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Research Methodology
Class for Final Year ProjectFaculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
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Presentation Outline
FYP 1 Preparations
Introduction
Problem Statement
Objectives
Literature Review
Research Methodology
Expected Outcome
Gantt Chart
References
Components in FYP2
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What Is Research?
3
Research is “a procedure by which we attempt to systematically find the answer to a question or the resolution of a problem, with the support of demonstrable fact.”
(adapted from Leedy, 1989)
Research is “a systematic investigation into the study of materials, sources, etc. in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions”
(Oxford Encyclopedic English Dictionary)
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The Research Cycle
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Identify research
area
Design research
study
Conduct research
Analyse research
Publish research results
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Research QuestionsThe framework of any research project relies on the answers to four
important questions:
What are you going to do?
Why are you going to do it?
How are you going to do it?
When are you going to do it?
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Title and Objectives
Problem Statement and
Contribution of Study
Research Methods or
Methodology
Project Planning
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Preparing Your Research Title
The title of your research should clearly related to the
proposal content
Avoid using word “A Study of” or “A comparison of”
If a long title cannot be avoided, consider a main title and
subtitle (example: Projection of social trends using time
series indicators: Methodology and application in educational
planning)
The letter should not exceed 20 words and should contain
keywords to help future users locate this document
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FYP 1 Preparations
Slide presentation (Power point)
Project proposal
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Structure of your Project Proposal
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Your proposal should contain the following:
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
(a) Problem statement
(b) Objectives
(c) Scope and limitations
(d) Contribution of study
3. Literature review
4. Methodology
5. Expected outcomes/results
6. References
7. Plan of action and milestones (Gantt chart)
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Preparing Your Abstract
The abstract is presented at the beginning of the
proposal or final report.
The abstract is a summary of the whole
proposal/final report.
Important points:
- Introduction
- Problem statement
- Objective
- Methodology
- Expected Outcome
- Significance Contribution
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Preparing Your Abstract Keep your abstract short and simple (in one page, preferably 150
to 250 words).
A good abstract has the following qualities:
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1. Follows the chronology of the proposal/final report.
2. Provides logical connections between the
information included.
3. Often uses passive verbs to downplay the author
and emphasize information.
e.g. The research was conducted for the purpose of …
Observations were made during …
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Preparing Your Abstract For proposals, however, use the future tense since you have not
conducted the work nor obtained any results yet.
e.g. The collection of data will involve …..
A relationship will be developed between …..
Remember, although the abstract
comes first, it should be prepared last!
Avoid the use of personal experiences
and opinions.
Avoid using quotes.
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Preparing Your Introduction
Present general introduction regarding topic
Creative way: put pictures (slide)
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Example 1 : Introduction (Slide)
Residential development on or near mountainous terrains
is accepted as a trend of life style in city centre
Slope failure often occur and it leads to great loss in
property and human life (Geo, 2009)
Highland TowerBkt Antarabangsa
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Example 1: Introduction – Cut Slope
Protection
Bukit Setiawangsa
- Soil Nailing
Uitm Puncak Alam
- Vetiver Grass
(Vegetation)
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EXAMPLE 2: INTRODUCTION
Site Exploration
Methods:
Geologic Mapping
Geophysics
Exploration
Boring
In situ Testing
Geophysics Exploration
Techniques:
Seismic
Electromagnetic
Electrical
Resistivity
Gravity
Ground
Penetrating Radar
Electrical Resistivity
Technique
Georesistivity
index value
of Ground
Best Method
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2 ways to write Introduction part in Thesis:
i. Cite the statement – put Author and Year
ii. Present statement in your own word after reading
sources – Rewrite and rearrange the statement
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Chapter 1: Introduction part (Thesis)
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Preparing Your Aims and Objectives
Emphasize how aims are to be accomplished.
Address the expected outcomes of the research.
At least, minimum 3 objectives to fulfil
requirement
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Objectives
Determine
the engineering
parameters and
georesistivity
index of soil
materials
Determine the
2D georesistivity
images of
stratified soil
To correlate
the georesistivity
images with engineering
parameters of
soil
EXAMPLE : SLIDE PPT
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Preparing Your Problem Statement A problem statement is a description of an issue that needs
to be researched to see whether a solution can be found.
