 2008 American Concrete Institute;2. ACI Design handbook, 2004 American Concrete Institute;3. ACI 318Building Code Requirements for Structural concrete, 2011edition,

4. DETAILING MANUAL 2004 edition,5. PCI Design Handbook, Precast and Prestressed Concrete7th edition,6. CRSI Design Handbook, 2008 edition,7. ASCE 7 StandardMinimum Design Loads for Buildings and other Vertical Structures,8. Uniform Building Code (UBC),9. British Steel Designer’s Manual 6th edition,10. American Steel Construction manual 13th edition,11. National Structural Code of the Philippines 2001 edition, etc.12. Numerous Historic Books in Civil Engineering, e.g. Theory of

Structures, Reinforced Concrete, Mechanics of Materials, Mechanics ofEngineering dated 1750 A.D. to 1930 A.D.

ACI 2008 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE

ACI 2008 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE

Actually, since 1995, I started collecting books and studied most of the timeif no projects to be supervised. In my eagerness to acquire more knowledge,I focused my mind and sight to study and research the structural analysisand design calculation methods to make works easier for civil / structuralengineers and structural designers.

I have a friend who has the desire in structural analysis and designcomputations and construction, this friend of mine is not really a recognizedStructural Engineer by Professional Regulation Commission or by PhilippineInstitute of Civil Engineers (PICE), but he is just a practicing engineer;Fabian, he used to design simple buildings, he constructed some buildingsin Catarman town, I doubted the method of calculations he used because heuses the balance condition in concrete designs. The method he used waserroneous it should be actual condition of the concrete columns.

I had met a lot of people with different characters and personalities, theSCRUFFY, the CLEAN, the INCOMPLETE, the DEFENSIVE ones, theNONCHALANT and the BRILLIANT ones. As much as there are differencesin people’s character, so is there, in their works and calculations. Also, tomention, through social networking I have acquired computer software, e.g.Microsoft Excel Spreadsheets software for design, and adopted theirprocedures, methodology and style with some modification to suit mysatisfaction and method of analysis. Further, through social networking I hadlearned to develop Spreadsheets for my analysis and design since 2006 upto present, I am self taught in Microsoft Excel and had developed framesand beams analysis, concrete beams, concrete columns, footings in metric

versions.

I used to think that being a practicing engineer for almost two decades, Isurmise myself as a Structural design engineer already, like for instanceprofessor Besavilla who authored reviewer books, and also Gillesania alsoauthored reviewer books, my friend Redeem Legaspi a softwareprogrammer who developed steelpro program, they are all consideredstructural engineer. Accordingly, in my indepth study and research, I hadlearned various methods for Structural Analysis in ‘Hand’ or conventionalmethod with the aid of calculator and also using computer software, namely;

1. MSExcel Spreadsheets software,2. STAAD software,3. PCA software,4. ETABS, SAP2000, SAFE design software.

In my more than 22 years of experience as practicing engineer withcontinuous research, study, practice solving for building frames/beams andbridge structures, I have acquired knowledge and become Structural designengineer. Henceforth, as structural design engineer and specialist, I preferto use the method developed by Professor Hardy Cross the MomentDistribution.

HARDY CROSS method (innovation), to me it’s the best method forStructural Analysis and Design Calculation, developed by Professor HardyCross in 1924. He published the method in the proceedings of the AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers in May 1930 after having taught the subject to hisstudents at the University of Illinois since 1924. His Paper began a new erain the Analysis of Statically indeterminate frames and gave added impetus totheir use. This method can be used in complex building frames, continuousbeams and simple beams and or vertical structures.

