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ABSTRACT
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Mapping Math & Science Outcomes to IT Curriculum: Tools &Frameworks. Building a Foundation for Tomorrow.NorthWest Center for Emerging Technologies, Bellevue, WA.National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA.2000-00-0098p.
DUE-9813446NorthWest Center for Emerging Technologies, 3000 LanderholmCircle SE, N258, Bellevue, WA 98007-6484; phone:425-564-4215; FAX: 425-564-6193; web: www.nwcet.org.Reports Research (143)MF01/PC04 Plus Postage.*Curriculum Development; Elementary Secondary Education;Higher Education; *Information Technology; *MathematicsEducation; *Science Education; Surveys
During the research phase for the Millennium Edition of"Building a Foundation for Tomorrow: Skill Standards for InformationTechnology", data was gathered from a wide range of information technology(IT) professionals on the math and science skills required or recommended forIT students. A survey was conducted to identify which specific areas of mathand science are most beneficial to IT professionals, and as result should beincluded in IT education and training programs. This document presents thesurvey results identifying which math and science skills are important to ITtraining and education. Specific math and science concepts and tools arecorrelated to the IT career cluster areas to which they most often apply andare presented in tables. An outline of the Northwest Center for EmergingTechnologies (NWCET) IT Core Curriculum program outcomes is offered. A maprepresenting the relationships between critical math and science skills andlearner program outcomes from the NWCET IT Core Curriculum is also included.This document supports the review, evaluation, and integration of math andscience skills in IT education and training programs. (ASK)
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.
S-,Tools & Frameworks
MAPPING
MATH & SCIENCE
OUTCOMES TO
IT CURRICULUM
2
SC
PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE ANDDISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS
BEEf,11 GRANTED BY
TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION' ENTER (ERIC)
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONOffice of Educational Research and Improvement
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTER (ERIC)
cument has been reproduced asreceived from the person or organizationoriginating it.
Minor changes have been made toimprove reproduction quality.
Points of view or opinions stated in thisdocument do not necessarily representofficial OERI position or policy.
NVVCETNORTHWEST CENTER far EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
Funded in part by a grant from the
National Science Foundation.
Grant No. DUE9813446.
Opinions expressed herein are those of the
authors and do not reflect those of the
National Science Foundation.
.Ni COMph
For information on NWCET Compliance Review,
please contact NWCET.
For more information, contact:
NorthWest Center for Emerging Technologies
3000 Landerholm Circle SE, N258
Bellevue, WA 98007-6484
Web: www.nwcaorg
Email: [email protected]
Phone: (425) 564-4215
Fax: (425) 564-6193
Copyright ©1999, 2000
The NorthWest Center for Emerging Technologies (NWCET)
through Bellevue Community College (BCC). All rights reserved.
Permission to Photocopy and QuoteGeneral permission is granted to educators to photocopy limited material from preparedcurriculum for non-commercial instructional or scholarly use. Permission must be soughtfrom BCC in order to charge for photocopies, to quote material in advertising, or to reprintsubstantial portions of the document in other publications. Credit should always be given tothe source of the photocopies or quotes by citing a complete reference.
To Order Additional Copies or for more information onNWCET Curriculum Products, visit our website at:
www. nwcet. orgor call us at:
(425) 564-4215
Mapping Math and ScienceOutcomes to IT Curriculum
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
OVERVIEW 1
APPENDIX A: Overall Math and Science Survey Summary 5
APPENDIX B:Specific Math Concepts and Tools Most Often Cited as 10Supporting IT Skill ClustersSpecific Science Concepts and Tools Most Often Cited 11as Supporting IT Skill Clusters
APPENDIX C: IT Core Curriculum Program Outcomes 13
APPENDIX D: Relationships Between Critical Math and 19Science Skills and IT Core Curriculum
5
Overview
BackgroundDuring the research phase for the Millennium Edition of Building a Foundation forTomorrow: Skill Standards for Information Technology, data was gathered from a wide rangeof information technology (IT) professionals on the math and science skills required orrecommended for IT students. Not surprisingly, the level of specific math and science skillsvaried directly with the level of educational attainment sought.
While experts have varying opinions on the exact scope and proportion of specific math andscience content, there is a high level of agreement on what outcomes are desired. In otherwords, there is significant consensus that everyone desires the benefits of the thought,reasoning, observational and analytical processes that math and science courses can instill.
A survey was conducted to identify which specific areas of math and science are mostbeneficial to IT professionals and as a result should be included in IT education and trainingprograms. The math and science skills that were identified based on the survey results asimportant to IT education were mapped specified in the outcomes of the NWCET IT CoreCurriculum. See the NWCET Information Technology Core Curriculum document for adetailed list of outcomes and competencies. This map shows excellent overlap between theIT Core curriculum outcomes and the math and science skills. This demonstrates that aprogram design based on the NWCET IT Core Curriculum supports the attainment of criticalmath and science skills.
The methods by which students acquire math and science skills vary from well-developed,discrete courses, all the way to "embedded" content-supporting technical instruction.Preliminary analysis suggests that development of an information technology-specific mathand science core course may ensure that required concepts and skills are, in fact, taught andaccurately assessed. In some cases however, it may not be practical to offer a discrete mathand science course. An effective option is to identify specific elements of math and sciencethat support topic areas and to embed these elements in their related courses, so long as theyare appropriately assessed. The NWCET IT Core Curriculum provides a venue to infusemath and science concepts into an IT training program.
This report presents:The survey results identifying which math and science skills are important to an ITtraining program (Appendix A);Tables relating specific math and science concepts and tools to the career cluster areas(see Building a Foundation for Tomorrow: Skill Standards for Information Technology)to which they most often apply (Appendix B);
p- An outline of the NWCET IT Core Curriculum Program Outcomes (Appendix C);A map representing the relationships between critical math and science skills and theNWCET IT Core Curriculum outcomes (Appendix D).
6
©NorthWest Center for Emerging Technologies 1999, 2000 1
Overview
The information presented in this report can be used in the following ways:: To justify the inclusion of math and science skills and concepts in IT curriculum;: To identify which math and science skills and concepts are most relevant to specific IT
training programs;: To document which math and science skills are taught to and demonstrated by students
completing a program based on the NWCET IT Core Curriculum design.
For further information on integrating math and science skills and concepts into IT educationand training programs, please refer to the following NWCET documents: Science Skills forTechnical Support Module and Math and Science for Media Technology Module.
Math and Science SurveyThe purpose of this survey was to identify areas of math and science that strongly support ITprograms. The survey questions focused on math and science processes (such as "analyticaland logical thinking"), as well as math and science content (such as "arithmetic concepts andtools").
Survey DesignIndustry professionals (across the 8 IT career clusters described in Building a Foundation forTomorrow: Skill Standards for Information Technology) were surveyed to fmd out abouttheir work-related usage of math and science tools and concepts. An electronic survey,designed using specific learning outcomes identified in the NWCET IT Core Curriculum,was sent to a directed sample of in-depth interview and focus group participants. Surveyedprofessionals were asked to indicate how often they used the specific math or science conceptor skill (competency areas) in their job, using this scale:
0 Almost never; 1 Seldom; 2 Sometimes/Occasionally; 3 Often; 4 Frequently/AlmostDaily
Responses were generated for each of the following 7 math and science categories (coveringa total of 61 competency areas):,. Analytical and Logical Thinking (6 competency areas)
: Conceptualization, Pattern Recognition and Modeling (8 competency areas),. Data Gathering, Organization and Analysis (5 competency areas)Hypothesis Development and Experiment Design (3 competency areas)
: Problem Solving (3 competency areas): Arithmetic Concepts and Tools (20 competency areas)
Science Concepts and Tools (16 competency areas)
The results summarized and presented in Appendix A reflect data received.
7
2 ©NorthWest Center for Emerging Technologies 1999, 2000
Overview
Survey ResultsThere is substantial agreement that industry values the ability to conceptualize, to gather andorganize data, to recognize consistency and think analytically, to solve problems andtroubleshoot, and to make judgments based on quantitative relationships (such as cost-benefitanalysis). Even though specific areas of math and science content were reported as beingused "often" or "frequently" in certain IT career clusters, in general content was rated lowerthan process skills.
A summary of the survey responses (averaged over all survey respondents for math andscience skills/concepts) is presented in Appendix A. The following areas of math andscience were rated particularly high:
Analytical and Logical ThinkingData Gathering, Organization and AnalysisProblem Solving
The survey results were also analyzed to identify math and science concepts and tools mostoften cited as supporting specific IT skill clusters. This information is presented in AppendixB. The tables show that all IT skill clusters are supported by a wide range of math conceptsand tools, while only half of the clusters strongly rely on the use of specific science conceptsand tools.
The NWCET will conduct further studies to determine what core math and science conceptspertain to the information technology industry at large, and what specific math and scienceelements are recommended for community college students who intend to transfer touniversity or for working professionals seeking graduate level education.
Mapping to IT Core Curriculum Program OutcomesIn 1999, the NWCET published its Information Technology Core Curriculum. Thiscurriculum was derived from the IT Skill Standards and includes a detailed list of learneroutcomes and competencies for an IT core program. After the math and science surveyresults were analyzed, an assessment of the correlation between the math and science skillsdeemed important by industry and the IT core outcomes was conducted. The purpose of thisstudy was to evaluate the effectiveness of the IT Core Curriculum in covering these math andscience skills.
The IT Core Curriculum outcomes are listed in Appendix C. These outcomes are organizedin the following categories:
Project and Process Flow SkillsCoordination and Communication SkillsBusiness Environment SkillsAnalytical Skills and Problem SolvingCore Computer Software and Hardware Skills
0 8©NorthWest Center for Emerging Technologies 1999, 2000 3
Overview
The math and science skills that rated important (2.75 or higher on the survey scale) aremapped to the IT Core Curriculum outcomes, and included in Appendix D. Shaded areasrepresent areas of strong correlation.
The IT core outcomes that showed the highest level of correspondence with math and scienceskills are in the following skill areas:
Project and Process Flow SkillsResearchAnalysis and SynthesisProposal WritingPlanning and OrganizationDesign and DevelopmentUser Testing and Validation
Coordination and Communication SkillsCustomer RelationsTask ManagementProject Management
Analytical Skills and Problem Solving' Problem Solving
Analytical and Logical ThinkingData Gathering, Analysis and OrganizationHypothesis Development and Design of ExperimentationEstimation and Cost/13enefit AnalysisStatistical Analysis
Core Computer Software and Hardware SkillsWindows EnvironmentHardware Installation and ConfigurationSoftware Installation and ConfigurationNetwork TechnologiesSpreadsheet ApplicationsPrinciples of Programming
9
4 ©NorthWest Center for Emerging Technologies 1999, 2000
APPENDIX A:Overall Math and Science Survey Summary
10'
©NorthWest Center for Emerging Technologies 1999, 2000 5
Overall Math and Science Survey Summary
How Often Do IT Professionals Use These Math & Science Tools and Concepts?
Analytical and Logical Thinking: Using logic as a reasoning and critical evaluation tool in problem solving and decision
making;Recognizing and correcting logical flaws in analyses and arguments.
Reason using relationships among propositions in terms of implication and contradiction 3.22Recognize consistency and inconsistency; recognize and resolve ambiguous statements 3.52Identify testable implications of hypotheses, to make logical connections betweendiffering hypotheses 2.83Simplify the analysis of complex situations by recognizing internal components andstructures 3.26Classify problems 3.35Sustain a consistent approach in complex, multi-step solutions 3.39
Conceptualization, Pattern Recognition and Modelingi Recognizing and building on approximate parallels between superficially different
situations;> Applying and manipulating abstract representations;=. Developing and applying abstract models of concrete situations.
