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RELATIVIDADESPECIAL
A. P. FRENCH
EDITORIAL REVERTÉ, S. A.
MIT PHYSICS COURSE
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
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Título de la obra original: Special Relativity
Edición original en lengua inglesa publicada por: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, USA
Copyright © by The Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Versión española por: Prof. J. Aguilar Peris Catedrático de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Madrid
Con la colaboración de: Dr. D. J. Doria Rico Profesor adjunto de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Madrid
Propiedad de: EDITORIAL REVERTÉ, S. A. Loreto, 13-15, Local B 08029 Barcelona Tel: (34) 93 419 33 36 Fax: (34) 93 419 51 89 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.reverte.com
Reservados todos los derechos. La reproducción total o parcial de esta obra, por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografía y el tratamiento in-formático, y la distribución de ejemplares de ella mediante alquiler o préstamo pú-blicos, queda rigurosamente prohibida sin la autorización escrita de los titulares del copyright, bajo las sanciones establecidas por las leyes.
Edición en español
© EDITORIAL REVERTÉ, S. A., 1988
REIMPRESIÓN: Junio de 2002 Impreso en España - Printed in Spain
ISBN: 84-291-4100-6 Obra completa ISBN: 84-291-4097-2 Tomo I
Depósito legal: SE-2200-2002
www.publidisa.com – (+34) 95.458.34.25. Impresión: Publicaciones Digitales, S. A. (Sevilla)
ISBN: 978-84-291-9060-1 eBook
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6
5
7 8
4
3
2
1
9
10 11
12
Osciloscopio
Linac de 15 MeV
Primera
sección del
Linac
1 metro
Distancia a
recorrer : 8,4 m
Distribución de la carga
de la ráfaga de electrones
en la fución de tiempo
1 Planos equipotenciales
2 Cañón electrónico
5 Célula fotoelétrica
6 Ventana
8 Cinta de carga
3 Suministrador de pulsos
rápidos
4 Tanque a presión de
Van de Graaff
7 Fuente de destellos
luminosos
9 Tubo corto que señala el
comienzo del recorrido de
la ráfaga de electrones a lo
largo de la trayectoria
10 Cable que transmite la
señal de barrido
11 Cables que tranmiten las
señales de igual tiempo de
tránsito
12 Disco de aluminio que
recoge los electrones y la
llegada de la señal de la
ráfaga de los electrones al
final de su recorrido
∼ 3 x 10-9 s
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Energía cinética K en MeV
10,0
9,0
8,0
7,0
6,0
6,0
5,0
5,0
4,0
4,0
3,0
3,0
2,0
2,0
1,0
1,00
Predicción newtoniana
v2 ,10
16m
2 / s
2
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(a)
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M
Δ x
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(a)
(b)
Tierra
1
23
4Sol
Estrella
c'
a'
ad
cb
v2
v1
v4v3
θ0
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Sep. 1 Nov. 1 Ene. 1 Mar. 1 Mayo 1 Jul. 1 Sep. 1
50"
40"
30"
20"
10"
0
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Salida de agua
Entrada de agua
M3
S
P
T
l
M1
M2
v
v
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TierraJúpiter con una luna
B´ B A´ASol
v
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Metalizada
S
T
P
C
M2
M1
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NS
0,05 λ
0,00 λ
0,00
0,05
Al mediodía
Noche
EO
l / 8 x TeóricoExperimental
SN
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S
T
P
M2
M1
l1
l2 « Viento de éter »
�
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« Viento de éter »
S
S
T T
M2 M2
M1
M1
l1
l1l2 l2�
P P
(a) (b)
θ
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A
A1
t1
t2C1
B C0
t
(a)A
C1´
A1´
B C0
t
(b)
x x
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A0 B C
C1´
A1´
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PtP
t t´
tP´
xP´
xPx
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0
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10
0
- 10
A
C
E
B
D
F
x
y
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Señal luminosact ct´ct´´
R
P
BA Q
C
x
x´
x´´
0
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t t´
x
x´
P1
P2
0
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t t´
t´ = const.
x
x´
P1
x1 x2
P2
0
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Señalde
entrada
Pantalla
Amp.