Writing a problem statement should help you clearly identify
the purpose of the project
Creative ways : put pictures, cartoon or article newspaper in
slide ppt
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Example 1: Problem statement
The most critical problems that always face in the site is to determine the characterization of site geology
Some causes of geotechnical failures occur
Lack of understanding about site geology
Improper sampling could effect the evaluation because of disturbance and/or contamination. This will make the works are in error value
For the drilling method, it also brought the contaminated material to the surface during the process. This contaminated material would effect the construction.
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Slope failure at
Lanchang Area
(KM 89.55
Westbound)
AFTER PLANTING VETIVER
GRASS WITHIN ONE YEAR
BEFORE PLANTING
VETIVER GRASS
• The slope failure is still occur although have been protected with
bioengineering technique – vegetation (Christian and Frank, 2009; Kwok
2006)
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• One of the critical factors known trigger slope failure in Malaysia
tropic climate is monsoon rainfall (Diti,2009)
• Malaysia is among the highest country received rain with average
rate of annual rainfall is about 2500 mm with high humidity
(Ismail et al.2006)
Slope failure at KM
154.87 wb
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EXAMPLE 4: PROBLEM STATEMENT
Sources: New strait time (20 June 2000)
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Preparing Your Research Contribution
Explaining how your research is new. The following are
some tips writers use to indicate research contribution:
1. Demonstrate in a sentence how your research matters
to the general public.
2. Review and summarize previously published research
literature.
3. Identify a "gap" in the previous research (i.e. a
problem that has not been resolved, or a new
application that has not been considered).
4. Show that there is something missing (or unfulfilled)
in the current state of research and that there is a
need for this gap to be filled.
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Definition:
According to Creswell (2005), literature review is a
review of the literature “is a written summary of
journal articles, books and other documents that
describes the past and current state of information,
organizes the literature into topics and documents a
need for a proposed study.”
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LITERATURE REVIEWS
Who has done what and how?
What is their plan for “further work”?
Have they reported more recent work?
Findings (the important part) during the past
10 years
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Literature ReviewWhat sources are considered “valid” literature?
Everything relevant to your research topic that has been written and
published, such as:
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Journal articles
Conference proceedings
BooksHistorical
records
Government records
Newspaper articles
Theses Dissertations
Project reports
Technical notes/papers
Standards / Specifications
Manuals / Guidelines
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Literature ReviewWhat sources are considered NOT VALID literature?
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Wikipedia BlogsOnline Forums
Lecture Notes
Important!
Do not just summarise the research findings that
others have reported. You must also evaluate and
comment about each study's worth and validity.
You should conclude the review with a statement of
your hypothesis, or a focused research question.
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Writing Your Literature Review
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Your review should be made up of three parts:
(1) Introduction
(2) Body
(3) Conclusion
The introduction should include:
The nature of the topic under discussion (the topic of
your thesis)
The parameters of the topic (what does it include and
exclude)?
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Writing Your Literature Review
32
The body should include, among others:
Current Historical background
Definitions
Current/past research studies
Principal questions that are being asked
Methodologies and methods in use
General findings that are being drawn
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EXAMPLE 1: LITERATURE REVIEW (SLIDE)
Techniques Application Finding Reference
2D Resistivity Imaging
technique
To determine the subsurface
leachate recirculation in
Orchard Hills Landfill
2D Resistivity technique was
successfully help to assess
the distribution of leachate
recirculation
Solenne et al.2006
To investigate subsurface
contamination at Sungai
Besar Landfill Site
Success technique in
determining the subsurface
contamination. Major
direction flow of
contamination was found
towards the sea.
Tan Chin Lee et al.2004
To determine the suitability
of site geology for proposed
Edmonton landfill site
1.Recommended this
technique is a viable to
determine the subsurface
geology
2.The technique is fast and
economical
Lindsay et al. 2003
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EXAMPLE 2: Literature Review –The Role of
Microorganisms (SLIDE)
Researcher Findings Genus Species
Davis et al. (1978) The inoculation of Vesicular
Mycorrhizae Fungi were
significantly increased the
Phosphorus uptake of citrus,
avocado, and alfalfa seedlings
• Phytophthora parasitica
• P.cinnamomi
• Glomus fasciculatus
Sally et al. (2003) The Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
Fungi were increased the
Phosphorus uptake of flax,
medic and tomato plants
• Glomus rosea
• Glomus caledonium
• Glomus intaradices
Ghazi (2004) The Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
Fungi were increased the
Phosphorus, Zinc and Copper
uptake of winter wheat
• Glomus mosseae
• Glomus etunicatum
Ortas (2010) The Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
Fungi were able increased
Phosphorus and Zinc uptake of
cucumber plant
• Glomus caledonium
• Glomus etunicatum
• Glomus clarum
• Glomus mosseae
Tiby (2009) The Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
Fungi were able increased
N,P,K and Mg uptake of jujube
and tamarind seedlings
• Glomus aggregatum
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Citing
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Citing references in text:
Author (Year) found that …….