Apply appropriate abstract concepts to concrete situations 2.74Distinguish between fundamental and incidental features of a concrete situation 2.91Recognize patterns from discrete instances 3.17Generalize from specific instances to general features, formulas, etc. 2.78Apply appropriate general models to specific instances 2.70Create algebraic, geometrical or graphical models representing data relationships 1.52Use models productively as tools for generating and refining hypotheses and forpredicting results 1.87Make critical judgments concerning the universality or limits of generalizations 2.39
Data Gathering, Organization and Analysisi Developing a valid empirical basis for decision making;`)=. Applying logical and statistical tools to reach a valid conclusion from available data;
Identifying and estimating uncertainties in a conclusion based on empirical data.
Identify and characterize needed data and to judge (in)sufficiency for task 2.91Observe, organize and record data 2.70Recognize unexpected evidence 3.35Judge the reasonableness of results 3.43Evaluate and analyze data leading to conclusions and decisions 3.09
iY
6 ©NorthWest Center for Emerging Technologies 1999, 2000
Overall Math and Science Survey Summary
Hypothesis Development and Experiment DesignFraming an hypothesis as a troubleshooting tool or as an aid for understanding a concretesituation;
> Planning an experimental or observational test of hypotheses.
Construct a hypothesis from which an experiment could be designed 1.74Specify the data that would support or contradict a hypothesis 2.04Design an experiment or observation to test a hypothesis, validate results, understandcontrol factors 2.35
Problem Solving: Identifying essential features of a complex phenomenon;: Approaching unfamiliar problems in an efficient and systematic manner, appropriately
applying past experience and knowledge;i Extending past experience with creative and innovative approaches.
Approach problems in a systematic way, to look for patterns, to recognize elements thatare consistent or inconsistent with past experience 3.48Break problems down into smaller components, to restructure them, to adapt familiarapproaches, to develop new approaches 3.74Brainstorm to challenge assumptions, to frame and answer "What if .." questions, tosuspend judgment pending appropriate tests 3.43
Arithmetic Concepts and Tools> Correctly computing and interpreting ratios and percentages;
Correctly using scientific notation, exponents and logarithms;Using and converting among decimal, binary and hexadecimal representations inappropriate contexts.
MeasurementExpress, manipulate and calculate using measured quantities in appropriate units 2.17Critically evaluate conclusions based on measured quantities 1.83Algebraic Concepts and ToolsGenerate formula or equation from verbal or pictorial description of a concrete situation 1.35Translate formula or equation into verbal or pictorial description of a concrete situation 1.35Apply proper algebraic techniques in solving mathematical problems 1.57Use algebraic representations as a tool for qualitative reasoning (e.g., rates and ratios,distinguishing between direct and inverse relationships, etc.) 1.87ComputationAccurately perform mathematical operations, using appropriate software (e.g.,spreadsheets) 2.35Estimation and Cost/Benefit AnalysisApply estimation techniques in business situations 2.57Apply statistical techniques to analyze variables 1.83
12
©North West Center for Emerging Technologies 1999, 2000 7
Overall Math and Science Survey Summary
Geometric Concepts and ToolsDevelop and interpret geometrical data (e.g., spatial layouts) 1.17Apply basic geometrical principles in the analysis of graphs 1.26GraphingProduce and interpret graphs 1.91Interpret and analyze graphs 2.43Relational AlgebraApply basic operations in the design of database queries 1 1.91Statistical AnalysisApply basic probability theory 1.26Identify statistical data distributions 1.35Produce statistical descriptions from data 1.17Apply hypothesis testing techniques to a data set 1.04Trigonometric Concepts and ToolsApply basic trigonometric tools in concrete contexts (e.g., spatial measurements) 0.39Apply basic trigonometric tools in abstract models (e.g., phase relations in AC circuits) 0.39
Science Concepts and Tools: Correctly using scientific concepts and tools.
Animation RealismApply physics principles in the accurate representation of motion I 0.26Basic Electricity and MagnetismApply fundamental concepts and tools of DC circuit analysis 0.35Apply fundamental concepts and tools of AC circuit analysis 0.35Apply basic magnetism principles in the technology of magnetic data storage 0.39Data TransmissionApply basic principles of optical and RF signal transmission 0.65Identify, distinguish and evaluate among (both analog and digital) encoding techniques 0.57Identify and analyze sources of interference 0.78Integrated CircuitsApply basic concepts of semiconductor device operation 0.30Analyze basic IC logic circuits 0.26Apply troubleshooting techniques for IC devices 0.26Optics and VisionApply principles of additive and subtractive color combination 0.74Apply understanding of human visual perception to computer graphic design 1.30Apply geometric principles to 2-D representation of 3-D objects 0.91Apply optical principles in the use of cameras and other imaging systems 0.57SoundApply analog and digital encoding techniques 0.57Evaluate bandwidth and frequency response requirements in audio processing 0.74
13
8 ©North West Center for Emerging Technologies 1999, 2000
APPENDIX B:
Specific Math Concepts and Tools Most Often Cited asSupporting IT Skill Clusters
Specific Science Concepts and Tools Most Often Cited asSupporting IT Skill Clusters
14
©North West Center for Emerging Technologies 1999, 2000 9
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APPENDIX C:IT Core Curriculum Program Outcomes
19
©North West Center for Emerging Technologies 1999, 2000 13
IT Core Curriculum Program Outcomes(Excerpted from the NWCET Information Technology Core Curriculum.)
Project and Process Flow SkillsResearch
Identify and use traditional and non-traditional sources of informationApply effectively and choose appropriately from a variety of research methods and toolsAnalyze, organize and present research material
Analysis and SynthesisGather data to identify project requirements, and to interpret and evaluate therequirementsIdentify constraints, generate alternatives, consider risks and evaluate optionsDefine the scope of work to meet project requirements and constraints, and develop aproject outline
Proposal WritingExplain the necessary elements of a proposal and their respective purposeDevelop a proposal that meets the client's requirements and effectively presents thephases of the project
Planning and OrganizationDevelop a project plan that is realistic and that effectively serves the project goalsOrganize the different phases of the project in an efficient manner
Design and DevelopmentApply the design and development process from beginning to endEvaluate and assess the effectiveness of the design and development process
User Testing and Validation'I= Develop and implement an effective testing and user validation program that supports all
phases of the development process
Technical and Project DocumentationSelect and use technical documentation formats meeting the intended purpose and theguidelines of the organizationDevelop effective and accurate technical documentation appropriate to various audiencesand purposes
Quality AssuranceExplain and apply quality assurance processes as they relate to the development processDiscuss quality issues in a technology organization
20
14 ©North West Center for Emerging Technologies 1999, 2000
IT Core Curriculum Program Outcomes
Coordination and Communication SkillsOral and Written CommunicationF' Select and evaluate appropriate communication strategies and styles for a specific
purposeDevelop effective written communication, and develop and deliver effective oralpresentationsEffectively adapt communication strategies and styles to specific audiences
Customer RelationsEffectively listen and ask critical questions to identify customer issues and concernsResolve customer issues and concerns in a timely and appropriate manner
TeamworkWork collaboratively in a team settingWork and communicate effectively with people of different backgrounds and expertise ina group environmentRecognize expertise and learn from others
Task ManagementOrganize multiple tasks in the most effective way, and allocate time and energyaccording to task complexity and priorityEvaluate task outcomes and continuously improve organization process
Project ManagementExplain the basic terminology, principles and techniques of project managementSelect, implement and evaluate appropriate project management techniques and toolsEffectively adapt project management techniques to specific situations
Business Environment SkillsBusiness Organization and Environment
Present and discuss contemporary business principles, practices and organizationPresent and discuss how computer systems impact the operation and management ofbusiness and society
Computer Trends in Business and SocietyDiscuss the issues affecting the selection of a computer system for a specific environmentPresent current computer technology and systems trendsDiscuss the impact of information technology on society and the workplace
Principles of AccountingExplain and apply basic accounting principlesExplain how computer applications support the financial workings of a businessorganization
21
CAorthWest Center for Emerging Technologies 1999, 2000 15
IT Core Curriculum Program Outcomes
Professionalism> Demonstrate successful work environment-related attitudes and skills
Establish and maintain professional relationships
Professional Development> Identify and close gaps between one's knowledge and skills, and those required by the
situation> Identify sources of learning/training most appropriate for the topic and context, and for
one's personal learning style> Formulate and implement a personal development plan
Analytical Skills and Problem SolvingProblem Solving. Select, implement and evaluate appropriate problem solving techniques and tools> Effectively adapt problem solving techniques to specific situations
Analytical and Logical Thinking> Apply analytical and logical thinking to gathering and analyzing information, designing
and testing solutions to problems, and formulating plans
Conceptualization> Visualize and articulate complex problems and concepts
Data Gathering, Analysis and Organization> Gather, analyze and organize data using a logical and systematic process
Pattern Recognition and Modeling> Recognize patterns in complex sets of data and develop practical models
Hypothesis Development and Design of Experimentation> Develop hypotheses and design test experiments
Estimation and Cost/Benefit Analysis> Develop estimates and projections, to conduct cost/benefit analysis on specific
alternatives
Statistical AnalysisApply statistical methods to analyze and resolve business and technical problems
Core Computer Software and Hardware SkillsWindows Environment
Perform basic operations and troubleshoot basic problems in a Windows environmentCustomize the operating system environmentRun multiple applications at the same time, and import and export data betweenapplications
22
16 ©NorthWest Center for Emerging Technologies 1999, 2000
IT Core Curriculum Program Outcomes
Hardware Installation and ConfigurationName individual parts that make up a stand-alone PC computer system, and describe therelationships between componentsInstall and configure hardware in a PC computer systemPerform basics of PC hardware troubleshooting and maintenance
Software Installation and ConfigurationInstall software programs and perform basic configuration operationsExplain software and hardware compatibility issuesTroubleshoot basic configuration problems
Network TechnologiesPresent the characteristics of overall design and components of a LAN and WAN systemPerform basic setup and configuration of network hardware and software
E-mailExplain basic e-mail system components and organization
'0= Use e-mail effectively and appropriately
InternetUse the Internet as a research tool in an efficient mannerCreate and maintain Web pages
Word ProcessingUse basic word processing features, such as document formatting, editing and usingtablesCreate simple word processing documents such as letters, memos and basic reportsCreate compound documents, such as newsletters, with graphics and objects frommultiple software applications
Spreadsheet ApplicationsDesign, create, modify and troubleshoot spreadsheetsCreate graphs and chartsApply spreadsheet principles to real-life situations and to solve business problems
Presentation SoftwareUse the components of presentation software creatively and effectivelyDemonstrate proficiency in using presentation software functions
Database ApplicationsDefine and use the basic terminology of relational databasesUse the tools and skills needed to create and utilize databases
Principles of ProgrammingPresent basic programming principles and explain programming structuresDesign, code, build, test and troubleshoot basic custom applications
( 23©NorthWest Center for Emerging Technologies 1999, 2000 17
APPENDIX D:Relationships Between Critical Math and Science Skills
and IT Core Curriculum
24
©NorthWest Center for Emerging Technologies 1999, 2000 19
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sten
cyan
d in
cons
iste
ncy;
reco
gniz
e an
d re
solv
eam
bigu
ous
stat
emen
ts
Iden
tify
test
able
impl
icat
ions
of
hypo
thes
es,
to m
ake
logi
cal
conn
ectio
ns b
etw
een
diff
eren
t hyp
othe
ses
Sim
plif
y th
e an
alys
is o
fco
mpl
ex s
ituat
ions
by
reco
gniz
ing
inte
rnal
com
pone
nts
and
stru
ctur
es
Cla
ssif
ypr
oble
ms
Sust
ain
aco
nsis
tent
appr
oach
toco
mpl
ex, m
ulti-
step
sol
utio
ns
Plan
ning
and
Org
aniz
atio
nD
evel
op a
pro
ject
pla
n th
atis
rea
listic
and
eff
ectiv
ely
serv
es th
e pr
ojec
t goa
lsO
rgan
ize
the
diff
eren
tph
ases
of
the
proj
ect i
n an
effi
cien
t man
ner
Des
ign
and
Dev
elop
men
tA
pply
the
desi
gn a
ndde
velo
pmen
t pro
cess
fro
mbe
ginn
ing
to e
ndE
valu
ate
and
asse
ss th
eef
fect
iven
ess
of th
e de
sign
and
deve
lopm
ent p
roce
ssU
ser
Tes
ting
and
Val
idat
ion
Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t an
effe
ctiv
e te
stin
g an
d us
erva
lidat
ion
prog
ram
that
supp
orts
all
phas
es o
f th
ede
velo
pmen
t pro
cess
Tec
hnic
al a
nd P
roje
ct D
ocum
enta
tion
Sele
ct a
nd u
se te
chni
cal
docu
men
tatio
n fo
rmat
sm
eetin
g th
e in
tend
edpu
rpos
e an
d th
e gu
idel
ines
of th
e or
gani
zatio
nD
evel
op e
ffec
tive
& a
ccur
ate
tech
nica
l doc
umen
tatio
nap
prop
riat
e to
var
ious
audi
ence
s an
d pu
rpos
es
2827
©N
orth
Wes
t Cen
ter
for
Em
ergi
ng T
echn
olog
ies
1999
, 200
021
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Proj
ect a
ndSk
ills
Proc
ess
Flow
Ski
lls
Ana
lytic
al a
nd L
ogic
al T
hink
ing
Rea
son
usin
gre
latio
nshi
psam
ong
prop
ositi
ons
in te
rms
ofim
plic
atio
n an
dco
ntra
dict
ion
Rec
ogni
ze c
onsi
sten
cyan
d in
cons
iste
ncy;
reco
gniz
e an
d re
solv
eam
bigu
ous
stat
emen
ts
Iden
tify
test
able
impl
icat
ions
of
hypo
thes
es,
to m
ake
logi
cal
conn
ectio
ns b
etw
een
diff
eren
t hyp
othe
ses
Sim
plif
y th
e an
alys
is o
fco
mpl
ex s
ituat
ions
by
reco
gniz
ing
inte
rnal
com
pone
nts
and
stru
ctur
es
Cla
ssif
ypr
oble
ms
Sust
ain
aco
nsis
tent
appr
oach
toco
mpl
ex, m
ulti-
step
sol
utio
ns
Qua
lity
Ass
uran
ceE
xpla
in a
nd a
pply
qua
lity
assu
ranc
e pr
oces
ses
as th
eyre
late
to th
e de
velo
pmen
tpr
oces
sD
iscu
ss q
ualit
y is
sues
in a
tech
nolo
gy o
rgan
izat
ion
29
22 ©
Nor
th W
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
30
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
-..)