Prof. Hardy Cross—

Formula:

Uniformly Distributed Load:

M = W(L^2)/12 for fixed end moment

Concentrated Load or Point Load:

M = Pa(b^2)/L^2 fixed end moment

M = Pb(a^2)/L^2 fixed end moment

Prof. Hardy Cross method was a popular method and was used for theAnalysis of Continuous Beams and Frames and in Structural Engineering asa “Hand Calculations method and/or Conventional Calculations method”from 1930 until 1960. Since the 1960s, however, there has been an everincreasing use of computers for the analysis of all types of structures.Computers are extremely efficient for solving the simultaneous equationsthat are generated by other methods of analysis. Generally, computerssoftware used is developed from the matrixanalysis procedures. Reference:J. C. McCormac, S.E., Structural Analysis.

I developed a spreadsheet for Continuous Span Frame Analysis usingHardy Cross method:

Distributionfactor formula

—

FBD of a beam subjected to Uniformly loaded at distance L—

FBD of a Beam Segment—

Frame diagram for moment distribution—

Moment Distribution screen shot of my MS Spreadsheet—

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Relevant Web Sites: This external links open a new window, any of their contents theengineersoutlook is not responsible nor endorses it. Hardy Cross, Biography, Hardy CrossSchool.

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Shear Diagram screen shot of MS excel Spreadsheet I developed—

Moment Diagramscreen shot of MS Excel spreadsheets, which I havedeveloped

—

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History of Reinforced Concreteand Structural Design

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Posted on January 13, 2012

History of Reinforced Concrete and Structural Design.

My passion for reinforced concrete design is worth to press.

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Posted in Engineering | Tagged Greek engineering, Joseph Monier, ReinforcedConcrete, Romans engineering, Structural engineering | Leave a reply

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History of Reinforced Concreteand Structural DesignPosted on October 11, 2011

The average person thinks that concrete has been in common use for many centuries, butsuch is not the case. Although the Romans made cement – called Pozzolana – before Christby mixing slaked lime with a volcanic ash from Mount Vesuvius and used it to makeconcrete for building, the art was lost during the Dark Ages 5th century 15th century A.D.and was not revived until eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (A. D.). Marcus VitruviusPollio, Vitruvius, an Architect/Engineer during the golden age of Caesar Augustus (around 25BC). In his writings around 25 BC in Ten Books on Architecture distinguished types ofaggregate appropriate for the preparations of lime mortars. For the use of structural members,he recommended pozzolana, which were volcanic sand from the sandlike beds of Puteoli,brownishyellowgray in color near Naples and reddish brown at Rome. He specifies 1 partlime to 3 parts pozzolana for cements use in buildings. In his textbook, quite humbly titled“On the Origin of all Things”, Vitruvius held forth on the fundamental behavior of buildingmaterials, and then presented his views about the nature of theory versus practice, Vitruviussuggestion that design engineers should have more construction experience, and vice versa.

Vitruvius expressed his feelings and complained that:

“The WORKMEN are in a HURRY, the UNEDUCATED rather than the educated are inHIGHER FAVOR” and “ARCHITECTURE and ENGINEERING are professed by men, whohave no knowledge even of carpenter’s trade.”

He wrote the textbook De Architectura libri decem (Ten books on Architecture), the onlycomplete treatise on architecture to survive from classical antiquity. It influenced deeply fromthe Early Renaissance onward artist, thinkers and architects, engineers, among themLeonardo Da Vinci (14521519), Michelangelo (14751564).

In the mid1800s, Joseph Lambot in France constructed a small boat and received a patent in1855. Another Frenchman, Francois Coignet, published a book in 1861 describing manyapplications and uses of reinforced concrete.

Basilica at Fano design by Vitruvius 19 BC—

Francois Coignet House, First House in reinforced concrete, built in 1853—

Joseph Monier, the owner of an important nursery in Paris, generally deserves the credit formaking the first practical use of reinforced concrete in 1849 to 1867. He acquired first Frenchpatent in 1867 for iron reinforced concrete tubs, then followed by his pipes, tanks in 1868, flatplates in 1869, bridges in 1873, stairways in 1875. He apparently had NO QUANTITATIVEKNOWLEDGE regarding its behavior or ANY METHOD of making design CALCULATIONS.