It was found that …… (Author, Year).
Remember, you must only mention the author’s
surname when citing in text and the year the
source was published.
e.g. Linda Johnson (2001)
(Johnson, 2001) or Johnson (2001)
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Citing
36
Example:
According to Mohamed (2005), a large proportion of
scheduling problems in the various sectors, such as
economic and engineering, can be classified with a
class of problems known as constrained optimisation.
or
A large proportion of scheduling problems in the
various sectors, such as economic and engineering,
can be classified with a class of problems known as
constrained optimisation (Mohamed, 2005).
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Citing
37
If there are two authors, e.g. Mohd Ali Abdullah
and Tan Beng Keat (2008)
(Abdullah & Tan, 2008) or Abdullah & Tan (2008)
If there are three or more authors, e.g. John
Michael Smith, Paul Lee, Ranjit Singh & Syed
Naser Al-Attas (2011)
(Smith et al., 2011)
Main author
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How to write Literature
Review in Thesis
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EXAMPLE: Physical appearance
Researcher (Year): Findings
Case 1: Sajid Mohamad
(2019) write as Sajid,M
(2018)
Found himself is more
handsome than Ernar
Case 2: Amjad
Husam(2015) write as
Amjad,H(2015)
Found Syah is the most cutest
men in Damansara
Case 3: Munir Alhallak,Lim
Ley Yang,Naressh,
Mohammad Khobaib, Poe
Myal Chal,Biplab
Kashyapi, Honey and Moon
( 2019) write as Munir et
al. (2019)
Found Taher is the macho
men in the world
Thesis:
• Case 1: Based on survey
feedback,Sajid,M(2019) found himself is
more handsome than Mustafa. The survey
was carried out in Kuala Lumpur and Klang.
A no.of 70 womens vote for Sajid,M while a
no.of 30 mens vote for Ernar. In addition,
Wail and Basel (2020) agree / disagree with
this statement by …..%.
• Case 2: According to the survey feedback,
Amjad,H(2015) found Syah is the most
cutest men in Damansara.A no of 100 of
survey questionnaires were given to public
person in Damansara on 2 March 2020.
• Case 3: Based on the survey questionnaire
outcome, Munir et al. (2019) clarified Taher
is the macho men in the world. The surveys
were carried out through online on 13 July
2019. A no of 1,000 000 womens vote for
him to be chosen as the macho person.
Slide Presentation:
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EXAMPLE
Researchers Findings
Chok et al. (2004), Wendi
(2006), Joanne and John
(2006), Ghassem et al.( 2007),
Faisal and Normaniza (2007),
Sasan et al (2009), Rajesh and
Shrivastva (2011), Yong et
al.(2011) & Ali et al. (2012)
Vegetation influences slope stability
in two ways, hydrological effects and
mechanical effects
Chok et al.(2004), Joanne and
John (2006), Wendi (2006),
Faisal and Normaniza (2007),
Ghassem (2007), Bibalani and
Majnounia (2008), Sasan et al.
(2009), Bujang and Sina
(2010) & Yong et al. (2011)
The vegetation have tendency to
reduce moisture content of soil
through interception of rain and
draws water from the soil via
evapotranspiration
Thesis:
Slide:
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Key important things to highlight in
sources to do Literature Review:
From Journal article, conference proceedings paper
or books:
Abstract
Methodology
Result/ Discussion
Conclusion/ Findings
Introduction / Problem Statement (general)
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Present the works that you may carry out through
Flow Chart
Definition: Flow chart is a work planning where
show through geometric patterns.