,-,
Coo
rdin
atio
n an
dC
omm
unic
atio
nSk
ills
Ana
lytic
al a
nd L
ogic
al T
hink
ing
Rea
son
usin
gre
latio
nshi
psam
ong
prop
ositi
ons
in te
rms
ofim
plic
atio
n an
dco
ntra
dict
ion
Rec
ogni
ze c
onsi
sten
cyan
d in
cons
iste
ncy;
reco
gniz
e an
d re
solv
eam
bigu
ous
stat
emen
ts
Iden
tify
test
able
impl
icat
ions
of
hypo
thes
es,
to m
ake
logi
cal
conn
ectio
ns b
etw
een
diff
eren
t hyp
othe
ses
Sim
plif
y th
e an
alys
is o
fco
mpl
ex s
ituat
ions
by
reco
gniz
ing
inte
rnal
com
pone
nts
and
stru
ctur
es
Cla
ssif
ypr
oble
ms
Sust
ain
aco
nsis
tent
appr
oach
toco
mpl
ex, m
ulti-
step
sol
utio
ns
Ora
l and
Wri
tten
Com
mun
icat
ion
Sele
ct a
nd e
valu
ate
appr
opri
ate
com
mun
icat
ion
stra
tegi
es a
nd s
tyle
s fo
rsp
ecif
ic p
urpo
ses
Dev
elop
eff
ectiv
e w
ritte
nco
mm
unic
atio
n; d
evel
op a
ndde
liver
eff
ectiv
e or
alpr
esen
tatio
nsE
ffec
tivel
y ad
apt
com
mun
icat
ion
stra
tegi
esan
d st
yles
to s
peci
fic
audi
ence
sC
usto
mer
Rel
atio
nsE
ffec
tivel
y lis
ten
and
ask
criti
cal q
uest
ions
to id
entif
ycu
stom
er is
sues
and
conc
erns
Res
olve
cus
tom
er is
sues
and
conc
erns
in a
tim
ely
and
appr
opri
ate
man
ner
Tea
mw
ork
Wor
k co
llabo
rativ
ely
in a
team
set
ting
Wor
k an
d co
mm
unic
ate
effe
ctiv
ely
with
peo
ple
ofdi
ffer
ent b
ackg
roun
ds a
ndex
pert
ise
in a
gro
upen
viro
nmen
tR
ecog
nize
exp
ertis
e an
dle
arn
from
oth
ers
©N
orth
Wes
t Cen
ter
for
Em
ergi
ng T
echn
olog
ies
1999
, 200
0
3132
23
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Coo
rdin
atio
n an
dC
omm
unic
atio
nSk
ills
Ana
lytic
al a
nd L
ogic
al T
hink
ing
Rea
son
usin
gre
latio
nshi
psam
ong
prop
ositi
ons
in te
rms
ofim
plic
atio
n an
dco
ntra
dict
ion
Rec
ogni
ze c
onsi
sten
cyan
d in
cons
iste
ncy;
reco
gniz
e an
d re
solv
eam
bigu
ous
stat
emen
ts
Iden
tify
test
able
impl
icat
ions
of
hypo
thes
es,
to m
ake
logi
cal
conn
ectio
ns b
etw
een
diff
eren
t hyp
othe
ses
Sim
plif
y th
e an
alys
is o
fco
mpl
ex s
ituat
ions
by
reco
gniz
ing
inte
rnal
com
pone
nts
and
stru
ctur
es
Cla
ssif
ypr
oble
ms
Sust
ain
aco
nsis
tent
appr
oach
toco
mpl
ex, m
ulti-
step
sol
utio
ns
Tas
k M
anag
emen
tO
rgan
ize
mul
tiple
task
s in
the
mos
t eff
ectiv
e w
ay, a
ndal
loca
te ti
me
and
ener
gyac
cord
ing
to ta
sk c
ompl
exity
and
prio
rity
Eva
luat
e ta
sk o
utco
mes
and
cont
inuo
usly
impr
ove
orga
niza
tion
proc
ess
Proj
ect M
anag
emen
tE
xpla
in th
e ba
sic
term
inol
ogy,
pri
ncip
les
and
tech
niqu
es o
f pr
ojec
tm
anag
emen
tSe
lect
, im
plem
ent a
ndev
alua
te a
ppro
pria
te p
roje
ctm
anag
emen
t tec
hniq
ues
and
tool
sE
ffec
tivel
y ad
apt p
roje
ctm
anag
emen
t tec
hniq
ues
tosp
ecif
ic s
ituat
ions
33
24 ©
Nor
th W
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
34
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Bus
ines
sE
nvir
onm
ent S
kills
Ana
lytic
al a
nd L
ogic
al T
hink
ing
Rea
son
usin
gre
latio
nshi
ps a
mon
gpr
opos
ition
s in
term
sof
impl
icat
ion
and
cont
radi
ctio
n
Rec
ogni
zeco
nsis
tenc
y an
din
cons
iste
ncy;
reco
gniz
e an
dre
solv
e am
bigu
ous
stat
emen
ts
Iden
tify
test
able
impl
icat
ions
of
hypo
thes
es,
to m
ake
logi
cal
conn
ectio
ns b
etw
een
diff
eren
t hyp
othe
ses
Sim
plif
y th
e an
alys
is o
fco
mpl
ex s
ituat
ions
by
reco
gniz
ing
inte
rnal
com
pone
nts
and
stru
ctur
es
Cla
ssif
ypr
oble
ms
Sust
ain
aco
nsis
tent
appr
oach
toco
mpl
ex, m
ulti-
step
sol
utio
ns
Bus
ines
s O
rgan
izat
ion
and
Env
iron
men
tPr
esen
t and
dis
cuss
cont
empo
rary
bus
ines
spr
inci
ples
, pra
ctic
es a
ndor
gani
zatio
nPr
esen
t and
dis
cuss
how
com
pute
r sy
stem
s im
pact
the
oper
atio
n an
d m
anag
emen
tof
bus
ines
s an
d so
ciet
yC
ompu
ter
Tre
nds
in B
usin
ess
and
Soci
ety
Dis
cuss
the
issu
es a
ffec
ting
the
sele
ctio
n of
a c
ompu
ter
syst
em f
or a
spe
cifi
cen
viro
nmen
tPr
esen
t cur
rent
com
pute
rte
chno
logy
and
sys
tem
str
ends
Dis
cuss
the
impa
ct o
fin
form
atio
n te
chno
logy
on
soci
ety
and
the
wor
kpla
cePr
inci
ples
of
Acc
ount
ing
Exp
lain
and
app
ly b
asic
acco
untin
g pr
inci
ples
Exp
lain
how
com
pute
rap
plic
atio
ns s
uppo
rt th
efi
nanc
ial w
orki
ngs
of a
busi
ness
org
aniz
atio
n
©N
orth
Wes
t Cen
ter
for
Em
ergi
ng T
echn
olog
ies
1999
, 200
0
3536
25
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Bus
ines
sE
nvir
onm
ent S
kills
Ana
lytic
al a
nd L
ogic
al T
hink
ing
Rea
son
usin
gre
latio
nshi
ps a
mon
gpr
opos
ition
s in
term
sof
impl
icat
ion
and
cont
radi
ctio
n
Rec
ogni
zeco
nsis
tenc
y an
din
cons
iste
ncy;
reco
gniz
e an
dre
solv
e am
bigu
ous
stat
emen
ts
Iden
tify
test
able
impl
icat
ions
of
hypo
thes
es,
to m
ake
logi
cal
conn
ectio
ns b
etw
een
diff
eren
t hyp
othe
ses
Sim
plif
y th
e an
alys
is o
fco
mpl
ex s
ituat
ions
by
reco
gniz
ing
inte
rnal
com
pone
nts
and
stru
ctur
es
Cla
ssif
ypr
oble
ms
Sust
ain
aco
nsis
tent
appr
oach
toco
mpl
ex, m
ulti-
step
sol
utio
ns
Prof
essi
onal
ism
Dem
onst
rate
suc
cess
ful
wor
k en
viro
nmen
t-re
late
dat
titud
es a
nd s
kills
Est
ablis
h an
d m
aint
ain
prof
essi
onal
rel
atio
nshi
psPr
ofes
sion
al D
evel
opm
ent
Iden
tify
and
clos
e ga
psbe
twee
n on
e's
know
ledg
ean
d sk
ills,
and
thos
e re
quir
edby
the
situ
atio
n.
