Remarks before the Computing Research Association
The Adequacy of the U.S. S&E Workforce:
A QUANTITATIVE PERSPECTIVE
Offshore Outsourcing
John SargentSenior Policy Analyst
U.S. Department of Commerce
Alarm Bells…• “… the nation may likely face severe shortages in SET workers…”
– Land of Plenty, Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering, and Technology Development (CAWMSET)
• “There is a quiet crisis building in the United States [that] stems from the gap between the nation’s growing need for scientists, engineers, and other technically skilled workers, and its production of them.”
– The Quiet Crisis: Falling Short in Producing American Scientific and Technical Talent, Building Engineering and Science Talent (BEST)
• “… U.S. need for the highest quality human capital in science, mathematics and engineering is not being met.”
– Hart-Rudman Commission
• "Our 1998 study found a shortage of 346,000 programmers, systems analysts and computer scientists."
– ITAA president Harris Miller
• "We are not training enough American scientists and engineers to retain our prosperity ...."
– American Scientist magazine, 2001
• “a serious deficit of scientists and engineers” resulting in “an evaporating dominance.”
– Dan Goldin, former NASA administrator, 2001
Demand for S&E Workers
Recent Occupational GrowthGrowth Rates
-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10%
Electrical/Electronic
Civil
Aerospace
Engineers, n.e.c.
Industrial
Mechanical
Metallurgical/Materials
Nuclear
Petroleum
Chemical
Marine
Mining
Agricultural
EngineeringAverage Annual Employment Growth, 1996-2001
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce analysis of Department of Labor Current Population Survey data
-5% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Computer Sys Analysts/Scientists
Atmospheric/Space Scientists
Medical scientists
Computer Programmers
Chemists
Biological/Life Scientists
Geologists/Geodesists
Forestry/Conservation
Mathematical Scientists
Agricultural/Food Scientists
Physical Scientists, n.e.c.
Physicists/Astronomers
Physical/Life/Computer Sciences and Mathematics
Average Annual Employment Growth, 1996-2001
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce analysis of Department of Labor Current Population Survey data
Recent Occupational GrowthGrowth in Numbers
-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Computer Systems Analysts & ScientistsElectrical/Electronic Engineers
Computer ProgrammersCivil Engineers
Medical ScientistsChemists
Biological/Life ScientistsAerospace Engineers
Engineers, n.e.c.Atmospheric/Space
Industrial EngineersGeologists/Geodesists
Forestry/Conservation ScientistsMathematical Scientists, n.e.c.
Agricultural EngineersNuclear Engineers
Agricultural/Food ScientistsMetallurgical/Materials Engineers
Petroleum EngineersMining Engineers
Physical Scientists, n.e.c.Physicists/Astronomers
Marine EngineersMechanical Engineer
Chemical Engineers
Employment Growth in S&E Occupations1996-2001, in thousands
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce analysis of Department of Labor Current Population Survey data
Aggregate IT Employment 1999-2002
-
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
1999 2000 2001 2002SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technology Policy analysis of data from U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Employment Survey, 2000-2002, http://www.bls.gov/oes/oes_dl.htm
Change, 2000-2001Number: -92,870
Percent: -3.5%
Change, 2001-2002Number :-42.090
Percent: -1.7%
Change, 1999-2000Number: 295,880
Percent: +12.6%
0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000
Computer and Information Scientists, Research
Computer Programmers
Computer Software Engineers, Applications
Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software
Computer Support Specialists
Computer Systems Analysts
Database Administrators
Network and Computer Systems Administrators
Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts
Computer Hardware Engineers
Computer and Information Systems Managers
2002
2001
2000
1999
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technology Policy analysis of data from U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Employment Survey data,
2000-2002, http://www.bls.gov/oes/oes_dl.htm
IT Occupational Employment 1999-2002
Change in IT Occupational EmploymentNumber, 2001-2002
(50,000) (40,000) (30,000) (20,000) (10,000) - 10,000 20,000 30,000
Computer Systems Analysts
Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts
Network and Computer Systems Administrators
Computer Hardware Engineers
Computer and Information Scientists, Research
Database Administrators
Computer and Information Systems Managers
Computer Software Engineers, Applications
Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software
Computer Support Specialists
Computer Programmers
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technology Policy analysis of data from U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Employment Survey, 2000-2002,
http://www.bls.gov/oes/oes_dl.htm
Change in IT Occupational EmploymentPercentage, 2001-2002
-15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10%
Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts
Computer Systems Analysts
Network and Computer Systems Administrators
Computer Hardware Engineers
Computer and Information Systems Managers
Computer Software Engineers, Applications
Database Administrators
Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software
Computer Support Specialists
Computer and Information Scientists, Research
Computer Programmers
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technology Policy analysis of data from U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Employment Survey, 2000-2002,
http://www.bls.gov/oes/oes_dl.htm
Salary Growth
Annual Average Salary Increases, 1995-2000
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6%
Computer Programmers
Computer Systems Analysts and Scientists
Medical Scientists
Biological/Life Scientists
Chemists
Industrial
Chemical
Engineers, n.e.c.