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Flow Chart
of
Research
Methodology
Sampling of
Sedimentary
residual soil
Literature
Review
Laboratory model
Experimental
Work
Soil
Mineralogy
Correlation
and
interpretation
of images
with physical
properties
Geomaterial
Testing
Georesistivity
index
Dry Wet
Physical
Properties
Moisture
Content
Petrography
Study
(Texture of
cement
mortar)
Interbedded strata
model study
Hard Layer
(Cement + sand)
Residual Soil
Residual Soil +
Hard Layer
Discussion
Correlation
between
georesistivity
index and
physical
properties
Discussion
Soil
Cement
Mortar
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METHODS
Experimental Survey
• Standard you may used
(ASTM/BS/EUROCODE)
• Experimental that you
may carry out
• How many samples
• Site location
• Results: present by
graph or Table
• Survey Questionnaire
a) Location conduct
survey, date
b) Type of
questionnaire
c) Target: public
person
• Result: Bar and Pie
Chart
Modeling
(Software)
•Data Collection
a) Rainfall Intensity
b) Topography map
(Contour data)
c) Landuse map
d) Soil type (map)
• Results: Merge map
into each other
4 0 4 Miles
Soil Erosion Risk Map
0 - 3992.664
3992.664 - 7985.328
7985.328 - 11977.992
11977.992 - 15970.656
15970.656 - 19963.32
19963.32 - 23955.984
23955.984 - 27948.648
27948.648 - 31941.313
31941.313 - 35933.977
No Data
S
N
EW
Soil Erosion Risk Map
4 0 4 8 Miles
Landuse1.shpCoconut
Diversified Crops
Fish and Hyacinth AreasFish and Hyacinth Ponds
ForestGrasslands
Mixed Horticulture
Oil PalmRecreational Areas
RubberScrub
Swamps
Tin Mining AreasUnused Land
Urban and Associated AreasWater
N
EW
S
LANDUSE MAP
4 0 4 8 Miles
Dem
Elevation Range446.667 - 500393.333 - 446.667340 - 393.333286.667 - 340
233.333 - 286.667180 - 233.333126.667 - 18073.333 - 126.667
20 - 73.333
S
N
EW
Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
4 0 4 8 Miles
LS FACTOR
0 - 13.932
13.932 - 27.864
27.864 - 41.796
41.796 - 55.728
55.728 - 69.659
69.659 - 83.591
83.591 - 97.523
97.523 - 111.455
111.455 - 125.387
No Data
S
N
EW
LS FACTOR
4 0 4 8 Miles
R FACTOR283.468 - 338.34338.34 - 393.213393.213 - 448.085448.085 - 502.958502.958 - 557.83557.83 - 612.702612.702 - 667.575667.575 - 722.447722.447 - 777.32No Data
S
N
EW
R FACTOR
Georesistivity Index Vs Moisture Content of Sandy Soils for
Model 2 and Model 3 in Undrained Condition
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 10 20 30 40 50
Moisture Content (%)
Ge
ore
sis
tiv
ity
In
de
x (
Oh
m.m
)
Sandy Soil Layer 2 Model 2 Sandy Soil Layer 1 Model 2
Sandy Soil Layer 2 Model 3 Sandy Soil Layer 1 Model 3
Model 2
Model 3
Electricity ions
Extreme of electricity
ions
Relationship between Georesistivity Index and Moisture
Content for Model 2, Model 3, and Model 4
y = 5032.1x-1.6635
R2 = 0.6427
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Moisture Content (%)
Geo
resis
tivit
y I
nd
ex (
Oh
m.m
)
Hard Layer Sandy Soils Pow er (Sandy Soils)
Georesistivity Index Vs Day for Hard Layer, Sandy Soil
Layer 1, Sandy Soil Layer 2, and Sandy Soil Layer 3
1
10
100
1000
10000
1 10 100
Day (Time)
Geo
resis
tivit
y I
nd
ex (
Oh
m.m
)
m ois ture contents decreas es
UNDRAINED CONDITION DRAINED
CONDITION SURCHARGED
0.7
kN/m
1.0
kN/m
2.0
kN/m
2.0
kN/m
SANDY SOIL 2
SANDY SOIL 3
MODEL 2
MODEL 3a MODEL 3b
MODEL 4
SANDY SOIL 1
HARD LAYER
HARD LAYER
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Laboratory Work
No. Lab Objective Equipment Place
1Consolidation Test
• To cover the rate of the
consolidation for the saturated
specimen of soil
2Particle Size
Distribution
Test
• To determine the grain size
analysis of the soil from course
size to fine size
3Specific Gravity
Test
• To obtain the specific gravity of
the soil sample
4Water Content
Demonstration
Test
• To measure the mass moisture
content in the soil sample
5Mineralogy Test
(XRD)
• To determine the mineralogy of
the soil sample by x-ray
diffraction machine.