Iden
tify
sour
ces
ofle
arni
ng/tr
aini
ng m
ost
appr
opri
ate
for
the
topi
c an
dco
ntex
t, an
d fo
r on
e's
pers
onal
lear
ning
sty
leFo
rmul
ate
and
impl
emen
t ape
rson
al d
evel
opm
ent p
lan
3738
26 ©
Nor
th W
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
.,
Ana
lytic
al S
kills
and
Prob
lem
Solv
ing
Ana
lytic
al a
nd L
ogic
al T
hink
ing
Rea
son
usin
gre
latio
nshi
ps a
mon
gpr
opos
ition
s in
term
sof
impl
icat
ion
and
cont
radi
ctio
n
Rec
ogni
ze c
onsi
sten
cyan
d in
cons
iste
ncy;
reco
gniz
e an
d re
solv
eam
bigu
ous
stat
emen
ts
Iden
tify
test
able
impl
icat
ions
of
hypo
thes
es, t
o m
ake
logi
cal c
onne
ctio
nsbe
twee
n di
ffer
ent
hypo
thes
es
Sim
plif
y th
e an
alys
is o
fco
mpl
ex s
ituat
ions
by
reco
gniz
ing
inte
rnal
com
pone
nts
and
stru
ctur
es
Cla
ssif
ypr
oble
ms
Sust
ain
aco
nsis
tent
appr
oach
toco
mpl
ex, m
ulti-
step
sol
utio
ns
Prob
lem
Sol
ving
Sele
ct, i
mpl
emen
t and
eval
uate
app
ropr
iate
prob
lem
sol
ving
tech
niqu
esan
d to
ols
Eff
ectiv
ely
adap
t pro
blem
solv
ing
tech
niqu
es to
spec
ific
situ
atio
nsA
naly
tical
and
Log
ical
Thi
nkin
gA
pply
ana
lytic
al a
nd lo
gica
lth
inki
ng to
gat
heri
ng a
ndan
alyz
ing
info
rmat
ion,
desi
gnin
g an
d te
stin
gso
lutio
ns to
pro
blem
s, a
ndfo
rmul
atin
g pl
ans
Con
cept
ualiz
atio
nV
isua
lize
and
artic
ulat
eco
mpl
ex p
robl
ems
and
conc
epts
Dat
a G
athe
ring
, Ana
lysi
s an
d O
rgan
izat
ion
Gat
her,
ana
lyze
and
org
aniz
eda
ta u
sing
a lo
gica
l and
syst
emat
ic p
roce
ssPa
ttern
Rec
ogni
tion
and
Mod
elin
gR
ecog
nize
pat
tern
s in
com
plex
set
s of
dat
a an
dde
velo
p pr
actic
al m
odel
s
©N
orth
Wes
t Cen
ter
for
Em
ergi
ng T
echn
olog
ies
1999
, 200
0
3940
27
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Ana
lytic
al S
kills
and
Prob
lem
Solv
ing
Ana
lytic
al a
nd L
ogic
al T
hink
ing
Rea
son
usin
gre
latio
nshi
ps a
mon
gpr
opos
ition
s in
term
sof
impl
icat
ion
and
cont
radi
ctio
n
Rec
ogni
ze c
onsi
sten
cyan
d in
cons
iste
ncy;
reco
gniz
e an
d re
solv
eam
bigu
ous
stat
emen
ts
Iden
tify
test
able
impl
icat
ions
of
hypo
thes
es, t
o m
ake
logi
cal c
onne
ctio
nsbe
twee
n di
ffer
ent
hypo
thes
es
Sim
plif
y th
e an
alys
is o
fco
mpl
ex s
ituat
ions
by
reco
gniz
ing
inte
rnal
com
pone
nts
and
stru
ctur
es
Cla
ssif
ypr
oble
ms
Sust
ain
aco
nsis
tent
appr
oach
toco
mpl
ex, m
ulti-
step
sol
utio
ns
Hyp
othe
sis
Dev
elop
men
t and
Des
ign
of E
xper
imen
tatio
nD
evel
op h
ypot
hese
s an
dde
sign
test
exp
erim
ents
Est
imat
ion
and
Cos
t/Ben
efit
Ana
lysi
sD
evel
op e
stim
ates
and
proj
ectio
ns, t
o co
nduc
tco
st/b
enef
it an
alys
is o
nsp
ecif
ic a
ltern
ativ
esSt
atis
tical
Ana
lysi
sA
pply
sta
tistic
al m
etho
ds to
anal
yze
and
reso
lve
busi
ness
and
tech
nica
l pro
blem
s
41
28 ©
Nor
thW
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
42
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
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ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Cor
e C
ompu
ter
Soft
war
e an
dH
ardw
are
Skill
s
Ana
lytic
al a
nd L
ogic
al T
hink
ing
Rea
son
usin
gre
latio
nshi
ps a
mon
gpr
opos
ition
s in
term
sof
impl
icat
ion
and
cont
radi
ctio
n
Rec
ogni
ze c
onsi
sten
cyan
d in
cons
iste
ncy;
reco
gniz
e an
d re
solv
eam
bigu
ous
stat
emen
ts
Iden
tify
test
able
impl
icat
ions
of
hypo
thes
es, t
o m
ake
logi
cal c
onne
ctio
nsbe
twee
n di
ffer
ent
hypo
thes
es
Sim
plif
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e an
alys
is o
fco
mpl
ex s
ituat
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by
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gniz
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inte
rnal
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pone
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and
stru
ctur
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Cla
ssif
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Sust
ain
aco
nsis
tent
appr
oach
toco
mpl
ex, m
ulti-
step
sol
utio
ns
Win
dow
s E
nvir
onm
ent
Perf
orm
bas
ic o
pera
tions
;tr
oubl
esho
ot b
asic
pro
blem
sin
a W
indo
ws
envi
ronm
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Cus
tom
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oper
atin
gsy
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iron
men
tR
un m
ultip
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pplic
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e sa
me
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rt a
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alla
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and
Con
urat
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Nam
e in
divi
dual
par
ts th
atm
ake
up a
sta
nd-a
lone
PC
syst
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escr
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rela
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hips
bet
wee
nco
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stal
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figu
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are
in a
PC
sys
tem
Perf
orm
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ics
of P
Cha
rdw
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trou
bles
hoot
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and
mai
nten
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war
e In
stal
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d C
on1
urat
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all s
oftw
are
prog
ram
san
d pe
rfor
m b
asic
conf
igur
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erat
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lain
sof
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com
patib
ility
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esT
roub
lesh
oot b
asic
conf
igur
atio
n pr
oble
ms
©N
orth
Wes
t Cen
ter
for
Em
ergi
ng T
echn
olog
ies
1999
, 200
0
4344
29
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Cor
e C
om u
ter
pSo
ftw
are
and
Har
dwar
e Sk
ills
Ana
lytic
al a
nd L
ogic
al T
hink
ing
Rea
son
usin
gre
latio
nshi
ps a
mon
gpr
opos
ition
s in
term
sof
impl
icat
ion
and
cont
radi
ctio
n
Rec
ogni
ze c
onsi
sten
cyan
d in
cons
iste
ncy;
reco
gniz
e an
d re
solv
eam
bigu
ous
stat
emen
ts
Iden
tify
test
able
impl
icat
ions
of
hypo
thes
es, t
o m
ake
logi
cal c
onne
ctio
nsbe
twee
n di
ffer
ent
hypo
thes
es
Sim
plif
y th
e an
alys
is o
fco
mpl
ex s
ituat
ions
by
reco
gniz
ing
inte
rnal
com
pone
nts
and
stru
ctur
es
Cla
ssif
ypr
oble
ms
Sust
ain
aco
nsis
tent
appr
oach
toco
mpl
ex, m
ulti-
step
sol
utio
ns
Net
wor
k T
echn
olog
ies
Pres
ent t
he c
hara
cter
istic
s of
over
all d
esig
n an
dco
mpo
nent
s of
a L
AN
and
WA
N s
yste
mPe
rfor
m b
asic
set
up a
ndco
nfig
urat
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of n
etw
ork
hard
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d so
ftw
are
E-m
ail
Exp
lain
bas
ic e
-mai
l sys
tem
com
pone
nts/
orga
niza
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Use
e-m
ail e
ffec
tivel
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dap
prop
riat
ely
Inte
rnet
Use
Int
erne
t as
a re
sear
chto
ol in
an
effi
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Cre
ate
& m
aint
ain
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site
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ord
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essi
ngU
se b
asic
wor
d pr
oces
sing
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ures
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umen
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rmat
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edi
ting
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Cre
ate
sim
ple
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oces
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umen
ts (
i.e.,
lette
rs, m
emos
, bas
ic r
epor
ts,
etc.
)C
reat
e co
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docu
men
ts(i
.e.,
new
slet
ters
with
grap
hics
and
obj
ects
fro
mar
gulti
ple
soft
war
e14
plic
atio
ns)
30 ©
Nor
th W
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Cor
e C
ompu
ter
Soft
war
e an
dH
ardw
are
Skill
s
Ana
lytic
al a
nd L
ogic
al T
hink
ing
Rea
son
usin
gre
latio
nshi
ps a
mon
gpr
opos
ition
s in
term
sof
impl
icat
ion
and
cont
radi
ctio
n
Rec
ogni
ze c
onsi
sten
cyan
d in
cons
iste
ncy;
reco
gniz
e an
d re
solv
eam
bigu
ous
stat
emen
ts
Iden
tify
test
able
impl
icat
ions
of
hypo
thes
es, t
o m
ake
logi
cal c
onne
ctio
nsbe
twee
n di
ffer
ent
hypo
thes
es
Sim
plif
y th
e an
alys
is o
fco
mpl
ex s
ituat
ions
by
reco
gniz
ing
inte
rnal
com
pone
nts
and
stru
ctur
es
Cla
ssif
ypr
oble
ms
Sust
ain
aco
nsis
tent
appr
oach
toco
mpl
ex, m
ulti-
step
sol
utio
ns
Spre
adsh
eet A
pplic
atio
nsD
esig
n, c
reat
e, m
odif
y an
dtr
oubl
esho
ot s
prea
dshe
ets
Cre
ate
grap
hs a
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hart
sA
pply
spr
eads
heet
pri
ncip
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to r
eal-
life
situ
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sine
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robl
ems
Pres
enta
tion
Soft
war
eU
se th
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mpo
nent
s of
pres
enta
tion
soft
war
ecr
eativ
ely
and
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ctiv
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onst
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pro
fici
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soft
war
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nctio
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atab
ase
App
licat
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Def
ine
and
use
the
basi
cte
rmin
olog
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atio
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data
base
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se th
e to
ols
and
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ilize
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inci
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ram
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rogr
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ode,
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ld, t
est a
ndtr
oubl
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ot b
asic
cus
tom
appl
icat
ions
47
©N
orth
Wes
t Cen
ter
for
Em
ergi
ng T
echn
olog
ies
1999
, 200
0
48
31
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Proj
ect a
ndPr
oces
s Fl
ow S
kills
Con
cept
ualiz
atio
n, P
atte
rn R
ecog
nitio
n an
dM
odel
ing
Prob
lem
Sol
ving
Dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
fund
amen
tal
and
inci
dent
alfe
atur
es o
f a
conc
rete
situ
atio
n
Rec
ogni
zepa
ttern
s fr
omdi
scre
tein
stan
ces
Gen
eral
ize
from
spec
ific
inst
ance
sto
gen
eral
fea
ture
s,fo
rmul
as, e
tc.
App
roac
h pr
oble
ms
in a
syst
emat
ic w
ay, t
o lo
okfo
r pa
ttern
s, to
reco
gniz
e el
emen
ts th
atar
e co
nsis
tent
or
inco
nsis
tent
with
pas
tex
peri
ence
Bre
ak p
robl
ems
dow
nin
to s
mal
ler
com
pone
nts,
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stru
ctur
e th
em, t
oad
apt f
amili
arap
proa
ches
, to
deve
lop
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app
roac
hes
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inst
orm
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mpt
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ean
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hat i
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ater
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ts, a
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tsan
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nstr
aint
s, a
nd d
evel
opa
proj
ect o
utlin
e
49 32 ©
Nor
thW
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
50
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Proj
ect a
ndPr
oces
s Fl
ow S
kills
Con
cept
ualiz
atio
n, P
atte
rn R
ecog
nitio
n an
dM
odel
ing
Prob
lem
Sol
ving
Dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
fund
amen
tal
and
inci
dent
alfe
atur
es o
f a
conc
rete
situ
atio
n
Rec
ogni
zepa
ttern
s fr
omdi
scre
tein
stan
ces
Gen
eral
ize
from
spec
ific
inst
ance
sto
gen
eral
fea
ture
s,fo
rmul
as, e
tc.