Francois Coignet House, 1853—

F. Coignet Reinforced Concrete System—

Chazelet Bridge designbuilt by Joseph Monier, 1875 – Photo by Dr. Sid French—

Reinforced Concrete – Monier System 1867—

In the United States, the pioneering were made by Thaddeus Hyatt, who conductedexperiments on reinforced concrete beams in 1850s. However, Hyatt’s experiments wereunknown until 1877 when published his work privately. Ernest L. Ransome was the first touse and patent in 1884 the deformed (twisted) bar. In 1890, Ransome built the LelandStanford Jr. Museum in San Francisco, a reinforced concrete building two stories high and312ft (95m) long. Since that time, development of reinforced concrete in the United Stateshas been rapid.

Reinforced Concrete details Monier System 1867—

Ernest L. Ransome System—

Bridge designed by F. Hannebique 18991900, Photo by Jacques Mossot—

Dragon Bridge design by Prof. Josef Melan1901—

Larimer Ave. Bridge, USA Josef Melan system 1912—

GA Wayss and Prof. Emil Morsch Test of Beam—

During 18911894, various investigators in Europe published theories and test results; amongthem were, Professor Moller system (Germany), Robert Wunsch, 1884 (Hungary builder),Josef Melan 1892, (Austria professor/engineer, the inventor of Melan system (dragon bridge),the German G. A. Wayss the first engineer who made theory, and then furnish formulas andmethods for design; Francois Hannebique 1892 (France contracting engineer), receivedpatent in Brussels in 1892, and he first used reinforced concrete in 1879, in this hedemonstrates the utility of stirrups to reinforce beams against SHEAR, Hannebique who wasprobably the first to use stirrups and bentup bars, and then F. von Emperger (Hungaryprofessor/engineer), but practical use was less extensive than in United States, like C.A.P.Turner, Arthur Talbot at the University of Illinois, W.A. Slater, Morton O. Withey and FederickTurneaure at the University of Wisconsin.

G.A. Wayss and Prof. Emil Morsch Test of Beam—

ConcreteSteel Rod Detailing, Hannebique System – 1892—

Continuous Beams, Hannebique System – 1892—

Typical Arrangement of Reinforcement for Beams and Columns Hannebique System—

Professor Moller System (Germany) – 1894—

Throughout the entire period 1850 1900, relatively little was published, as the engineersworking in the reinforced concrete field considered construction and computational methodsas trade secrets.

Professor Talbot Test of Reinforced Concrete Beam—

One of the first publications that might be classified as a textbook was that ofArmand Considere in 1899.

In 1903, with the formation in the United States of a joint committee of representatives of allorganizations interested in reinforced concrete, uniform applications of knowledge to designwere initiated.

Bridge at Menier, by Armand Consider built in 1906 Photo Jacques Mossot—

The earliest textbook in English was that of Frederick E. Turneaure and Maurer published in1907 entitled “Principles of Reinforced Concrete Construction”. In the first decade of thetwentieth century, progress in reinforced concrete was rapid. Extensive testing to determinebeam behavior, compressive strength of concrete, and modulus of elasticity was conductedby Arthur N. Talbot at the University of Illinois, by Frederick E. Turneaure and Morton O.Withey at the University of Wisconsin, and by Bach in Germany, C.A.P Turner US, amongothers. Ernest L. Ransome (18521917) engineer architect an early innovator of reinforcedconcrete and was the first to use twisted bars. In 1912 Ernest L. Ransome and AlexisSaurbrey coauthored Reinforced Concrete Buildings.

Principles of Reinforced

concrete construction, by

F.E. Turneaure

—

First reinforced concrete skyscraper, 1903 by E. L.

Ransome

—

M. Withey Test of Concrete Beams—

In 1906 major earthquake struck San Francisco, California (magnitude is 7.9), hence,engineers had conducted research extensively and revised the method of designs.