6Atterberg Limits
Test
• To determine the liquid limit and
plastic limit of the soil
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CREATIVE WAYS:
Simple way
Anime /movement
Sketch the equipment
Video
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EXAMPLE 1 : APPARATUS (SIMPLE WAY)
Direct shear Box
apparatus
with accessories
Hammer
Force
Wooden Pieces
Shear Box
Laptop with direct shear
software
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EXAMPLE 1 : Testing Procedure (SIMPLE WAY)
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EXAMPLE 2: ANIME/MOVEMENT
ORIGINAL PICTURE OF SET UP
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Laptop
Copper
Electrode
Jumper
Electrode Selector
ABEM Terrameter
SAS4000
Cable 1 Cable 2
Hard Layer30cm
Sandy Soil Layer 1 5cm
Sandy Soil Layer 2 5cm
ANIME: MODEL 1- DRY CONDITION
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ORIGINAL PICTURE OF SET UP
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Hard Layer
Sandy Soil Layer 1
Sandy Soil Layer 2
Water
Sandy Soil Layer 3 30cm
Hard Layer15cm
Laptop
Copper
Electrode
Jumper
Electrode Selector
ABEM Terrameter
SAS4000
Cable 1 Cable 2
Soil Moisture Probe
ANIME: MODEL 3 - UNDRAINED AND DRAINED CONDITION
Georesistivity Image for Model 3 in Undrained
condition at day 1
Hard Layer
Sandy Soil Layer 1
Sandy Soil Layer 2
Sandy Soil Layer 3
Hard Layer
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Rainfall
Hoses
ANIME: PROPOSED PHYSICAL TANK MODEL
(NEW FABRICATION)
Physical Tank
Modeling
Slope
angle
indicator
Water
storage
Tank
Minirhizotron
camera
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EXAMPLE 3: SKETCH THE EQUIPMENT
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In Thesis..
- For procedure, apparatus and
standard of lab test – must do in
paragraph
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Presenting Expected Outcome
Present Hypothesis Of Findings / Outcome
Present Significance Contribution
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EXAMPLE: Expected Outcome & Significance
Contribution
a) Expected Outcome
Identification of good bacteria/fungi that enhance
vegetation root growth with high water uptake
capacity
Improvise biogeotechnology slope stability in
wet climate
b) Significance Contribution
An optimum green technology that able to mitigate slope failure especially
triggered by monsoon rain
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Gantt Chart & Milestone
• Present work planning based on year
and month
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References (IN THESIS AND SLIDE PPT)
List of references that you have found and read
The References list must be in alphabetical order.
If you have referred to two or more articles by the same author, then arrange according to the year published (earliest article first).
e.g.
Shinar, D. (2001) …….
Shinar, D. (2007) …….
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Referencing
61
Books:
Author (Year). Title of Book. Edition. Location:
Publisher.
e.g.
Walliman, N. (2005). Your Research Project: A Step-by-
step Guide for First Time Researcher. 2nd ed.
London: Sage Publications.
Indent after first line
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Referencing
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Journals:
Author (Year). Title of Article. Name of Journal,
Volume No. (Issue No.), page numbers.
e.g.
Mikac, N. & Branica, M. (1994). Complexation of
Trialkyllead with Diethyldithiocarbonate.
Electroanalysis, 6(2), pp. 37 – 43.
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Referencing
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Proceedings:
Author (Year). Title. Proceeding. Location: Publisher.
Page numbers.
e.g.
Alias, M. (2006). The Effects of Teacher Generated
Concept Maps on the Learning of Secondary School
Physics. Proc. of the Second Int. Conf. on Concept
Mapping. San Jose: Universidad de Costa Rica. pp.
550-557.
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Referencing
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Corporate Documents:
Name of corporate body (Year). Title of document.
Location: Publisher.
e.g.