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roac
h pr
oble
ms
in a
syst
emat
ic w
ay, t
o lo
okfo
r pa
ttern
s, to
reco
gniz
e el
emen
ts th
atar
e co
nsis
tent
or
inco
nsis
tent
with
pas
tex
peri
ence
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ak p
robl
ems
dow
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mal
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pone
nts,
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stru
ctur
e th
em, t
oad
apt f
amili
arap
proa
ches
, to
deve
lop
new
app
roac
hes
Bra
inst
orm
to c
halle
nge
assu
mpt
ions
, to
fram
ean
d an
swer
"W
hat i
f ...
"qu
estio
ns, t
o su
spen
dju
dgm
ent p
endi
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prop
riat
e te
sts
Prop
osal
Wri
ting
Exp
lain
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nece
ssar
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emen
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f a
prop
osal
and
thei
r re
spec
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ose
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elop
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ts th
e cl
ient
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emen
ts a
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ffec
tivel
ypr
esen
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e ph
ases
of
the
proj
ect
Plan
ning
and
Org
aniz
atio
nD
evel
op a
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ject
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n th
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listic
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ctiv
ely
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es th
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ojec
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ent
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ly th
e de
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and
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ss f
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begi
nnin
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end
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luat
e an
d as
sess
the
effe
ctiv
enes
s of
the
desi
gnan
d de
velo
pmen
t pro
cess
51
©N
orth
Wes
t Cen
ter
for
Em
ergi
ng T
echn
olog
ies
1999
, 200
0
52
33
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Proj
ect a
ndPr
oces
s Fl
owSk
ills
Con
cept
ualiz
atio
n, P
atte
rn R
ecog
nitio
n an
dM
odel
ing
Prob
lem
Sol
ving
Dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
fund
amen
tal a
ndin
cide
ntal
feat
ures
of
aco
ncre
te s
ituat
ion
Rec
ogni
zepa
ttern
s fr
omdi
scre
tein
stan
ces
Gen
eral
ize
from
spec
ific
inst
ance
sto
gen
eral
fea
ture
s,fo
rmul
as, e
tc.
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roac
h pr
oble
ms
in a
syst
emat
ic w
ay, t
o lo
okfo
r pa
ttern
s, to
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gniz
e el
emen
ts th
atar
e co
nsis
tent
or
inco
nsis
tent
with
pas
tex
peri
ence
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ak p
robl
ems
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nin
to s
mal
ler
com
pone
nts,
tore
stru
ctur
e th
em, t
oad
apt f
amili
arap
proa
ches
, to
deve
lop
new
appr
oach
es
Bra
inst
orm
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halle
nge
assu
mpt
ions
, to
fram
ean
d an
swer
"W
hat i
f ...
"qu
estio
ns, t
o su
spen
dju
dgm
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endi
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r T
estin
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ram
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port
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hnic
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roje
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iscu
ss q
ualit
y is
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tech
nolo
gy o
rgan
izat
ion
53
34 ©
Nor
thW
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
54
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Coo
rdin
atio
n an
dC
omm
unic
atio
nSk
iiiS
Con
cept
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atte
rn R
ecog
nitio
n an
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tingu
ish
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tuat
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ttern
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rmul
as, e
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ms
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tex
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ak p
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oach
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mpt
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, to
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ean
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nsE
ffec
tivel
y lis
ten
and
ask
criti
cal q
uest
ions
toid
entif
y cu
stom
er is
sues
and
conc
erns
Res
olve
cus
tom
er is
sues
and
conc
erns
in a
tim
ely
and
appr
opri
ate
man
ner
5655
©N
orth
Wes
t Cen
ter
for
Em
ergi
ng T
echn
olog
ies
1999
, 200
035
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Coo
rdin
atio
n an
dC
omm
unic
atio
nSk
ills
Con
cept
ualiz
atio
n, P
atte
rn R
ecog
nitio
n an
dM
odel
ing
Prob
lem
Sol
ving
Dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
fund
amen
tal a
ndin
cide
ntal
feat
ures
of
aco
ncre
tesi
tuat
ion
Rec
ogni
zepa
ttern
s fr
omdi
scre
tein
stan
ces
Gen
eral
ize
from
spec
ific
inst
ance
sto
gen
eral
fea
ture
s,fo
rmul
as, e
tc.
App
roac
h pr
oble
ms
in a
syst
emat
ic w
ay, t
o lo
okfo
r pa
ttern
s, to
reco
gniz
e el
emen
ts th
atar
e co
nsis
tent
or
inco
nsis
tent
with
pas
tex
peri
ence
Bre
ak p
robl
ems
dow
n in
to s
mal
ler
com
pone
nts,
tore
stru
ctur
e th
em, t
oad
apt f
amili
arap
proa
ches
, to
deve
lop
new
appr
oach
es
Bra
inst
orm
to c
halle
nge
assu
mpt
ions
, to
fram
ean
d an
swer
"W
hat i
f ...
"qu
estio
ns, t
o su
spen
dju
dgm
ent p
endi
ngap
prop
riat
e te
sts
Tea
mw
ork
Wor
k co
llabo
rativ
ely
in a
team
set
ting
Wor
k an
d co
mm
unic
ate
effe
ctiv
ely
in g
roup
env
iron
-m
ent w
/ peo
ple
of v
aryi
ngba
ckgr
ound
s an
d ex
pert
ise
Rec
ogni
ze e
xper
tise
and
lear
n fr
om o
ther
sT
ask
Man
agem
ent
Org
aniz
e m
ultip
le ta
sks
for
effe
ctiv
enes
s; a
lloca
te ti
me/
ener
gy a
ccor
ding
to ta
skco
mpl
exity
and
pri
ority
Eva
luat
e ta
sk o
utco
mes
and
cont
inuo
usly
impr
ove
orga
niza
tion
proc
ess
Proj
ect M
anag
emen
tE
xpla
in b
asic
pri
ncip
les,
term
inol
ogy
& te
chni
ques
of p
roje
ct m
anag
emen
tSe
lect
, im
plem
ent a
ndev
alua
te a
ppro
pria
tepr
ojec
t man
agem
ent
tech
niqu
es a
nd to
ols
Eff
ectiv
ely
adap
t pro
ject
man
agem
ent t
echn
ique
s to
spec
ific
situ
atio
ns...
36 ©
Nor
th W
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Bus
ines
sE
nvir
onm
ent
SIM
S
Con
cept
ualiz
atio
n, P
atte
rn R
ecog
nitio
n an
dM
odel
ing
Prob
lem
Sol
ving
Dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
fund
amen
tal a
ndin
cide
ntal
feat
ures
of
aco
ncre
tesi
tuat
ion
Rec
ogni
zepa
ttern
s fr
omdi
scre
tein
stan
ces
Gen
eral
ize
from
spec
ific
inst
ance
sto
gen
eral
fea
ture
s,fo
rmul
as, e
tc.
App
roac
h pr
oble
ms
in a
syst
emat
ic w
ay, t
o lo
okfo
r pa
ttern
s, to
reco
gniz
e el
emen
ts th
atar
e co
nsis
tent
or
inco
nsis
tent
with
pas
tex
peri
ence
Bre
ak p
robl
ems
dow
n in
to s
mal
ler
com
pone
nts,
tore
stru
ctur
e th
em, t
oad
apt f
amili
arap
proa
ches
, to
deve
lop
new
appr
oach
es
Bra
inst
orm
to c
halle
nge
assu
mpt
ions
, to
fram
ean
d an
swer
"W
hat i
f ...
"qu
estio
ns, t
o su
spen
dju
dgm
ent p
endi
ngap
prop
riat
e te
sts
Bus
ines
s O
rgan
izat
ion
and
Env
iron
men
tPr
esen
t and
dis
cuss
cont
empo
rary
bus
ines
spr
inci
ples
, pra
ctic
es a
ndor
gani
zatio
nPr
esen
t and
dis
cuss
how
com
pute
r sy
stem
s im
pact
the
oper
atio
n an
dm
anag
emen
t of
busi
ness
and
soci
ety
Com
pute
r T
rend
s in
Bus
ines
s an
d So
ciet
yD
iscu
ss th
e is
sues
affe
ctin
g th
e se
lect
ion
of a
com
pute
r sy
stem
for
asp
ecif
ic e
nvir
onm
ent
Pres
ent c
urre
nt c
ompu
ter
tech
nolo
gy a
nd s
yste
ms
tren
dsD
iscu
ss th
e im
pact
of
info
rmat
ion
tech
nolo
gy o
nso
ciet
y an
d th
e w
orkp
lace
Prin
cipl
es o
f A
ccou
ntin
gE
xpla
in a
nd a
pply
bas
icac
coun
ting
prin
cipl
esE
xpla
in h
ow c
ompu
ter
appl
icat
ions
sup
port
the
fina
ncia
l wor
king
s of
abu
sine
ss o
rgan
izat
ion
C n
59©
Nor
thW
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
37
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Bus
ines
sE
nvir
onm
ent
Skill
s
Con
cept
ualiz
atio
n, P
atte
rn R
ecog
nitio
n an
dM
odel
ing
Prob
lem
Sol
ving
Dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
fund
amen
tal a
ndin
cide
ntal
feat
ures
of
aco
ncre
tesi
tuat
ion
Rec
ogni
zepa
ttern
s fr
omdi
scre
tein
stan
ces
Gen
eral
ize
from
spec
ific
inst
ance
sto
gen
eral
fea
ture
s,fo
rmul
as, e
tc.
App
roac
h pr
oble
ms
in a
syst
emat
ic w
ay, t
o lo
okfo
r pa
ttern
s, to
reco
gniz
e el
emen
ts th
atar
e co
nsis
tent
or
inco
nsis
tent
with
pas
tex
peri
ence
Bre
ak p
robl
ems
dow
n in
to s
mal
ler
com
pone
nts,
tore
stru
ctur
e th
em, t
oad
apt f
amili
arap
proa
ches
, to
deve
lop
new
appr
oach
es
Bra
inst
orm
to c
halle
nge
assu
mpt
ions
, to
fram
ean
d an
swer
"W
hat i
f ...
"qu
estio
ns, t
o su
spen
dju
dgm
ent p
endi
ngap
prop
riat
e te
sts
Prof
essi
onal
ism
Dem
onst
rate
suc
cess
ful
wor
k en
viro
nmen
t-re
late
dat
titud
es a
nd s
kills
Est
ablis
h an
d m
aint
ain
prof
essi
onal
rel
atio
nshi
psPr
ofes
sion
al D
evel
opm
ent
Iden
tify
and
clos
e ga
psbe
twee
n on
e's
know
ledg
ean
d sk
ills,
and
thos
ere
quir
ed b
y th
e si
tuat
ion
Iden
tify
sour
ces
ofle
arni
ng/tr
aini
ng m
ost
appr
opri
ate
for
the
topi
can
d co
ntex
t, an
d fo
r on
e's
pers
onal
lear
ning
sty
leFo
rmul
ate
and
impl
emen
ta
pers
onal
dev
elop
men
tpl
an
61
38 ©
Nor
thW
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
62
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
.....
Ana
lytic
al S
kills
and
Prob
lem
Solv
ing
Con
cept
ualiz
atio
n, P
atte
rn R
ecog
nitio
n an
dM
odel
ing
Prob
lem
Sol
ving
,
Dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
fund
amen
tal a
ndin
cide
ntal
feat
ures
of
aco
ncre
tesi
tuat
ion
Rec
ogni
zepa
ttern
s fr
omdi
scre
tein
stan
ces
Gen
eral
ize
from
spec
ific
inst
ance
sto
gen
eral
fea
ture
s,fo
rmul
as, e
tc.