Electrical/Eelectronic
Civil
Mechanical
Aerospace
All Workers
Engineers
Scientists
IT Workers
All
SOURCE: Department of Commerce analysis of U.S. Department of Labor, Current Population Survey (Annual Averages) data
Salary Growth in IT Occupations 1999-2002
$- $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 $70,000 $80,000 $90,000 $100,000
Computer Support Specialists
Network and Computer Systems Administrators
Database Administrators
Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts
Computer Programmers
Computer Systems Analysts
Computer Software Engineers, Applications
Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software
Computer Hardware Engineers
Computer and Information Scientists, Research
Computer and Information Systems Managers
2002
2001
2000
1999
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technology Policy analysis of data from U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Employment Survey, 2000-2002,
http://www.bls.gov/oes/oes_dl.htm
Percent Salary Growth in IT Occupations 1999-2002, 2001-2002
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8%
Computer Support Specialists
Network and Computer Systems Administrators
Database Administrators
Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts
Computer Programmers
Computer Systems Analysts
Computer Software Engineers, Applications
Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software
Computer Hardware Engineers
Computer and Information Scientists, Research
Computer and Information Systems Managers
1999-2002
2001-2002
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technology Policy analysis of data from U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Employment Survey, 2000-2002,
http://www.bls.gov/oes/oes_dl.htm
Unemployment Rates
Average Annual Unemployment Engineers, IT Workers, Professional Specialties
1983-2002
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Percent
EngineersComputer system analysts and scientistsComputer programmersProfessional specialities
NOTE: The labor force and unemployed reported above include only the experienced unemployed, classified by the occupation of their last job. Computer system analysts and
scientists includes computer analyst, computer scientist, computer-systems planning, computer-systems analyst, data processing consultant, information scientist, software
specialist, and other occupations. Computer system analysts and scientists are classified within professional specialty occupations and computer programmers in technicians and
related support occupations. Data for 2000-2002 have been revised to incorporate population controls from Census 2000.
IT, Science and Engineering Occupational Projections, 2002-2012
Employment, Numbers
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
4,500,000
5,000,000
Professional IT
Occupations
Engineers Life Scientists Physical Scientists Natural Sciences
Managers
2002
2012
IT, Science and Engineering Occupational Projections, 2002-2012
Employment Growth: Rate
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Professional ITOccupations
Engineers Life Scientists Physical Scientists Natural SciencesManagers
IT, Science and Engineering Occupational Projections, 2002-2012
Employment Growth: Numbers
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
Professional ITOccupations
Engineers Life Scientists Physical Scientists Natural SciencesManagers
IT, Science and Engineering Occupational Projections, 2002-2012
Total Job Openings
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
Professional IT
Occupations
Engineers Life Scientists Physical Scientists Natural Sciences
Managers
Occupational Distribution of Projected S&E Job Openings(new jobs plus net replacements)
2002-2012
Natural Science
Managers
Information Technology
Engineers
Physical Scientists
Life Scientists
70%
IT, Science and Engineering Occupational Projections, 2002-2012
Job Growth: 2000-2010 vs. 2002-2012
-
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
Professional ITOccupations
Engineers Life Scientists Physical Scientists Natural SciencesManagers
2000-2010
2002-2012
IT, Science and Engineering Occupational Projections, 2002-2012
Change in Growth: 2000-2010 vs. 2002-2012
-1,200,000
-1,000,000
-800,000
-600,000
-400,000
-200,000
0
200,000
Professional IT
Occupations
Engineers Life Scientists Physical Scientists Natural Sciences
Managers
IT, Science and Engineering Occupational Projections, 2002-2012
Projected IT Job Growth 2010 vs. 2012 Projections
-
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
2010 2012 2012 if previous trend of 5.2% annualgrowth had continued
A reduction of
more than 1
million jobs
A reduction of
1. 6 million jobs
IT, Science and Engineering Occupational Projections, 2002-2012
Change in Total Openings: 2000-2010 vs. 2002-2012
-
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
Professional ITOccupations
Engineers Life Scientists Physical Scientists Natural SciencesManagers
2000-2010
2002-2012
S&E Bachelor’s Degrees
Life Sciences Up...