Turner System—

Test of Beam conducted by Prof. Talbot—

San Francisco Earthquake, magnitude 7.9, 1906—

From about 1916 to the mid – 1930s, research centered on axially loaded column behavior. Inthe late 1930s and 1940s, eccentrically loaded columns, footings, and the Ultimate Strengthof beams received special attention.

With the interest in and understanding of the elastic methods of analysis in the early 1900s,the elastic Working Stress method(also called AllowableStress Design or straightlinedesign) was adopted almost universally by codes as the best for design.

1906 San Francisco Earthquake—

Historic Working Stress Design Formula, ACI, Prof. Taylor 1907—

Historic WSD Formula, ACI, Prof. Taylor 1907—

Historic formula by F. Turneaure 1907 #1—

Historic Formula by F. Turneaure and Maurer 1907 #2—

Historic Formula for Ultimate Loads by Turneaure 1907 #3—

Historic Formula by F. Turneaure and Maurer, 1907 #4—

Historic Formula by Turneaure and Maurer, 1907 – #5—

Turneaure and Maurer, 1907 #6—

Historic Formula by Charles Whitney, 1921—

The first modification of the elastic Working Stress method resulted from the study of axiallyloaded columns in the early 1930s. By 1940s, the design of axially loaded columns wasbased on Ultimate Strength.

Historic WSD FormulaCharles Whitney, 1921—

In the 1930s, Charles S. Whitney an american civil engineer graduated from CornellUniversity in 1915 proposed the use of a rectangular compressive stress distribution toreplace that an average stress of 0.85f’c is used with a rectangle of depth a = β1 x,determine so that a/2 = k x. In 1942 Charles S. Whitney ; his image , presented a paperemphasizing this fact and showing how a probable stressstrain curve with reasonableaccuracy, a parabola be replaced with an artificial rectangular stress block.

With the rectangular stress block simplification, the 1956 ACI318 code added an appendixpermitting Ultimate Strength Design (USD) as an alternate to Working Stress Design (WSD).The 1963 ACI318 Code gave both methods equal standing.

Charles S. Whitney Rectangular Stress Block—

Charles S. Whitney stress block “a” and “c”—

Strength Design Stress—

Flexure Formula, Beam Design—

Beam Analysis 1—

Beam Analysis 2—

Since the mid1950s, reinforced concrete design practice has made the transition from thatbased on elastic methods to the one based on strength.

Hence, my viewpoint, reinforced concrete design has been continuously studied for onehundred fifty (150) years and/or one and one half century already since it was invented byJoseph Monier in 1849 and patented in 1867. Therefore, It is ridiculous to say thatworking and drafting proposed projects in short period of time would suffice them topretend they know the processes, methods of design. If the manager, however, does notknow something about THEORY of DESIGN, then the owner is taking a great chances. Theman in charge should be an engineer.

References – All Books below are on the Shelves of my Private/Personal Library foradditional sources of information:

1. American Concrete Institute (ACI) Manual of Concrete Practice, six (6) volumes, 2004and 2008;

2. American Concrete Institute ACI DESIGN HANDBOOK, Special Publication (SP17),circa 1997 and reapproved 2004;

Beam Analysis3—

3. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete 2002, 2005, 2008;4. Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete 1977;5. Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete 1963;6. A Treatise on Concrete Plain and Reinforced by Frederick W. Taylor Sanford

Thompson, 1st edition 1905, 2nd edition 1912, 3rd edition 1916;7. Cyclopedia of Civil Engineering American Technical School, 8 Volumes 1908;8. Cyclopedia of Construction (Radford’s) – (Carpentry, Building and Architecture, based

on the practical experience of a large staff of experts in actual construction works),volumes 1 to 12 1909;