App
roac
h pr
oble
ms
in a
syst
emat
ic w
ay, t
o lo
okfo
r pa
ttern
s, to
reco
gniz
e el
emen
ts th
atar
e co
nsis
tent
or
inco
nsis
tent
with
pas
tex
peri
ence
Bre
ak p
robl
ems
dow
n in
to s
mal
ler
com
pone
nts,
tore
stru
ctur
e th
em, t
oad
apt f
amili
arap
proa
ches
, to
deve
lop
new
appr
oach
es
Bra
inst
orm
to c
halle
nge
assu
mpt
ions
, to
fram
ean
d an
swer
"W
hat i
f ...
"qu
estio
ns, t
o su
spen
dju
dgm
ent p
endi
ngap
prop
riat
e te
sts
Prob
lem
Sol
ving
Sele
ct, i
mpl
emen
t and
eval
uate
app
ropr
iate
prob
lem
sol
ving
tech
niqu
es a
nd to
ols
Eff
ectiv
ely
adap
t pro
blem
solv
ing
tech
niqu
es to
spec
ific
situ
atio
nsA
naly
tical
and
Log
ical
Thi
nkin
App
ly a
naly
tical
and
logi
cal t
hink
ing
toga
ther
ing
and
anal
yzin
gin
form
atio
n, d
esig
ning
and
test
ing
solu
tions
topr
oble
ms,
and
for
mul
atin
gpl
ans
Con
cept
ualiz
atio
nV
isua
lize
and
artic
ulat
eco
mpl
ex p
robl
ems
and
conc
epts
Dat
a G
athe
ring
, Ana
lysi
s an
d O
rgan
izat
ion
Gat
her,
ana
lyze
and
orga
nize
dat
a us
ing
alo
gica
l and
sys
tem
atic
proc
ess
63
©N
orth
Wes
t Cen
ter
for
Em
ergi
ng T
echn
olog
ies
1999
, 200
0
64
39
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Ana
lytic
al S
kills
and
Prob
lem
Solv
ing
Con
cept
ualiz
atio
n, P
atte
rn R
ecog
nitio
n an
dM
odel
ing
Prob
lem
Sol
ving
Dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
fund
amen
tal a
ndin
cide
ntal
feat
ures
of
aco
ncre
tesi
tuat
ion
Rec
ogni
zepa
ttern
s fr
omdi
scre
tein
stan
ces
Gen
eral
ize
from
spec
ific
inst
ance
sto
gen
eral
fea
ture
s,fo
rmul
as, e
tc.
App
roac
h pr
oble
ms
in a
syst
emat
ic w
ay, t
o lo
okfo
r pa
ttern
s, to
reco
gniz
e el
emen
ts th
atar
e co
nsis
tent
or
inco
nsis
tent
with
pas
tex
peri
ence
Bre
ak p
robl
ems
dow
n in
to s
mal
ler
com
pone
nts,
tore
stru
ctur
e th
em, t
oad
apt f
amili
arap
proa
ches
, to
deve
lop
new
appr
oach
es
Bra
inst
orm
to c
halle
nge
assu
mpt
ions
, to
fram
ean
d an
swer
"W
hat i
f ...
"qu
estio
ns, t
o su
spen
dju
dgm
ent p
endi
ngap
prop
riat
e te
sts
Patte
rn R
ecog
nitio
n an
d M
odel
ing
Rec
ogni
ze p
atte
rns
inco
mpl
ex s
ets
of d
ata
and
deve
lop
prac
tical
mod
els
Hyp
othe
sis
Dev
elop
men
t and
Des
ign
of E
xper
imen
tatio
nD
evel
op h
ypot
hese
s an
dde
sign
test
exp
erim
ents
Est
imat
ion
and
Cos
t/Ben
efit
Ana
lysi
sD
evel
op e
stim
ates
and
proj
ectio
ns, t
o co
nduc
tco
st/b
enef
it an
alys
is o
nsp
ecif
ic a
ltern
ativ
esSt
atis
tical
Ana
lysi
sA
pply
sta
tistic
al m
etho
dsto
ana
lyze
and
res
olve
busi
ness
and
tech
nica
lpr
oble
ms
66
40 ©
Nor
thW
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Cor
e C
ompu
ter
Soft
war
e an
dH
ardw
are
Skill
s
Con
cept
ualiz
atio
n, P
atte
rn R
ecog
nitio
n an
dM
odel
ing
Prob
lem
Sol
ving
Dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
fund
amen
tal a
ndin
cide
ntal
feat
ures
of
aco
ncre
tesi
tuat
ion
Rec
ogni
zepa
ttern
s fr
omdi
scre
tein
stan
ce
Gen
eral
ize
from
spec
ific
inst
ance
sto
gen
eral
fea
ture
s,fo
rmul
as, e
tc.
App
roac
h pr
oble
ms
in a
syst
emat
ic w
ay, t
o lo
okfo
r pa
ttern
s, to
reco
gniz
e el
emen
ts th
atar
e co
nsis
tent
or
inco
nsis
tent
with
pas
tex
peri
ence
Bre
ak p
robl
ems
dow
n in
to s
mal
ler
com
pone
nts,
tore
stru
ctur
e th
em, t
oad
apt f
amili
arap
proa
ches
, to
deve
lop
new
appr
oach
es
Bra
inst
orm
to c
halle
nge
assu
mpt
ions
, to
fram
ean
d an
swer
"W
hat i
f ...
"qu
estio
ns, t
o su
spen
dju
dgm
ent p
endi
ngap
prop
riat
e te
sts
Win
dow
s E
nvir
onm
ent
Perf
orm
bas
ic o
pera
tions
and
trou
bles
hoot
bas
icpr
oble
ms
in a
Win
dow
sen
viro
nmen
tC
usto
miz
e th
e op
erat
ing
syst
em e
nvir
onm
ent
Run
mul
tiple
app
licat
ions
at th
e sa
me
time,
and
impo
rt a
nd e
xpor
t dat
abe
twee
n th
e ap
plic
atio
nsH
ardw
are
Inst
alla
tion
and
Con
urat
ion
Nam
e th
e in
divi
dual
par
tsth
at m
ake
up a
sta
nd-a
lone
PC c
ompu
ter
syst
em, a
ndde
scri
be th
e re
latio
nshi
psbe
twee
n th
e va
riou
sco
mpo
nent
sIn
stal
l and
con
figu
reha
rdw
are
in a
PC
com
pute
r sy
stem
Perf
orm
bas
ics
of P
Cha
rdw
are
trou
bles
hoot
ing
and
mai
nten
ance
67
©N
orth
Wes
t Cen
ter
for
Em
ergi
ng T
echn
olog
ies
1999
, 200
0
68
41
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Cor
e C
ompu
ter
Soft
war
e an
dH
ardw
are
Skill
s
Con
cept
ualiz
atio
n, P
atte
rn R
ecog
nitio
n an
dM
odel
ing
Prob
lem
Sol
ving
Dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
fund
amen
tal a
ndin
cide
ntal
feat
ures
of
aco
ncre
tesi
tuat
ion
Rec
ogni
zepa
ttern
s fr
omdi
scre
tein
stan
ce
Gen
eral
ize
from
spec
ific
inst
ance
sto
gen
eral
fea
ture
s,fo
rmul
as, e
tc.
App
roac
h pr
oble
ms
in a
syst
emat
ic w
ay, t
o lo
okfo
r pa
ttern
s, to
reco
gniz
e el
emen
ts th
atar
e co
nsis
tent
or
inco
nsis
tent
with
pas
tex
peri
ence
Bre
ak p
robl
ems
dow
n in
to s
mal
ler
com
pone
nts,
tore
stru
ctur
e th
em, t
oad
apt f
amili
arap
proa
ches
, to
deve
lop
new
appr
oach
es
Bra
inst
orm
to c
halle
nge
assu
mpt
ions
, to
fram
ean
d an
swer
"W
hat i
f ...
"qu
estio
ns, t
o su
spen
dju
dgm
ent p
endi
ngap
prop
riat
e te
sts
Soft
war
e In
stal
latio
n an
d C
onfi
gura
tion
Inst
all s
oftw
are
prog
ram
san
d pe
rfor
m b
asic
conf
igur
atio
n op
erat
ions
Exp
lain
sof
twar
e an
dha
rdw
are
com
patib
ility
issu
esT
roub
lesh
oot b
asic
conf
igur
atio
n pr
oble
ms
Net
wor
k T
echn
olog
ies
Pres
ent t
he c
hara
cter
istic
sof
ove
rall
desi
gn a
ndco
mpo
nent
s of
a L
AN
and
WA
N s
yste
mPe
rfor
m b
asic
set
up a
ndco
nfig
urat
ion
of n
etw
ork
hard
war
e an
d so
ftw
are
E-m
ail
Exp
lain
bas
ic e
-mai
lsy
stem
com
pone
nts
and
orga
niza
tion
Use
e-m
ail e
ffec
tivel
y an
dap
prop
riat
ely
69
42 ©
Nor
th W
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
70
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Cor
e C
ompu
ter
Soft
war
e an
dH
ardw
are
Skill
s
Con
cept
ualiz
atio
n, P
atte
rn R
ecog
nitio
n an
dM
odel
ing
Prob
lem
Sol
ving
Dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
fund
amen
tal a
ndin
cide
ntal
feat
ures
of
aco
ncre
tesi
tuat
ion
Rec
ogni
zepa
ttern
s fr
omdi
scre
tein
stan
ce
Gen
eral
ize
from
spec
ific
inst
ance
sto
gen
eral
fea
ture
s,fo
rmul
as, e
tc.
App
roac
h pr
oble
ms
in a
syst
emat
ic w
ay, t
o lo
okfo
r pa
ttern
s, to
reco
gniz
e el
emen
ts th
atar
e co
nsis
tent
or
inco
nsis
tent
with
pas
tex
peri
ence
Bre
ak p
robl
ems
dow
n in
to s
mal
ler
com
pone
nts,
tore
stru
ctur
e th
em, t
oad
apt f
amili
arap
proa
ches
, to
deve
lop
new
appr
oach
es
Bra
inst
orm
to c
halle
nge
assu
mpt
ions
, to
fram
ean
d an
swer
"W
hat i
f ...
"qu
estio
ns, t
o su
spen
dju
dgm
ent p
endi
ngap
prop
riat
e te
sts
Inte
rnet
Use
the
Inte
rnet
as
are
sear
ch to
ol in
an
effi
cien
t man
ner
Cre
ate
& m
aint
ain
Web
page
sW
ord
Proc
essi
ngU
se b
asic
wor
d pr
oces
sing
feat
ures
(i.e
. doc
umen
tfo
rmat
ting,
edi
ting,
usi
ngta
bles
etc
.)C
reat
e si
mpl
e w
ord
proc
essi
ng d
ocum
ents
(i.e
.le
tters
, mem
os, b
asic
repo
rts
etc.
)C
reat
e co
mpo
und
docu
men
ts (
i.e.
new
slet
ters
with
gra
phic
san
d ob
ject
s fr
om m
ultip
leso
ftw
are
appl
icat
ions
)Sp
read
shee
t App
licat
ions
Des
ign,
cre
ate,
mod
ify
&tr
oubl
esho
ot s
prea
dshe
ets
Cre
ate
grap
hs a
nd c
hart
sA
pply
spr
eads
heet
prin
cipl
es to
rea
l-lif
esi
tuat
ions
and
to s
olve
busi
ness
pro
blem
s
71©
Nor
th W
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
72
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Cor
e C
ompu
ter
Soft
war
e an
dH
ardw
are
Skill
s
Con
cept
ualiz
atio
n, P
atte
rn R
ecog
nitio
n an
dM
odel
ing
Prob
lem
Sol
ving
Dis
tingu
ish
betw
een
fund
amen
tal a
ndin
cide
ntal
feat
ures
of
aco
ncre
tesi
tuat
ion
Rec
ogni
zepa
ttern
s fr
omdi
scre
tein
stan
ce
Gen
eral
ize
from
spec
ific
inst
ance
sto
gen
eral
fea
ture
s,fo
rmul
as, e
tc.