...Engineering, Physical Sciences, and Math Down
-50%
0%
50%
100%
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000
Biological/Agricultural Sciences
Psychology
Social Sciences
Physical Sciences
Engineering
Computer Science/Mathematics
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
60,000
65,000
70,000
75,000
80,000
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Engineering Bachelor’s Degrees…Half Empty or Half Full?
50,000
55,000
60,000
65,000
70,000
75,000
80,000
1985 1990 1995 2000
A 23 percent decline
since 1985…
…or a 53 percent increase since 1976?
Both, depending on your perspective…
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998
The Market PerspectiveDegree Production vs. Projected Job Openings
Annual Degrees and Job Openings in Broad S&E Fields
-
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
Engineering Physical Sciences Mathematical/Computer Sciences
Biological/Agricultural Sciences
PhD
Master's
Bachelor's
Projected Job Openings
SOURCES: Tabulated by National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics; degree data from Department of Education/National Center for Education Statistics: Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System Completions Survey; and NSF/S RS: Survey of Earned Doctorates; Projected Annual Average Job Openings derived from Department of Commerce (Office of Technology Policy) analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics 2002-2012 projections
EngineeringDegrees & Projected Job Openings
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
Aero-/Astronautical
Chemical Civil Electrical* Industrial Mechanical Materials/Metallurgy**
Other
PhDMaster'sBachelor'sProjected Job Openings
* Occupations include Electrical, Electronics, Computer Hardware Engineers** There are an additional 400 jobs per year for Material Scientists (not shown here; included in the "Other Physical Sciences" category)SOURCES: Tabulated by National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics; degree data from Department of Education/National Center for Education Statistics: Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System Completions Survey; and NSF/SRS: Survey of Earned Doctorates; Projected Annual Average Job Openings derived from Department of Commerce (Office of Technology Policy) analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics 2002-2012 projections
Physical SciencesDegrees & Projected Job Openings
-
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
Physics and Astronomy Chemistry Earth, Atmosphericand Oceanographic
Other Physical Science
PhDMaster'sBachelor'sProjected Job Openings
SOURCES: Tabulated by National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics; degree data from Department of Education/National Center for Education Statistics: Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System Completions Survey; and NSF/S RS: Survey of Earned Doctorates; Projected Annual Average Job Openings derived from Department of Commerce (Office of Technology Policy) analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics 2002-2012 projections
Mathematics and Computer ScienceDegrees & Projected Job Openings
-
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
Mathematics Computer science
PhDMaster'sBachelor'sProjected Job Openings
SOURCES: Tabulated by National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics; degree data from Department of Education/National Center for Education Statistics: Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System Completions Survey; and NSF/S RS: Survey of Earned Doctorates; Projected Annual Average Job Openings derived from Department of Commerce (Office of Technology Policy) analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics 2002-2012 projections
Biological and Agricultural SciencesDegrees & Projected Job Openings
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
Agricultural science Biological science
PhDMaster'sBachelor'sProjected Job Openings
SOURCES: Tabulated by National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics; degree data from Department of Education/National Center for Education Statistics: Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System Completions Survey; and NSF/S RS: Survey of Earned Doctorates; Projected Annual Average Job Openings derived from Department of Commerce (Office of Technology Policy) analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics 2002-2012 projections