9. Cassell’s Reinforced Concrete by Bernard E. Jones 1913;10. Concrete Engineer’s Handbook by George Hool 1918;11. Concrete Designers Manual by Charles Whitney and George Hool 1921;12. ConcreteSteel by W. N. Twelvetrees 1905;13. Concrete Steel Buildings by W. N. Twelvetrees 1905;14. Concrete and Reinforced Concrete by W. N. Twelvetrees 1922;15. Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Construction by Homer Reid 1907 and 1908;16. Concrete and Reinforced Concrete by Walter Loring Webb and W. Herbert Gibson

1919;17. ConcreteSteel Construction by Prof. Emil Morsch and translated by E. P. Goodrich,

3rd edition 1909;18. ConcreteSteel Construction by C. A. Turner and Henry Eddy, 1st edition 1909, 2nd

edition 1914, 3rd edition 1919;19. Engineers Pocketbook of Reinforced Concrete by E. Lee Heidenreich 1908;20. Experimental Research on Reinforced Concrete by Armand Considere 1903;21. Elementary Reinforced Concrete Building Design by Leonard C. Urquhart 1915;22. Handbook of Cost and Data for Contractors and Engineers by Halbert P. Gillette,

member ASCE, 1,888 pages, 2nd edition 1920;23. Handbook of Building Construction volumes 1 and 2, by George A. Hool, 2nd edition

1929;24. Handbook on Reinforced Concrete by F. D. Warren 1906;25. Plain and Reinforced Concrete Arches by Josef Melan, 1st edition1915, 2nd edition

1917;26. Practical Reinforced Concrete Standards by Hiram B. Andrews 1908;27. Principles of Reinforced Concrete by Frederick E. Turneaure and Edward R. Maurer,

1st edition 1907, 2nd edition 1909, 3rd edition 1919;28. Reinforced Concrete by Charles F. Marsh 1904;29. Reinforced Concrete by A. W. Buel and C. S. Hill 1904;30. Reinforced Concrete in Europe by Albert L. Colby, 1909;31. Reinforced Concrete by Frederick Rings 1910;32. Reinforced Concrete by John P. Brooks 1911;33. Reinforced Concrete Design, volume 1Theory, by Oscar Faber and P. G. Bowie 1st

edition1912, 2nd edition1919;34. Reinforced Concrete Design, volume 2Practice, by Oscar Faber and P. G. Bowie

1920;35. Reinforced Concrete A Manual of Practice by Ernset McCullough, 1908;36. Reinforced Concrete Construction Fundamental Principles, volume 1, by George A.

Hool 1912;37. Reinforced Concrete Construction Retaining Walls and BUILDINGS, volume 2, by

George A. Hool 1913;38. Reinforced Concrete Construction BRIDGES and CULVERTS, volume 3, by George

A. Hool 1916;39. Reinforced Concrete and Construction by Henry Adams and Ernest R. Matthews 1911

and 1920;40. Reinforced Concrete for Buildings by Ernest L. Ransome and Alexis Saurbrey 1912;41. Mechanics of Building Construction by Henry Adams 1912;42. Steel and Reinforced Concrete in building by Edward Godfrey 1911;43. Structural Engineering Concrete, Book 2, by Edward Godfrey 1908;44. Structural Engineering Steel Designing, Book 3, by Edward Godfrey 1913;45. Test of Reinforced Concrete Beams by Arthur Talbot, Bul. No. 11904;46. Test of Reinforced Concrete Columns by Arthut Talbot and Arthur A. Lord, Bul. No. 56

1912;47. Test of Reinforced Concrete Buildings under load by Arthur Talbot and W. A. Slater,

Bulletin No.64 1913;48. Test of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slab Structures by Arthur Talbot and W. A. Slater

1912;49. Reinforced Concrete Wall Footings and Column Footings, Bulletin No.67, by Arthur N.

