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Reverse Pharmacognosy: A Novel Strategy to
Standardise ISM DrugsDr. Dr. PadmaPadma VenkatVenkat
Joint Director & Head
Centre for Pharmacognosy & Pharmaceutics
Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), Bangalore
8th Annual Oxford-International Conference on the Science of Botanicals, Apr 6-9, 2009
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• Why-Novel Strategy?
• What is Reverse Pharmacognosy?
• How do it?–FRLHT’s Approach
Presentation
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Why A New Strategy?
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ISM & Western Biomedicine are
TWO DIFFERENT KNOWLEDGE-SYSTEMS
THAT HAVE EVOLVED INDEPENDENTLY
….TWO DIFFERENT WAYS OF KNOWING
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Epistemology: TK is EcoEpistemology: TK is Eco--system basedsystem based
Purpose (Context)-Parameter-Standards
Level of Use & Familiarity helps in correlation of purpose & standard
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Current QS of ISM Drugs…
• Parameters & Standards are Non-contextual to the culture from which it evolved
• Do not reflect safety & efficacy; but at best identity, purity
•While Traditionally identity, safety and efficacy were an integral part of Drug Property (Dravya guna)
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Bacoside A (2.5 - 3 % ), Bacoside B and other bacosides, Hersaponin, Betulicacid, Monnierin, Alkaloids - Brahmine(0.01-0.02 %) and Herpestine; Flavonoids; Saponin, D-mannitol, Nicotine, Saponins-Monierin . Sapogenins-Bacogenin A1-A4 . Bacosine
Parallel Systems of Knowledge with no dialogue
Rasa : Tikta Kasaya
Guna : Laghu, Sara
Virya : Sita
Vipaka : Madhura
Karma : V Kara, rasayana, medhya..
Varied Uses
Fever, Anaemia, Inflammation, Diabetes, Psychiatric disorders
Modern Ayurvedic
? ?
Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi)
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Our approach in Standardisation today…
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Some ‘Phytomedicines’that have ‘failed’in modern times
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Non-Contextual Usage
Acetone/Methanol extract
Isolated compounds,
Synthetic compound, Large dose
Practice
Anxiolyticeffect
Aqueous preparation
CalmingPiper methysticum
Stroke, heart attack
Weight loss, Energiser
Dietary supplement
Under supervision, as a whole herb
Asthma, Asthma, coldcold
Ephedrasinica
Adverse
Effects
Modern useRecommendationTraditional Use
Plant
Hepato-toxicity
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What is Reverse Pharmacognosy?
Pharmacognosy guided by Traditional Knowledge
Developing Contemporary Standards based on Traditional Advice,
Parameters and tools
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Factors Acknowledged by ISM
Processing & Storage
Collection
Identity of Ingredients
Quality Standards
Diagnosis of the ailment
Administration of the Drug
Constitution of Patient
(What?)
(When? Where from)
(How? How long?)
EfficacyWho to? How? How much? How long?
(For What?....
The Purpose)
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Plant parts Season of collection
Branches and leaves
Rainy (Varsha) and Spring (Vasantha)
Roots Summer (Greeshma) or Late winter (Shishira)
Bark, Rhizome, Sap
Autumn (Sharad )
Heart wood Early winter (Hemantha)
Flowers and fruits
As per Season
Traditional Recommendations- General
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Traditional Recommendations- Specific
Should be used after storing for 1 year
Vidanga (Embelia ribes)
Storage
Should be boiled in milk (Kshirapaka)
Pippali(Piper longum)
Processing
Collection at nightHaridra(Curcuma longa)
CollectionChitra tandula, KapaaliVidanga (Embelia ribes)Identity
RecommendationPlantFactor
AbhavaPratinidhi Dravya
Concept of Legitimate Drug
Substitution
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Importance of Processing
Poison Proper Processing Drug
Drug Improper Processing Poison
Yogadapi visham teekshnam uttamam bheshajam bhavet, bheshajam chapiduryuktam teekshnam sampadyate visham
(Cha. Su. 1.26)
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Effect of Processing• Rice- Uncooked- Very Heavy
• Cooked rice- Cooked with water-Comparatively light
• Kanji- Cooked with abundant water- light
• Puffed paddy-V.light
The changes in property of rice with cooking (Cha. Su.28. 271)
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Tea Picking• Picking early Spring &
summer
• Hand pick only the top three leaves
• Put no pressure on the leaves in the basket
• Start processing promptly
Quality varies if long leaves are
picked as opposed to young leaf buds
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We should be investing similarly into each of the TM plants to
study their variations, potencies and to state their USPs
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We need RELEVANT Parameters, Protocols &
Standards that not only reflectQuality but also Safety &
Efficacy…
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Inter-cultural approach
1. Traditional recommendations?
2. Logic behind the recommendations?
3. Traditional quality parameters? How are they measured?
4. How do we make them contemporary and applicable to industry?
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FRLHT, 74/2, Jarakhabande Kaval, Attur Post, via Yelahanka, Bangalore 560 064 Tel: 080 28568017; www.frlht.org
FRLHT Campus
How do it?
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Trade Information
Herbarium & Raw Drug Collection
Field Botanists Informatics
Characterisation Pharmacology
Pharmacognosy&
Pharmaceutics
TSM Experts
Clinic
ISM R&D
Garden
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Document Traditional Knowledge on Drugs
(simple non-Instrumental measurements)
Traditional
&
Modern Stdisn. Methods
Physical, Chemical
&
Biological Markers
Standard Drug
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Documentation
From
Texts
&
Traditions
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TQS Informatics
Software to store, retrieve
and analyse
data
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Develop Relevant Parameters, Methods and Standards
• Sensory Evaluation• Morphology• Microscopy• Chemistry• Molecular Markers• Bioactivity
Bio-chemical Standards
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Why Sensory Evaluation for Quality Control?