IT Education & Training LandscapeHow IT Workers Get and Maintain their Skills• IT Bachelor’s Degrees• IT-Related Minors• Combined IT Bachelors/Masters Degree Programs• IT-Related Masters of Science Programs• Techno MBAs• Two-Year IT Degrees at Community Colleges• IT Certificate Programs• Private, For-Profit Education and Training Institutions• Vendor and Vendor-neutral IT Certification• Federal, State and Regional IT Training Initiatives• Boot Camps and Seminars• Employer Programs• On-Line, CD-ROM, Books• The Churn
Professional Level IT Workers Hold a Wide Array of Science, Engineering and Other Degrees
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Professional Level ITWorkers
IT Degrees, including:Computer & information sciences, generalComputer scienceComputer systems analysisInformation services and systemsOther computer and information sciencesComputer and systems engineeringComputer programming
Engineeringother than Computer and Systems Engineering
Natural Sciences
Mathematics
Social Sciences
Business
Other
Of professional level IT workers
who hold bachelor's or higher level
degrees,87.5%
hold degrees in science, math or engineering
Educational Background of Professional-level IT Workers
Possible Niche Areas of Need
• Emerging Disciplines
• Converging Disciplines
• Industries Affected by Past/Current Federal Demand
• University Professors in High Demand Disciplines
• Federal S&E Employees: Unique Challenges
• Industries with Past Workforce Shocks
Challenge to the Community:
Action
• Amplify Market Signals• Industry Feedback to Post-Secondary Institutions• Post-Secondary Institutions’ Responsiveness to Market
Demands• Preparation for industry careers• Technical skills in demand• Soft and business skills
• Career Awareness in Middle, High School• Dissemination of Occupational Data
• Demand, job characteristics, unemployment, etc.
• Improve Math and Science Education in K-12
Challenge to the Community:
Action
• Math and Science Education in K-12• Image of Scientists and Engineers• S&E Career Awareness in Middle, High School• Industry Feedback to Post-Secondary
Institutions• Post-Secondary Institutions’ Responsiveness
to Market Demands• Industry Must Help Itself
Challenges to Growing Domestic S&E Workforce
• Cost-Benefit of Grad Education in S&E vs. Law, Business
Challenges to Growing Domestic S&E Workforce
• Cost-Benefit of Grad Education in S&E vs. Law, Business
Registered Time from Baccalaureate to Doctorate
for Physical Sciences, Engineering, and Life Sciences, 2001
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Physical Sciences* Engineering Life Sciences Law School MBA
(years)
Median Age
30.6Median Age
31.2Median Age
31.8
Challenges to Growing Domestic S&E Workforce
• Cost-Benefit of Grad Education in S&E vs. Law, Business
• Attractiveness of Careers in S&E vs. Law, Business• Strong Emphasis by Other Nations, Cultures on S&E Education
• Access to Foreign Labor in the U.S. (H-1B, L1)• Access to Foreign Labor Abroad (Offshoring—direct and through
contract)• Significantly lower salary costs• Pools of well-educated S&E talent• Improved national infrastructure, political stability
• Large Government, Industry Focus on Health R&D
Factors Supporting U.S. Ability to Grow Domestic S&E Workforce
• Premier Academic Research Institutions• Elite Students Among Best in World• Powerful Industrial Base, Potential Partners
in S&E Education and Training• Money Talks!
Contact Information
John F. SargentSenior Policy Analyst
Office of Technology Policy, Technology Administration
U.S. Department of Commerce202-482-6185
Census Bureau Projections Thru 2100U.S. Race/Ethnic Composition, numbers
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
(in thousands)
White
Black
American Indian
Asian and Pacific Islander
Hispanic
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technology Policy analysis of U.S Census Bureau Data, Population Projections, http://WWW.CENSUS.gov/population/www/projections/natsum-T5.html
Census Bureau Projections Thru 2100U.S. Race/Ethnic Composition, percent
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
White
Black
American Indian
Asian and Pacific Islander
Hispanic
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technology Policy analysis of U.S Census Bureau Data, Population Projections, http://WWW.CENSUS.gov/population/www/projections/natsum-T5.html
Bachelor’s Degrees Awarded, by Gender
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000
Women
Men
S&E Bachelor’s Degrees, by GenderBachelor's Degrees in Various S&E Disciplines As a Percent of
All Bachelor's Degrees Earned By That GenderBy Gender 2000
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
Engineering Computer
Sciences
Earth, Atmos.