App
roac
h pr
oble
ms
in a
syst
emat
ic w
ay, t
o lo
okfo
r pa
ttern
s, to
reco
gniz
e el
emen
ts th
atar
e co
nsis
tent
or
inco
nsis
tent
with
pas
tex
peri
ence
Bre
ak p
robl
ems
dow
n in
to s
mal
ler
com
pone
nts,
tore
stru
ctur
e th
em, t
oad
apt f
amili
arap
proa
ches
, to
deve
lop
new
appr
oach
es
Bra
inst
orm
to c
halle
nge
assu
mpt
ions
, to
fram
ean
d an
swer
"W
hat i
f ...
"qu
estio
ns, t
o su
spen
dju
dgm
ent p
endi
ngap
prop
riat
e te
sts
Pres
enta
tion
Soft
war
eU
se th
e co
mpo
nent
s of
pres
enta
tion
soft
war
ecr
eativ
ely
and
effe
ctiv
ely
Dem
onst
rate
pro
fici
ency
in u
sing
pre
sent
atio
nso
ftw
are
func
tions
Dat
abas
e A
pplic
atio
nsD
efin
e an
d us
e th
e ba
sic
term
inol
ogy
of r
elat
iona
lda
taba
ses
Use
the
tool
s an
d sk
ills
need
ed to
cre
ate
and
utili
ze d
atab
ases
Prin
cipl
es o
f Pr
ogra
mm
ing
Pres
ent b
asic
prog
ram
min
g pr
inci
ples
and
expl
ain
prog
ram
min
gst
ruct
ures
Des
ign,
cod
e, b
uild
, tes
tan
d tr
oubl
esho
ot b
asic
cust
om a
pplic
atio
ns
73
44 ©
Nor
thW
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
74
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Proj
ect a
ndPr
oces
s Fl
owSk
ills
Dat
a G
athe
ring
, Or
aniz
atio
n an
d A
naly
sis
Iden
tify
and
char
acte
rize
nee
ded
data
, and
judg
e (i
n)su
ffic
ienc
yfo
r ta
sk
Rec
ogni
ze u
nexp
ecte
dev
iden
ceJu
dge
the
reas
onab
lene
ss o
fre
sults
Eva
luat
e an
d an
alyz
e da
tale
adin
g to
con
clus
ions
and
deci
sion
sR
esea
rch
Iden
tify
and
use
trad
ition
al a
nd n
on-
trad
ition
al s
ourc
es o
fin
form
atio
nA
pply
eff
ectiv
ely
and
choo
se a
ppro
pria
tely
fro
ma
vari
ety
of r
esea
rch
met
hods
and
tool
sA
naly
ze, o
rgan
ize
and
pres
ent r
esea
rch
mat
eria
lA
naly
sis
and
Synt
hesi
sG
athe
r da
ta to
iden
tify
proj
ect r
equi
rem
ents
, and
to in
terp
ret a
nd e
valu
ate
the
requ
irem
ents
Iden
tify
cons
trai
nts,
gene
rate
alte
rnat
ives
,co
nsid
er r
isks
and
eval
uate
opt
ions
Def
ine
the
scop
e of
wor
kto
mee
t pro
ject
requ
irem
ents
and
cons
trai
nts,
and
dev
elop
apr
ojec
t out
line
Prop
osal
Wri
ting
Exp
lain
the
nece
ssar
yel
emen
ts o
f a
prop
osal
and
thei
r re
spec
tive
purp
ose
Dev
elop
a p
ropo
sal t
hat
mee
ts th
e cl
ient
'sre
quir
emen
ts a
ndef
fect
ivel
y pr
esen
ts th
eph
ases
of
the
proj
ect
75©
Nor
thW
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
7645
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Proj
ect a
ndPr
oces
s Fl
owSk
ills
Dat
a G
athe
ring
, Org
aniz
atio
n an
d A
naly
sis
Iden
tify
and
char
acte
rize
nee
ded
data
, and
judg
e (i
n)su
ffic
ienc
yfo
r ta
sk
Rec
ogni
ze u
nexp
ecte
dev
iden
ceJu
dge
the
reas
onab
lene
ss o
fre
sults
Eva
luat
e an
d an
alyz
e da
tale
adin
g to
con
clus
ions
and
deci
sion
sPl
anni
ng a
nd O
rgan
izat
ion
Dev
elop
a p
roje
ct p
lan
that
is r
ealis
tic a
nd th
atef
fect
ivel
y se
rves
the
proj
ect g
oals
Org
aniz
e th
e di
ffer
ent
phas
es o
f th
e pr
ojec
t in
anef
fici
ent m
anne
rD
esig
n an
d D
evel
opm
ent
App
ly th
e de
sign
and
deve
lopm
ent p
roce
ss f
rom
begi
nnin
g to
end
Eva
luat
e an
d as
sess
the
effe
ctiv
enes
s of
the
desi
gnan
d de
velo
pmen
t pro
cess
Use
r T
estin
g an
d V
alid
atio
nD
evel
op a
nd im
plem
ent
an e
ffec
tive
test
ing
and
user
val
idat
ion
prog
ram
that
sup
port
s al
l pha
ses
ofth
e de
velo
pmen
t pro
cess
Tec
hnic
al a
nd P
roje
ct D
ocum
enta
tion
Sele
ct a
nd u
se te
chni
cal
docu
men
tatio
n fo
rmat
sm
eetin
g th
e in
tend
edpu
rpos
e an
d th
e gu
idel
ines
of th
e or
gani
zatio
nD
evel
op e
ffec
tive
and
accu
rate
tech
nica
ldo
cum
enta
tion
appr
opri
ate
to v
ario
usau
dien
ces
and
purp
oses
77
46 ©
Nor
th W
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
78
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Proj
ect a
ndPr
oces
s Fl
owSk
ills
Dat
a G
athe
ring
, Org
aniz
atio
n an
d A
naly
sis
Iden
tify
and
char
acte
rize
nee
ded
data
, and
judg
e (i
n)su
ffic
ienc
yfo
r ta
sk
Rec
ogni
ze u
nexp
ecte
dev
iden
ceJu
dge
the
reas
onab
lene
ss o
fre
sults
Eva
luat
e an
d an
alyz
e da
tale
adin
g to
con
clus
ions
and
deci
sion
sQ
ualit
y A
ssur
ance
Exp
lain
and
app
ly q
ualit
yas
sura
nce
proc
esse
s as
they
rel
ate
to th
ede
velo
pmen
t pro
cess
Dis
cuss
qua
lity
issu
es in
ate
chno
logy
org
aniz
atio
n
8079
©N
orth
Wes
t Cen
ter
for
Em
ergi
ng T
echn
olog
ies
1999
, 200
047
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Coo
rdin
atio
n an
dC
omm
unic
atio
nSk
i liS
Dat
a G
athe
ring
, Org
aniz
atio
n an
d A
naly
sis
Iden
tify
and
char
acte
rize
nee
ded
data
, and
judg
e (i
n)su
ffic
ienc
yfo
r ta
sk
Rec
ogni
ze u
nexp
ecte
dev
iden
ceJu
dge
the
reas
onab
lene
ss o
fre
sults
Eva
luat
e an
d an
alyz
e da
tale
adin
g to
con
clus
ions
and
deci
sion
sO
ral a
nd W
ritte
n C
omm
unic
atio
nSe
lect
and
eva
luat
eap
prop
riat
eco
mm
unic
atio
n st
rate
gies
and
styl
es f
or a
spe
cifi
cpu
rpos
eD
evel
op e
ffec
tive
wri
tten
com
mun
icat
ion,
and
deve
lop
and
deliv
eref
fect
ive
oral
pres
enta
tions
Eff
ectiv
ely
adap
tco
mm
unic
atio
n st
rate
gies
and
styl
es to
spe
cifi
cau
dien
ces
Cus
tom
er R
elat
ions
Eff
ectiv
ely
liste
n an
d as
kcr
itica
l que
stio
ns to
iden
tify
cust
omer
issu
esan
d co
ncer
nsR
esol
ve c
usto
mer
issu
esan
d co
ncer
ns in
a ti
mel
yan
d ap
prop
riat
e m
anne
rT
eam
wor
kW
ork
colla
bora
tivel
y in
ate
am s
ettin
gW
ork
and
com
mun
icat
eef
fect
ivel
y w
ith p
eopl
e of
diff
eren
t bac
kgro
unds
and
expe
rtis
e in
a g
roup
envi
ronm
ent
Rec
ogni
ze e
xper
tise
and
lear
n fr
om o
ther
s
81
48 ©
Nor
th W
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
82
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Coo
rdin
atio
n an
dC
omm
unic
atio
nSk
ills
Dat
a G
athe
ring
, Org
aniz
atio
n an
d A
naly
sis
Iden
tify
and
char
acte
rize
nee
ded
data
, and
judg
e (i
n)su
ffic
ienc
yfo
r ta
sk
Rec
ogni
ze u
nexp
ecte
dev
iden
ceJu
dge
the
reas
onab
lene
ss o
fre
sults
Eva
luat
e an
d an
alyz
e da
tale
adin
g to
con
clus
ions
and
deci
sion
sT
ask
Man
agem
ent
Org
aniz
e m
ultip
le ta
sks
inth
e m
ost e
ffec
tive
way
,an
d al
loca
te ti
me
and
ener
gy a
ccor
ding
to ta
skco
mpl
exity
and
pri
ority
Eva
luat
e ta
sk o
utco
mes
and
cont
inuo
usly
impr
ove
orga
niza
tion
proc
ess
Proj
ect M
anag
emen
tE
xpla
in th
e ba
sic
term
inol
ogy,
pri
ncip
les
and
tech
niqu
es o
f pr
ojec
tm
anag
emen
tSe
lect
, im
plem
ent a
ndev
alua
te a
ppro
pria
tepr
ojec
t man
agem
ent
tech
niqu
es a
nd to
ols
Eff
ectiv
ely
adap
t pro
ject
man
agem
ent t
echn
ique
s to
spec
ific
situ
atio
ns
8483
©N
orth
Wes
t Cen
ter
for
Em
ergi
ng T
echn
olog
ies
1999
, 200
049
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Bus
ines
sE
nvir
onm
ent
Skill
s
Dat
a G
athe
ring
, Org
aniz
atio
n an
d A
naly
sis
Iden
tify
and
char
acte
rize
nee
ded
data
, and
judg
e (i
n)su
ffic
ienc
yfo
r ta
sk
Rec
ogni
ze u
nexp
ecte
dev
iden
ceJu
dge
the
reas
onab
lene
ss o
fre
sults
Eva
luat
e an
d an
alyz
e da
tale
adin
g to
con
clus
ions
and
deci
sion
sB
usin
ess
Org
aniz
atio
n an
d E
nvir
onm
ent
Pres
ent a
nd d
iscu
ssco
ntem
pora
ry b
usin
ess
prin
cipl
es, p
ract
ices
and
orga
niza
tion
Pres
ent a
nd d
iscu
ss h
owco
mpu
ter
syst
ems
impa
ctth
e op
erat
ion
and
man
agem
ent o
f bu
sine
ssan
d so
ciet
yC
ompu
ter
Tre
nds
in B
usin
ess
and
Soci
ety
Dis
cuss
the
issu
esaf
fect
ing
the
sele
ctio
n of
aco
mpu
ter
syst
em f
or a
spec
ific
env
iron
men
tPr
esen
t cur
