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Results and future of Wi-GIM
E. Intrieri, G. Gigli, L. Lombardi, M. Nocentini, T. Gracchi, N. Casagli
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Design criteria
•Emergency monitoring
•Low cost
•Fast installation
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Wireless
Sensor
Network
Ranging
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Rapid installation
Autonomy
Low cost
ModularityReal time (EW)
Re-adaptability
Low vulnerability
High deformations Low environmental impact
Versatility
24 h
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Stress tests
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2.56 m66.36 m
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2.56 m66.36 m
No relation with the distance was observed
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3.30 m
On 20/12 the obstacle
was removed:
- Increased accuracy
- Precision unaffected
With obstacle
Without obstacle
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Roncovetro test site
Photo by G. Bertolini
• Emilia-Romagna (Italy)• 2.5 km long mudflow• Average velocity of a fewdecameters per year• Velocity up to 10 m/day• 3·106 m3 volume
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2001 2014
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Propedeuticalmonitoring
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Propedeuticalmonitoring
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Propedeuticalmonitoring
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Propedeuticalmonitoring
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Wi-GIMinstallation
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Cluster 1
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Nodes distance
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Cluster 2
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Nodes distance
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Raw data
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Cluster 1Measurements made
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Cluster 1Valid measurements
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Cluster 2Measurements made
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Cluster 2Valid measurements
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Meteorologicalconditions
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Raw data
X: distance between 3 and 7
O: distance between 7 and 3
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Valid measurements
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Corrected measurements
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Daily averages
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X: Wi-GIM data
O: RTS data
Data validation
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X: Wi-GIM data
O: RTS data
Data validation
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Data validation
X: Wi-GIM data
O: RTS data
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Node 10
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Data validation
X: Wi-GIM data
O: RTS data
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Data validation
X: Wi-GIM data
O: RTS data
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Cluster 1Wireless extensometer
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Motion tracking
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Cluster 2 – Node 12Motion tracking
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Sallent test site
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• Catanulya (Spain)• Old underground potashmine• 40 m large 110 m highnatural cavity• 50 cm vertical subsidencebetween 1997 and 2010
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Google Earth photo 2006 Google Earth photo 2015
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Master Node UWB Master node with CW Radar
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X: distance between 1 and 5
O: distance between 5 and 1
Monitoring data
Making 1 measurement every6 hours 4x2 readings areobtained which can beaveraged to obtain 8 cmprecision.
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Wi-GIM Results
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Wi-GIM results
First results of Wi-GIM show raw measurement
accuracy of about 8 to 30 cm depending the
sensor location. Due the nature of subsidence
dynamics (small and slow but sustained in time),
this accuracy implies that this monitoring system
needs some time of continuous lectures to deliver
information of the terrain movement. Nevertheless,
it has been observed that there are several factors
with influence on the system accuracy, which can
be ranged and /or corrected.
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Wi-GIM results
Daily noise range
One of the main factors of data fluctuation which have
been observed is temperature which show daily and
seasonal influence.
Daily, the sampling time-step of 8 hours translates into a
three lectures in a fairly different temperature conditions,
and hence a fairly different lectures in a temperature-
affected sensor, generating a daily range.
Seasonally, general temperature fluctuations affect
general trends of measures, and require long datasets
to be corrected.
Seasonal fluctuation
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Wi-GIM results
Daily fluctuation due temperature can be
corrected by relating both variables. A linear
relation between them can greatly improve
accuracy to a daily fluctuations under 5 cm.
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In order to gather more information about the system response to a subsidence phenomena, the
displacement has been forced in two of the sensors.
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Wi-GIM results
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It has been seen that system responds adequately to the forced movement in the relation
between the displaced sensors and the rest of the network within the accuracy limits.
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Wi-GIM results
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Future of Wi-GIM
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•Geotechnical EngineeringCentre at University of Alberta•Research mandate to applyand test innovativemonitoring systems•Bilateral agreement ofcultural and scientificcooperation between DST-UNIFI and Department ofCivil and EnvironmentalEngineering of University ofAlberta•Application to FountainSlide (Canada)
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Future of Wi-GIM
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•Oriente de Michoacán
•Deep Seated Gravitational
Slope Deformation
•4 million m3
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Conclusions
5353
Precision (raw data): 8-10 cm
Precision (filtered): 2-3 cm
Battery duration: ≈ 1 month
Maximum range distance: 140 m
Cost : ≈ 100 €/node
Precision (filtered): <1 cm
Reduce node size
Increase battery duration
Cost (industrialized): ≈ 50-70€/node
NOW FUTURE
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Accuratezza misure UWB Distanza fra nodi Rapida installazione
Basso costo Bassa vulnerabiità Elevata autonomia
In corso di approfondimento:• Effetto multipath
• Influenza fattori atmosferici• Influenza direzionalità antenne
• Influenza ostacoli (altezza antenne)• Posizionamento 3D
Promettente per earthflow e grandi frane in roccia