& Ocean
Sciences
Physical
Sciences
Mathematics Social
Sciences
Biological
Sciences
Psychology
Men
Women5.2:1
3.4:1
2.0:1
1.9:1 1.5:1
1.1:1
1.1:1
1:2.4
Women’s Share of MEPS Bachelor’s Degrees Growing, Still Comparatively Low
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 2000
WomenMen
Share of Bachelor's Degrees in Physical Sciences, Engineering, Computer Science, Mathematics
by Gender, 1966-2000
Share of Bachelor’s Degrees in Each Field Earned by Women, 2000
Percentage of All Degrees Awarded in Each Field Earned by Women2000
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Social Sciences
Psychology
Biological/Agricultural Sciences
Earth, Atmos. & Ocean Sciences
Math
Computer Science
Physical Sciences
Engineering
Total S&E
Non-S&E Fields
All Fields
Share of Total U.S. S&E Bachelor’s Degrees
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000
(Percent, Blacks and Hispanics)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
(Percent, Native Americans)
Underrepresented Minorities' Share of Total U.S. Science and Engineering Bachelor's Degrees
Citizens and Permanent Residents, 1991-2000
S&E Bachelor’s Degrees, by RaceBachelor's Degrees in Various S&E Disciplines
As a Percent of All Bachelor's Degrees Earned By That GroupBy Race, 2000
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
Engineering Physical Science Mathematics Computer Science Biological Science
White, non-Hispanics
Asians/Pacific Islanders
Black, non-Hispanics
Hispanics
American Indians or Alaskan Natives
IT Occupational Growth Rate 5 Times Greater Than Natural Scientists, Engineers
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10%
IT, Natural Scientists and EngineersAverage Annual Employment Growth, 1996-2001
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce analysis of Department of Labor Current Population Survey data
IT Occupations
Natural Scientists
Engineers
Occupational Growth RatesIT vs. All Occupations
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Computer systems analysts and scientists
All Occupations
Growth Rate of Professional-level IT Occupations Outstrips Growth Rate for All Occupations
Growth Rate of IT Occupations, All Occupations Since 1991
, SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technology Policy analysis of U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics data, Current Population Survey 1990-2000, Household Data Annual Averages, Employed Persons
S&E Occupational Growth Dominated by Information Technology Occupations
Total Bachelor’s Degrees in Engineering, Physical Sciences, Computer Science and Mathematics Stable
-
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 2000
Science and Engineering, MEPS as a Share of All Bachelor’s Degrees
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 2000
Engineering, Physical Sciences, Computer Science and Mathematics
Science and Engineering
Strong correlation between Federal R&D investments in MEPS and bachelor’s degree production in MEPS fields
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
1955 1960 1965 1975 1985 19951970 1980 1990 2000
DollarsStudents
YearFederal R&D, $M , non-biomedical(constant 1996 dollars)Bachelor’s Degrees in Physical Sciences,
Math, Engineering
y = 21064 + 1.029x R 2= 0.953
1953-1968
90,000
80,000
30,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
10 20 30 40 50 60
40 45 50 55 60 65 70
y = -13561 + 2.4612x R2= 0.83663
1970-1998
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
Federal R&D, Non-Biomedicalconstant (1996)B$
Federal R&D, Non-Biomedicalconstant (1996)B$
Share of Total S&E Degrees Earned by Non-Resident Aliens, by Degree Level
Share of U.S. Degrees Earned By Non-Resident Aliens in 2000, by Degree Level
0%5%
10%
15%20%
25%30%
35%
40%45%
50%
BS PhD BS PhD BS PhD BS PhD BS PhD
Engineering Physical Science
Mathematics Computer Science
BiologicalScience
U.S. Lags Other Nations in Share of 24-Year-Olds With Natural Science, Engineering Degrees
Also: The United States ranks 61st out of 63 nations in the share of S&E degrees as a total of all bachelor’s degrees.