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Renewable Energy Basics
Allen J. BardThe University of Texas at Austin
March 27, 2009
American Chemical Society Energy Briefing
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ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
•Transportation – Fuels from biomass and coals
•Transportation – Electrification of light vehicles (hybrids and plug-ins)
•Renewable energy in electricity generation
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Types of renewables
Well-established: Hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass
Near Term: Wind, solar –thermal, solar-photovoltaic
Advanced: Third generation photovoltaic, enhanced geothermal (EGS), hydrokinetic (waves, tides), solar hydrogen, mass storage
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Energy Sources for Electricity 2007
U.S. Electric Net EnergyGeneration (2007)4,200 TWh (terawatt-hours)or 4.2×1015 Whor 4,200 billion kWh
U.S. Electric Net PowerAvailable (Nameplate Capacity) (2007)1.1 TW (terawatts)or 1.1×1012 Wor 1.1 billion kW
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Renewable Energy Sources for Electricity 2007
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Transmission & Distribution (T&D)(the Grid)
Considerations for renewables:
•Capacity factor - what percentage of the 8760 hours of the typical year the equipment will be generating electricity and at what power level relative to its full capacity.
•Dispatchability - ability to deploy electricity generators (usually in order of cost of generation) to meet demand.
•T&D
•Cost
GenerationDemand
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Transmission & Distribution (T&D)(the Grid)
•Capacity factor - (without storage) wind (30-40%) ; solar ( 26-28%)•Dispatchability - Poor
Above about 20% renewables, need to have some form of electricity storage or else distributed generation.
•T&D - May require new transmission lines only used a fraction of the time. Combine with other (e.g. natural gas) generators.
GenerationDemand
Distributed
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Approximate current costs of renewablesResidential electricity costs ≈ 10 cents/kWh (with no charge for waste)(~1 cent/kWh for each $10/ton CO2 - proposed $50/ton would increase to 15 cents/kWh)
Wind 6 - 8 cents/kWh
Solar thermal - 19 - 28 cents/kWh
Solar photovoltaic (Si crystal) - 46 - 70 cents/kWh
Conventional geothermal - 6.2 - 7.6 cents/kWh
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Growth of Renewable Electricity (2002-2007)TotalCapacity(GW)
0
1000
500
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Quick approximate calculation
1% addl. Wind=42 TWh/year
Assuming 40% cap. Factor
New nameplate power=12 GW
Assuming 2.5 MW turbines
Need 4,800 turbines/year or
13 turbines/day installed
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Efficiency of photovoltaic devices
Disruptive technologies and paradigm shifts
•Third generation photovoltaics•Solar hydrogen systems•Inexpensive electricity storage systems•Hydrokinetics•Geothermal
•NEW DISCOVERIES!
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Energy Information Administration www.eia.doe.gov
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/
Sources of information on energy