Amp.Reg.
Regis.
Hierro
Fotomultiplicador
Centelleador
Cámara
Disparador
Pulsos de desintegración de recuentoen el fotomultiplicador
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B
NCA
l0 l0
v
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�
� Δt1
� Δt2
A1 B1
A2 B2
A3 B3
l
l
l
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Laser 1
Laser 2
Mesa giratoria aprueba de choques
Espejosemi-plateado
Fotomultiplicador
Instrumentos para medir yregistrar frecuencia pulsante
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Q
A'B'
A
ctct'
x'
x0
(a)
R'
B'
B
A
ctct'
x'
x0
(b)
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A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
(a)
(b)
�
0 x
x'
l0
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2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
A' B' C' D' E' F'
A B C D E F�
3 2 1 0 -1 -2A' B' C' D' E' F'�
4 3 2 1 0 -1A' B' C' D' E' F'�
- �
-1 0 1 2 3 4A B C D E F- �
0 1 2 3 4 5A B C D E F- �
Relojes enreposo en S'
Relojes enreposo en S
Reloj en reposo en S''
(a)
(b)
(c)
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ct ct'
ct'x =
ctx = -
x'
xo
Futuro
Algún otro lugar
Pasado
Q
P
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M3
M2
M1
M
P1 P2
P
M4
S
O
v
v
ω
r
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Trayectoria del haz de protones
Blanco
Colimador
Imán
Pared protectora
Detector
A
D
B
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(a)
(b)
P1
P2 P1
R
Rt = 0
t = �u2
u2 �
u2
λ'
w�
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La fuente en
el instante t
t
Observador
Pulso p
rimer
o
Pulso
(n +
l)
(x2, t2)
(x1, t1)
xx00
t = n�
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0 1,0 2,0Distancia, 109 años luz
Vel
ocid
ad, 1
04K
m/s
r
cΔλ
/λ
1
2
3
4
5
6
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20 005 600
20 004 300
5 500
5 400
5 300
5 200
5 100
5 000
4 900
4 800
4 700
4 600
4 500
4 400
0334 0335 0336 0337 0338 0339 0340 0341
Tiempo respecto al meridiano de Greenwich
Fre
cuen
cia
reci
bida
, cic
los
/s
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x1 x2
r1
x2
h
vx = 0
θ
θ
Suelo 0
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H2
H3
H3
0 5 10 15 20 25
0,050
0,040
0,030
0,020
0,010
ParaH2Para
20755 volts
13702 volts
7859 volts
(a) (b)
Δλ1, angstroms
Δλ2,
angs
trom
s
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En reposoMoviéndose
a través del éter
(a) (b)
v
u u
θ
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1 2 3 4 5 6 77 8 9 108 9 10 11 12 PMAMHora del dia
1,15
1,10
1,05
1,00
Var
iaci
ón d
e fr
ecue
ncia
deb
ida
algi
ro e
fect
uado
exp
resa
da e
n ci
clos
/s
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v
W0
W0
A0
B0
L γ0
L 0
B1 C1
/
A' B' C'
(a)
(b)
(b)
Δx
Δx
θ
θ W 0
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Observando en S
Observando en S'
y u
vv
-u
B
B
A
A
u0
u0
-u0
-u0
u
-v-u
- v
(a)
(b)
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En S'
En S
u -u
m(u) m(u) M0
m(u) m0 M
U
(a)
(b)
u
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Fuente situadaen el extremodel rotor
Rotor deacero
Contador Dispersor de mercurioo de plomo y blindaje
de plomo
Velocidad de la fuente en cm/s
Variación de energía en eV
Coc
ient
e en
tre
ladi
sper
sión
tota
l y la
disp
ersi
ón n
o re
sona
nte
(a) (b)
2 x 104 4 x 104 6 x 104
0,1 0,5 0,9
2
3
1
0
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-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-0,2