• Sensory Parameters were used to evaluate quality of Dravya(substance) particularly for on-line process control
•• It is still the widely accepted, It is still the widely accepted, scientific technique for QC in Food scientific technique for QC in Food & Beverage industries and & Beverage industries and PerfumeriesPerfumeries
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Uniqueness about Human Uniqueness about Human perceptionperception
•• All five sensesAll five senses--perceived & perceived & analysedanalysed by ONE by ONE instrumentinstrument--the Human Bodythe Human Body
•• Cognition adds valueCognition adds value——mental processormental processor•• SensitivitySensitivity-- more sensitivemore sensitive
•• Nose: 0.00025ppm; x1000 times betterNose: 0.00025ppm; x1000 times better•• Correlation specific to requirementCorrelation specific to requirement
•• E.g., unripe & ripe mangoE.g., unripe & ripe mango--purposepurpose•• Measures characteristic differencesMeasures characteristic differences
•• Subjectivity..reducedSubjectivity..reduced by training panelby training panel
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Sensory AnalysisAn Important QC tool for ISM Drugs
PROFILING BY TRAINED PANEL
MODERN ATTRIBUTES
TRADITIONAL ATTRIBUTES
TESTING AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
SENSORY STANDARDSSENSORY STANDARDS
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Bio-Chemical MarkersTrade, Distribution information
Traditional Information & Botanical Authentication
Bioassay/ Phytochemical/ Microscopy/ Mol Bio studies
Identify unique profiles/chemical markers
Relevant Quality Parameters/Tests/Markers
Isolation/ Characterisation, Biological activity
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Identity….?Correct Botanical Correlation
Substitutes Adulterants
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Etymological Analysis of Ayurvedic Synonyms
A. Pueraria tuberosaB. Palasha (Butea monosperma)
Triparni: Three-leavedPalashparni: Leaves similar to Palasha
White tubers of Pueraria tuberosa
(Shuklakanda, Sitha)
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TLC of Pueraria tuberosa
SCAR marker of Pueraria tuberosa(CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 94, NO. 10, 25 MAY 2008)
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Same Botanical identity but different stages of maturity
Collection: MaturityIpomea mauritiana Jacq. (tuber)
Comparision of bioactivity of Vidari- mature & immature tubers
0
2
4
6
8
Mature Immature
ED 5
0 va
lues
(mg/
ml)
TLC @ 366 nmBioactivity Preliminary HPTLC of tubers @ 366 nm at
different maturity stages
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Minutes
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Vol
ts
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Vol
ts
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Detector A (254nm)maturewholewholemature001
Detector A (254nm)immaturewholewholeimmature
0
20
40
60
80
2.75
8.8
12.4 14
14.7
19.1
23.1 71
Average girth of tubers (in cm)
Rat
io A
/B
Mature & Immature TubersIpomea mauritiana Jacq.
HPLC
Ratio of peaks Vs girth
A
B
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Compounds of interest
• At least 3 compounds-identified that appear to be related to maturity
• Isolation has been completed
• Characterisation is ongoing in collaboration with IISC
• Scopoletin and B-sitosterolseem to be present in both mature & immature
• One compound, may be a plant sterol, significantly higher in mature
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Mice model using colloidal Carbon
ANIMAL STUDIES
comparision of phagocytic activity of mature & immature tubers of Ipomoea mauritiana
00.020.040.060.080.1
0.12
Contro
lMatu
re-25
0mg/k
gMatu
re-50
0mg/k
g
Immature-
250m
g/kg
Immature-
500m
g/kg
Group
phag
ocyt
ic in
dex
Series1
IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF VIDARI IS MORE THAN THAT IN CONTROL
BIOACTIVITY OF MATURE IS MORE THAN THAT OF IMMATURE TUBERS
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Day & Night collection of Curcuma longa L.
Densitometric scans @ 254nm of C. longa
Bioactivity of C. longa
Effect of collection time on bioactivity of Curcuma longa (roots)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
4:00 17:00 21:00
Time of c olle c t ion (hrs)
LD
50 v
alue
(m
g/m
l)
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Milk Decoction
Samples : water decoction, milk decoction & standard Piperine(0.5µg)
Bioactivity of water decoction &milk decoction
Bioactivity of Piper longum preparations
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Milk Decoction Water decoction
Preparations
ED 5
0 (m
g/m
l)
Bioactivity of Piper longum preparations
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Milk Decoction Water decoction
Preparations
ED 5
0 (m
g/m
l)
Piperine ExtractedMilk Decoction: 0.17%Water Decoction: 0.12%
Piper longum L. (fruits)
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In conclusion…
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Conclusion• Reverse Pharmacognosy is a contextual
strategy to develop relevant standards
• Trans-disciplinary and inter-cultural objective parameters, protocols and standards need to be developed
• Research into TM principles, science and practice in order to understand the recommendations
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ConclusionWay forward
• Document TQS
• Select Top 100 traded drugs & their TQS
• R&D at 10 Research Partners
• Develop TK based objective methods & standards that not only reflect identity but activity as well, through modern tools
• Convert them to simple parameters & standards possibly non-instrumental
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• Inter-cultural, Inter-disciplinary understanding
• Cost-effective QC Diagnostics for the industry
• Cost-effective Drugs for Consumers
Challenges…
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Funds : MoEF, GoI, National Geographic Society, TATA Trusts
Darshan Shankar
Vd. GG Gangadharan
Subrahmanya
Shanthi
Devaiah
Chandrakala
Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
Acknowledgements
Thank You!