Austroads (2008). Guide to Traffic Management: Part
8: Local Area Traffic Management. Sydney:
Austroads.
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Referencing
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Standards:
Name of institution (Year). Name of standard.
Location: Standard number.
e.g.
British Standards Institution (1987). Tongued and
Grooved Software Flooring. London: BS 1297.
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Referencing
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Theses:
Author (Year). Title. Name of institution: Level of
thesis.
e.g.
Mohamed, B. (2008). Design of Pavement on Soft Soil.
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia: Master’s
Project Report.
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Referencing
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Newspapers:
Author (Date). Title of article. Name of newspaper.
Page numbers.
e.g.
Latiff, A. B. A. (2001, Februari 14). Hatinya telah
dimiliki. Utusan Mingguan. p. 12.
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Referencing
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Articles published on the internet:
Author (Date). Title of article. Name of website. Date
retrieved, from URL.
e.g.
Cain, K. (2012, June 29). The Negative Effects of
Facebook on Communication. Social Media Today
RSS. Retrieved January 3, 2013, from
http://socialmediatoday.com.
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FYP2 PART
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COMPONENTS IN FYP 2
Introduction
Problem Statement
Objective
Significance of the study
Limitation
Research Methodology
Results/ Discussion
Conclusion and Recommendation
Prepare in Slide Power point & Technical Paper
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Analysing Data
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Leedy (1994) describes statistics
as “a language that, through its
own special symbols and
grammar, takes the indefinable
facts of life and translates them
into comprehensive meaning”.
You do not have to be a mathematician to use this
special language, as user-friendly computer
packages (e.g. SPSS, SAS, MATLAB, Minitab, and
even MS Excel) will do all the calculations for you.
However, you must be able to understand the
function and applicability of the various tests to
your data sets.
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Presenting Your Findings
72
After analyzing your data, you will need to present
the findings of your research. This should be done
effectively in the Results and Discussion chapter
of your final report.
Presenting your results well, using words and
graphics, is an important skill that you will have to
learn. You will need to:
(1) Properly use text and visual aids
(2) Interpret the results
(3) Refer to figures or tables correctly
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Presenting Your Findings
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Properly Use Text and Visual Aids
Present your findings in words with the aid of
tables, charts and graphs in order to make your
findings clear and easy to understand.
Remember, you should write a report and not draw
a report. The text is primary. The graphics are
only there to support the text.
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Presenting Your Findings
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Example
5.3 Extent of knowledge of CPR
As can be seen from Figure 5.10, only 21% of the respondents reported knowing
how to administer CPR.
Figure 5.10: Percentage of respondents who know how to do CPR
This is a surprising finding, considering the many opportunities offered to the
public to learn emergency procedures. This finding may also be deemed worrying
given that government efforts to train the public to be ready for emergencies are
central to the concept of total defense.
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Presenting Your Findings
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Use Proper Language of Reporting
Example:
From the survey, 36% of the
respondents feel that …
The survey shows that 36% of
the respondents feel that …
AppropriateInappropriate
From interviews with students,
they do not benefit from …
From interviews with students,
it was found that they do not
benefit from …
According to the respondents,
they say that …
The respondents say that …
(Redundant!)
(It was not FROM the survey/interview that the respondents felt that way!)
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Presenting Your Findings
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Interpret the Results
You not only need to report data, but you also need
to interpret data, which is to say what the data
means in relation to your research question.
Example:
The majority of the
respondents (70%) said that
they had to wait for more than
half an hour before being able
to board the bus to KLCC,
between 7.00 and 8.30am.
The finding indicates that the
frequency of bus service to
KLCC in the morning peak
hours is inadequate.
Interpreting dataReporting data
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Presenting Your Findings
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Refer to Figures or Tables Correctly
If you include any figure or table in your report, you
should:
1. Number it and give it a concise, accurate caption.
1. Draw the reader’s attention to the figure or table
in your text.
1. Make sure that the figure or table is located
after the text that mentions it.
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Concluding Your Report
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The final stage of your report writing is the closing
chapter that includes conclusions of your research.
Conclusions are shorter sections of academic texts
which:
1. Summarize and bring together the main areas
covered in the writing.
2. Provide a final comment.
The final comment may also include making
suggestions for improvement and speculating on
future directions.
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THANK YOU
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