-0,4
-0,6
-0,8
-1,0
-1,2
0
Velocidad, cm/s
Dis
min
ució
n en
tant
o po
r ci
entoAbsorbente
FuentePb
Pb
(a) (b)
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P1 P2 P N
m, p m, -p m0 , 0 m0 , 0 mπ , 0
π+
(a) (b)
v1 = β c v2 = β c
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θ/2
θ/2
E1, p1
p2
p2
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θ
φ
E, p
Q0, n0
Q, n
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45o
0o
90o
135o
0,76
0,75
0,74
0,73
0,72
0,71
0,700,20 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8
1- cos θ
λ, a
ngst
rom
s
Bloques de plomo
Bloques de plomo
Cápsula dematerial
radiactivoθ = 30,0o
ϕ = 31,3o
Contador de electrones
Contador de fotones
Lámina de berilio
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θM, p
M', p'
Q'
n
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En S
En S'
(a)
(b)
m, p m, -p
m1, p1 m0, 0
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S
0 0'
S'
P
u
v
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θ /2
θ /2
(a) (b)
p'
p'
p'p2
E1, p1
p2
m, E', p'
En S' En S
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Carga de prueba en reposo Carga de prueba en movimiento
F
F =
F
r
rr3
r
q2
q2
q1
kq1
q1
q2
Carga-fuente en reposo Carga-fuente en reposo
F =rr3
q2kq1(a) (b)
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(a) (b)
yS
v
z
x
t = 0y'
S'
x'v
z'
q1
q2 q1q2
Tiempo t'
(x, 0, 0) (x', 0, 0)
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(a) (b)
yS
y'S'
q2q2
q1 q1
z z'v
x
t = 0 t' = 0
(0, y, 0)(0, y', 0)
x'
v
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Tiempo t'
(a) (b)
yS
vx
t = 0y'
S'
x'
v
z'z
q2
q2
q1q1
(x, y, z)
(x', y', z')r r'
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p
X' Xq1
v
ε
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(a) (b)
yS
y'S'
q2
q1
q2
q1
z' z'
x
t = 0 t' = 0
(0, y, 0)(0, y', 0)
x'
v
v
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(a) (b)
yS
y'S'
q2
q1
q2
q1
z' z'
x
t = 0 t' = 0
(0, y, 0)(0, y', 0)
x'
v
v
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(a) (b)
yS
y' S'
q2
q1
q2
q1
z z'
x
t = 0 t' = 0
(0, y, 0) (0, y', 0)
x'v
uy u'
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(a) (b)
Sy'
S'
q1 q1
q2
q2
x
t = 0
(x, y, 0)(x', y', 0)
x'v
Tiempo t'
r r'
uy
u'
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8 8-
P
y
rb
x dx
dx
dε
λ
θ
θ
0
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8 8-
P
P
v
v
b
x dx
dx
dε
dε1
dε2
λ0
1 2
r
(a)
(b)
Densidad de carga
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8 8-8 8-
v v v
q1 q1 q1
q2
q2
(a)
(b)
(c)
En S
En S'
En S
Densidad lineal de carga λ
Densidad lineal de carga λ'
vx
b
b
P u
u'
δ
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-+
-+
-+
-
-
+-+
-+
-+
-+
-+
-
-
+-
+-
+ +
(a)
(b)
Electrones en movimiento
Electrones en reposo
Iones positivos en reposo
En S
En S'
v
v
-vIones positivos en movimiento
q2
q2
b
b
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Línea del universodel ion positivo
Línea del universodel electrón
--
-
++
+
+ -
x10 x2 x3
x'
ct ct'
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-+
-+
-+
-
-
+-+
-+
-+
-+
-+
-
-
+-
+-
+ +
(a)
(b)
Electrones en movimiento
Electrones en movimiento
Iones positivos en reposo
En S
En S'
u
v
v'
-uIones positivos en movimiento
q2
q2
b
b
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v2
I2
l2
v1
I11
b
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