Talbot 1913;50. Moments and Stresses Proceedings of the American Concrete Institute, volume 17 by

H. M. Westergaard and W. A. Slater 1921;51. Kahn System of Reinforced Concrete by Trussed Concrete Steel Company 5th edition

1913;52. Johnson’s Materials of Construction by John B. Johnson, 1st edition, 2nd edition, 3rd

edition, 4th edition1907;53. Johnson’s Materials of Construction by F.E. Turneaure, M.O. Withey, Aston 5th

edition191954. History of Architectural Developmentvolume 1, 2 and 3, by F. M. Simpson 1913;55. Manual of Structural Design by Jack Singleton, 3rd edition 1947;56. Design of Reinforced Concrete by Jack C. McCormac, 3rd edition 1993;57. Reinforced Concrete Fundamentals by P. Ferguson, J. Breen, J. Jirsa, 5th edition

1988;58. Design of Concrete Structures by Arthur H. Nilson, 12th edition 199759. Design of Prestressed Concrete by Arthur H. Nilson, 2nd edition 1987;60. Reinforced Concrete Design by C. K. Wang and Charles G. Salmon 6th edition1997;61. Building Design and Construction Handbook by Frederick S. Merritt and Jonathan t.

Ricketts, 6th edition 2002;62. Foundation Analysis and Design, 4th edition by Joseph E. Bowles 1988.

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Relevant Web Sites: the following external links open in new window, Engineer’s outlook isnot responsible their contents nor endorses it. Charles Whitney, Reinforced Concreteanalysis, Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks, History of Concrete and cement. LuzonPhilippines Earthquake, Philippine Earthquake and tsunami, Marcus Vitruvius. Vituvius 4630BC. Vitruvius Book6, WaterHistoryqanat. History of concrete, Bridgehunter. Structurae.en.

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HARDY CROSS METHODStructural AnalysisPosted on October 5, 2011

My passion for Structural Engineering, I focused my sight to delve into manybooks for Structural Analysis and Design calculations, so most of the timegiven to me by God, I used to study and to research the history of thisinteresting major major subjects (venus raj expression miss universe 4thrunner up) in civil engineering.

1. structural reinforced concrete design;2. structural steel design;3. timber design;4. engineering mechanics;5. mechanics of materials;6. theory of structures;7. Hydraulics.8. Soil Mechanics;9. Foundation Design;10. Differential and Integral CALCULUS;11. Analytic Geometry;12. Trigonometry;13. Algebra.

Having a lot of experiences in life, and my passion for structural engineering,I was challenged to research and study continuously particularly structuralengineering. Fortunately, I have collected and acquired many books, design

codes for civil engineers valued in US Dollars, namely;

1. ACI 2008 Manual of Concrete Practice,2. ACI Design handbook 2004,3. ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural concrete 2011edition,

4. Detailing Manual, ACI 2004 edition,5. ASCE 7 StandardsMinimum Design Loads for Buildings and other Vertical Structures,6. British Steel Designer’s Manual 6th edition,7. American Steel Construction manual 13th edition,8. National Structural Code of the Philippines 2001 edition volume 1 and2, etc.

9. Numerous Historic books for Reinforced Concrete and StructuralAnalysis, Mechanics of Engineering dated circa 1750 A.D. to 1930 A.D.;

ACI 2008 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE

ACI 2008 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE

Actually, since 1995, I started collecting books and studied most of the timeif no projects to be supervised. In my eagerness to acquire more knowledge,I focused my mind and sight to study and research the structural analysisand design calculation methods to make works easier for civil / structuralengineers and structural designers.

I have a friend whose expertise is structural analysis and designcomputations and construction, this friend of mine is not really a recognizedStructural Engineer by Profession Regulation Commission or by PhilippineInstitute of Civil Engineers (PICE), but he is just a practicing engineer; Fabs,he used to design simple buildings, he constructed some buildings incatarman town, I doubted the method of calculations he used, because heuses the balance condition of the concrete column designs, in my viewpointthis method is erroneous! It should be the actual condition of the structuralmembers; I have a Hard Copy of his Design Calculations. So, I can’t fathomhis way of design, indeed he show off himself to be all knowing andcriticized me about my design of the CFIC building for using a 50 psfdormitory dwelling and not good in design.