rent
com
pute
rte
chno
logy
and
sys
tem
str
ends
Dis
cuss
the
impa
ct o
fin
form
atio
n te
chno
logy
on
soci
ety
and
the
wor
kpla
cePr
inci
ples
of
Acc
ount
ing
Exp
lain
and
app
ly b
asic
acco
untin
g pr
inci
ples
Exp
lain
how
com
pute
rap
plic
atio
ns s
uppo
rt th
efi
nanc
ial w
orki
ngs
of a
busi
ness
org
aniz
atio
nPr
ofes
sion
alis
mD
emon
stra
te s
ucce
ssfu
lw
ork
envi
ronm
ent-
rela
ted
attit
udes
and
ski
llsE
stab
lish
and
mai
ntai
npr
ofes
sion
al r
elat
ions
hips
-- L
50 ©
Nor
thW
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Bus
ines
sE
nvir
onm
ent
Skill
s
Dat
a G
athe
ring
, Org
aniz
atio
n an
d A
naly
sis
Iden
tify
and
char
acte
rize
nee
ded
data
, and
judg
e (i
n)su
ffic
ienc
yfo
r ta
sk
Rec
ogni
ze u
nexp
ecte
dev
iden
ceJu
dge
the
reas
onab
lene
ss o
fre
sults
Eva
luat
e an
d an
alyz
e da
tale
adin
g to
con
clus
ions
and
deci
sion
sPr
ofes
sion
al D
evel
opm
ent
Iden
tify
and
clos
e ga
psbe
twee
n on
e's
know
ledg
ean
d sk
ills,
and
thos
ere
quir
ed b
y th
e si
tuat
ion
Iden
tify
sour
ces
ofle
arni
ng/tr
aini
ng m
ost
appr
opri
ate
for
the
topi
can
d co
ntex
t, an
d fo
r on
e's
pers
onal
lear
ning
sty
leFo
rmul
ate
and
impl
emen
ta
pers
onal
dev
elop
men
tpl
an
88
87
©N
orth
Wes
t Cen
ter
for
Em
ergi
ng T
echn
olog
ies
1999
, 200
051
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Ana
lytic
al S
kills
and
Prob
lem
Solv
ing
Dat
a G
athe
ring
, Org
aniz
atio
n an
d A
naly
sis
Iden
tify
and
char
acte
rize
nee
ded
data
, and
judg
e (i
n)su
ffic
ienc
yfo
r ta
sk
Rec
ogni
ze u
nexp
ecte
dev
iden
ceJu
dge
the
reas
onab
lene
ss o
fre
sults
Eva
luat
e an
d an
alyz
e da
tale
adin
g to
con
clus
ions
and
deci
sion
sPr
oble
m S
olvi
ngSe
lect
, im
plem
ent a
ndev
alua
te a
ppro
pria
tepr
oble
m s
olvi
ngte
chni
ques
and
tool
sE
ffec
tivel
y ad
apt p
robl
emso
lvin
g te
chni
ques
tosp
ecif
ic s
ituat
ions
Ana
lytic
al a
nd L
ogic
al T
hink
inA
pply
ana
lytic
al a
ndlo
gica
l thi
nkin
g to
gath
erin
g an
d an
alyz
ing
info
rmat
ion,
des
igni
ngan
d te
stin
g so
lutio
ns to
prob
lem
s, a
nd f
orm
ulat
ing
plan
sC
once
ptua
lizat
ion
Vis
ualiz
e an
d ar
ticul
ate
com
plex
pro
blem
s an
dco
ncep
tsD
ata
Gat
heri
ng, A
naly
sis
and
Org
aniz
atio
nG
athe
r, a
naly
ze a
ndor
gani
ze d
ata
usin
g a
logi
cal a
nd s
yste
mat
icpr
oces
sPa
ttern
Rec
ogni
tion
and
Mod
elin
gR
ecog
nize
pat
tern
s in
com
plex
set
s of
dat
a an
dde
velo
p pr
actic
al m
odel
sH
ypot
hesi
s D
evel
opm
ent a
ndD
esig
n of
Exp
erim
enta
tion
Dev
elop
hyp
othe
ses
and
desi
gn te
st e
xper
imen
ts
9052
©N
orth
Wes
t Cen
ter
for
Em
ergi
ng T
echn
olog
ies
1999
, 200
0
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Ana
lytic
al S
kills
and
Prob
lem
Solv
ing
Dat
a G
athe
ring
, Org
aniz
atio
n an
d A
naly
sis
Iden
tify
and
char
acte
rize
nee
ded
data
, and
judg
e (i
n)su
ffic
ienc
yfo
r ta
sk
Rec
ogni
ze u
nexp
ecte
dev
iden
ceJu
dge
the
reas
onab
lene
ss o
fre
sults
Eva
luat
e an
d an
alyz
e da
tale
adin
g to
con
clus
ions
and
deci
sion
sE
stim
atio
n an
d C
ost/B
enef
it A
naly
sis
Dev
elop
est
imat
es a
ndpr
ojec
tions
, to
cond
uct
cost
/ben
efit
anal
ysis
on
spec
ific
alte
rnat
ives
Stat
istic
al A
naly
sis
App
ly s
tatis
tical
met
hods
to a
naly
ze a
nd r
esol
vebu
sine
ss a
nd te
chni
cal
prob
lem
s
9
91
©N
orth
Wes
t Cen
ter
for
Em
ergi
ng T
echn
olog
ies
1999
, 200
053
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Cor
e C
ompu
ter
Soft
war
e an
dH
ardw
are
Skill
s
.D
ata
Gat
heri
ng, O
rgan
izat
ion
and
Ana
lysi
sId
entif
y an
d ch
arac
teri
ze n
eede
dda
ta, a
nd ju
dge
(in)
suff
icie
ncy
for
task
Rec
ogni
ze u
nexp
ecte
dev
iden
ceJu
dge
the
reas
onab
lene
ss o
fre
sults
Eva
luat
e an
d an
alyz
e da
tale
adin
g to
con
clus
ions
and
deci
sion
sW
indo
ws
Env
iron
men
tPe
rfor
m b
asic
ope
ratio
nsan
d tr
oubl
esho
ot b
asic
prob
lem
s in
a W
indo
ws
envi
ronm
ent
Cus
tom
ize
the
oper
atin
gsy
stem
env
iron
men
tR
un m
ultip
le a
pplic
atio
nsat
the
sam
e tim
e, a
ndim
port
and
exp
ort d
ata
betw
een
appl
icat
ions
Har
dwar
e In
stal
latio
n an
d C
onfi
gura
tion
Nam
e in
divi
dual
par
ts th
atm
ake
up a
sta
nd-a
lone
PC
com
pute
r sy
stem
, and
desc
ribe
the
rela
tions
hips
betw
een
com
pone
nts
Inst
all a
nd c
onfi
gure
hard
war
e in
a P
Cco
mpu
ter
syst
emPe
rfor
m b
asic
s of
PC
hard
war
e tr
oubl
esho
otin
gan
d m
aint
enan
ceSo
ftw
are
Inst
alla
tion
and
Con
figu
ratio
nIn
stal
l sof
twar
e pr
ogra
ms
and
perf
orm
bas
icco
nfig
urat
ion
oper
atio
nsE
xpla
in s
oftw
are
and
hard
war
e co
mpa
tibili
tyis
sues
Tro
uble
shoo
t bas
icco
nfig
urat
ion
prob
lem
s
94
54 ©
Nor
thW
est C
ente
r fo
r E
mer
ging
Tec
hnol
ogie
s 19
99, 2
000
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Cor
e C
ompu
ter
Soft
war
e an
dH
ardw
are
Skill
s
Dat
a G
athe
ring
, Org
aniz
atio
n an
d A
naly
sis
Iden
tify
and
char
acte
rize
nee
ded
data
, and
judg
e (i
n)su
ffic
ienc
yfo
r ta
sk
Rec
ogni
ze u
nexp
ecte
dev
iden
ceJu
dge
the
reas
onab
lene
ss o
fre
sults
Eva
luat
e an
d an
alyz
e da
tale
adin
g to
con
clus
ions
and
deci
sion
sN
etw
ork
Tec
hnol
ogie
sPr
esen
t the
cha
ract
eris
tics
of o
vera
ll de
sign
and
com
pone
nts
of a
LA
N a
ndW
AN
sys
tem
Perf
orm
bas
ic s
etup
and
conf
igur
atio
n of
net
wor
kha
rdw
are
and
soft
war
eE
-mai
lE
xpla
in b
asic
e-m
ail
syst
em c
ompo
nent
s an
dor
gani
zatio
nU
se e
-mai
l eff
ectiv
ely
and
appr
opri
atel
yIn
tern
etU
se th
e In
tern
et a
s a
rese
arch
tool
in a
nef
fici
ent m
anne
rC
reat
e an
d m
aint
ain
Web
page
sW
ord
Proc
essi
ngU
se b
asic
wor
d pr
oces
sing
feat
ures
, suc
h as
docu
men
t for
mat
ting,
editi
ng a
nd u
sing
tabl
esC
reat
e si
mpl
e w
ord
proc
essi
ng d
ocum
ents
such
as
lette
rs, m
emos
and
basi
c re
port
sC
reat
e co
mpo
und
docu
men
ts, s
uch
asne
wsl
ette
rs, w
ith g
raph
ics
and
obje
cts
from
mul
tiple
soft
war
e ap
plic
atio
ns
9b©
Nor
th W
est
Cen
tar4
r Em
ergi
ng T
echn
olog
ies
1999
, 200
055
Rel
atio
nshi
ps B
etw
een
Cri
tical
Mat
h an
d Sc
ienc
e Sk
ills
and
IT C
ore
Cur
ricu
lum
Cor
e C
ompu
ter
Soft
war
e an
dH
ardw
are
Skill
s
Dat
a G
athe
ring
, Org
aniz
atio
n an
d A
naly
sis
Iden
tify
and
char
acte
rize
nee
ded
data
, and
judg
e (i
n)su
ffic
ienc
yfo
r ta
sk
Rec
ogni
ze u
nexp
ecte
dev
iden
ceJu
dge
the
reas
onab
lene
ss o
fre
sults
Eva
luat
e an
d an
alyz
e da
tale
adin
g to
con
clus
ions
and
deci
sion
sSp
read
shee
t App
licat
ions
Des
ign,
cre
ate,
mod
ify
and
trou
bles
hoot
spre
adsh
eets
Cre
ate
grap
hs a
nd c
hart
s
App
ly s
prea
dshe
etpr
inci
ples
to r
eal-
life
situ
atio
ns a
nd to
sol
vebu
sine
ss p
robl
ems
Pres
enta
tion
Soft
war
eU
se th
e co
mpo
nent
s of
pres
enta
tion
soft
war
ecr
eativ
ely
and
effe
ctiv
ely
Dem
onst
rate
pro
fici
ency
in u
sing
pre
sent
atio
nso
ftw
are
func
tions
Dat
abas
e A
pplic
atio
nsD
efin
e an
d us
e th
e ba
sic
term
inol
ogy
of r
elat
iona
lda
taba
ses
Use
the
tool
s an
d sk
ills
need
ed to
cre
ate
and
utili
ze d
atab
ases
Prin
cipl
es o
f Pr
ogra
mm
ing
Pres
ent b
asic
prog
ram
min
g pr
inci
ples
and
expl
ain
prog
ram
min
gst
ruct
ures
Des
ign,
cod
e, b
uild
, tes
tan
d tr
oubl
esho
ot b
asic
cust
om a
pplic
atio
ns
9 7 56
©N
orth
Wes
t Cen
ter
for
Em
ergi
ng T
echn
olog
ies
1999
, 200
0
98
Nov 17 00 11:56a NWCET 425 562-6193
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Publication Date: 1999, 2000
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