I had met a lot of people with different characters and personalities, theSCRUFFY, the CLEAN, the INCOMPLETE, the DEFENSIVE ones, theNONCHALANT and the BRILLIANT ones. As much as there are differencesin people’s character, so is there, in their works and calculations. Also, tomention, through social networking I have acquired computer software, e.g.Microsoft Excel Spreadsheets software for design, and adopted theirprocedures, methodology and style with some modification to suit mysatisfaction and method of analysis. Further, through social networking I hadlearned to develop Spreadsheets for my analysis and design since 2006 upto present, I am self taught in Microsoft Excel and had developed frames

and beams analysis, concrete beams, concrete columns, footings in metricversions.

I used to think that being a practicing engineer for almost two decades, Isurmise myself as a Structural design engineer already, like for instanceprofessor Besavilla who authored reviewer books, and also Gillesania alsoauthored reviewer books, my friend Redeem Legaspi a softwareprogrammer who developed steelpro program, they are all consideredstructural engineer. Accordingly, in my indepth study and research, I hadlearned various methods for Structural Analysis in ‘Hand’ or conventionalmethod with the aid of calculator and also using computer software, namely;

1. MSExcel Spreadsheets software,2. STAAD software,3. PCA software,4. ETABS, SAP2000, SAFE design software.

In my more than 22 years of experience as practicing engineer withcontinuous research, study, practice solving for building frames/beams andbridge structures, I have acquired knowledge and become Structural designengineer. Henceforth, as structural design engineer and specialist, I preferto use the method developed by Professor Hardy Cross the MomentDistribution.

HARDY CROSS method (innovation) is the best method (for me) forStructural Analysis and Design Calculation, developed by Professor HardyCross in 1924. He published the method in the proceedings of the AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers in May 1930 after having taught the subject to hisstudents at the University of Illinois since 1924. His Paper began a new erain the Analysis of Statically indeterminate frames and gave added impetus totheir use. This method can be used in complex building frames, continuousbeams and simple beams and or vertical structures.

Prof. Hardy Cross—

Formula:

Uniformly Distributed Load:

M = W(L^2)/12 for fixed end moment

Concentrated Load or Point Load:

M = Pa(b^2)/L^2 fixed end moment

M = Pb(a^2)/L^2 fixed end moment

Prof. Hardy Cross method was a popular method and was used for theAnalysis of Continuous Beams and Frames and in Structural Engineering asa “Hand Calculations method and/or Conventional Calculations method”from 1930 until 1960. Since the 1960s, however, there has been an everincreasing use of computers for the analysis of all types of structures.Computers are extremely efficient for solving the simultaneous equationsthat are generated by other methods of analysis. Generally, computerssoftware used is developed from the matrixanalysis procedures. Reference:J. C. McCormac, S.E., Structural Analysis.

I developed a spreadsheet for Continuous Span Frame Analysis usingHardy Cross method:

Distributionfactor formula

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FBD of a beam subjected to Uniformly loaded at distance L—

FBD of a Beam Segment—

Frame diagram for moment distribution—

Moment Distribution screen shot of my MS Spreadsheet—

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Relevant Web Sites: This external links open a new window, any of their contents theengineersoutlook is not responsible nor endorses it. Hardy Cross, Hardy Cross School.

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Posted in Engineering | Tagged Greed of Money, Matrix calculations, Microsoft excelSpreadsheet, Professor Hardy Cross, Reinforced Concrete, Structural Analysis,Structural engineering | 3 Replies

Shear Diagram screen shot of MS excel Spreadsheet I developed—

Moment Diagramscreen shot of MS Excel spreadsheets I have I developed—

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