Download - Review Of Electric Vehicles
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Electric and HybridVehicles
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The Need for Alternative Fuel Vehicles
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Transportation65%
Electrical Generation4%
Buildings7%
Industry24%
Distribution of Oil Use
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Oil Use by Transportationand Oil Production
0
5
10
15
2019
70
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
Oil
(m
illi
ons
of b
arre
ls /
day)
Oil Use
Oil ProductionPetroleum Gap
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World Oil Production Forecast
0
5
10
15
20
25
3018
40
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
2040
An
nual
Wor
ld O
il P
rodu
ctio
n(B
illi
ons
of B
arre
ls)
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Percent of Total PollutionCaused by Transportation
CO = carbon monoxide NOx = oxides of nitrogenVOCs = volatile organic compounds CO2 = carbon dioxide
2CO
Particulates
VOCs
xNO
CO
Source: EPA, 1997
77%
49%
40%
24%
31%
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Number of People in Counties with Unacceptable Air Quality in 1997
9.1
2.4
47.9
7.9
52.6
101.6
9.7
107
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CO
Pb
NO2
O3
PM-10
PM-2.5
SO2
Any NAQS
Revised Standards
Older Standards
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CO Emissions by Source in 1997
57%19%
11%6% 4% 3%
On-Road Vehicles
Metal Processing
Fuel Combustion - OtherAll OtherMiscellaneous
Non-Road Enginesand Vehicles
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Nitrogen Oxide (Nox) Emissionsby Source in 1997
30%
26%
14%6% 5%
19%
On-Road Vehicles
Fuel Combustion:Other
All Other Non-Road Enginesand Vehicles
Fuel Combustion:Industrial
Fuel Combustion :Utility
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Volatile Organic Compound Emissionsby Source in 1997
27%34%
7% 19%
13%
On-Road Vehicles
Storage and TransportAll Other
Non-Road Enginesand Vehicles
Solvent Utilization
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Particulate Matter Emissionsby Source in 1997
24%
9%10%24%
16%
17% On-Road and Non-RoadEngines and Vehicles
OtherIndustrialProcesses
Fuel Combustion:Other
All Other Fuel Combustion:Industrial
Fuel Combustion :Utility
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Ozone Non-Attainment Areas
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Benefits of
Electric Vehicles
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Energy Sources for Generation of Electricity
Coal56%
Petroleum2%
Natural Gas9%
Hydroelectric11%
Nuclear22%
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Alternative Fuel Emission Comparisona
Grams/mile
Vehicle Volatile Organic Gases CO Nox
Exhaust Evaporative Total
Gas 0.35 0.04 0.39 1.40 0.66
Methanol 0.25 0.09 0.34 1.00 0.45
LPG 0.20 0 0.20 1.40 0.27
CNG 0.19 0 0.19 0.10 0.44
Electricity* 0.006 0 0.006 0.008 0.07
aSource--CARB Report, May 1989*Estimate of power plant emissions from Los Angeles Basin electricity generation
Comparison of Emissions
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12
10
8
6
4
2
OperatingCost
¢/mile
Gasolinevehicle
Electricvehicle
Operating Costs
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Benefits of Electric Vehicles
• Fuel costs up to 50% lower
• Lower maintenance costs
• Increased rider comfort
• Higher initial torque provides acceleration
• Exemption from emission inspections
• Convenience of home refueling
• Evs are “green” vehicles.
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Electric VehicleTechnology
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Diagram of a Gasoline Car
Starter
Gas Tank
WaterPump
Exhaust System
Engine
SmogControls
GasPump
OilPump
Generator
Carburetor
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Diagram of an Electric Vehicle
ControllerMotor
Battery
Battery ManagementSystem
Charger
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Electric Vehicle Battery Pack
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Characteristics of an Electric Vehicle Battery
Battery PerformanceCharacteristic
Energy density
Power density
Life of the battery
Battery cost
How Measured
Whrs/Kg
W/Kg
CyclesYears
$/KWhr
What Is Affected
Driving range
Acceleration and hill climbing
Battery replacement period and life cycle cost
Vehicle purchase priceBattery replacement cost
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Comparison of Electric Motors
AC Motor
Single speed transmission
Light weight
Less expensive
95% efficiency at full load
More expensive controller
Motor/controller/inverter is more expensive
DC Motor
Multi-speed transmission
Heavier for same power
Higher cost
85-89% efficiency at full load
Simple controller
Motor/controller - lower cost
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Diagram of Home Refueling
Vehicle EV SupplyEquipment
Wiring ingarage orcarport
Electricalservice
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A Conductive Refueling Connector
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An Inductive Refueling Connector
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Conductive ChargerInductive Charger
Level 1 Inductive and Conductive Charging
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Level 2 Charging
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Level 3 Charger
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Comparison of Charging Times at the 3 Levels
H ou rs to F u lly C h arge B attery1 61 41 21 0 8 6 4 2 0
L ev el 1 L eve l 2 L ev el 3
N o te : C h a rg e tim e s c a n v a ry d e p e n d in g u p o n th e ty p e o f b a tte ry, a ir te m p e ra tu re , a n d v a r io u s fa c to rs .
IW C S ta n d a rd C h a rg in g L ev e ls
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12
10
8
6
4
2
Fuelcost
¢/mile
Gasolinevehicle
Electricvehicle
Fuel Costs
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Switch Mode Charger
A CIn pu t
60 H z
R ec tifier/F ilterO u tpu t
R ec tifier/F ilter
H igh -F requencyIn ve rte r
D C
D C toB a tte ryP ack
C o n tro lC ircu it
15 K H z-1M H z15 K H z-1M H z
C o m m unica tion s L ine
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Inductive Charger
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Conductive Charger
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Fundamentals ofHybrid Electric
Vehicles
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An Electric Car
Transmission
Power Unit(motor/controller)
Fuel (batteries)
Regenerative Brakes(energy returns to batteries)
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A Gasoline Car
Transmission
Power Unit(internal combustion engine)
Fuel (gasoline)
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Series Hybrid Electric Car
Transmission
Power Unit(motor/controller)
Fuel(batteries)
AuxiliaryUnit Fuel
AuxiliaryPower Unit
Regenerative Brakes
Generator
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Parallel Hybrid Electric Car
Transmission
Power Unit(motor/controller)
Fuel(batteries)
AuxiliaryUnit Fuel Auxiliary
Power Unit
Regenerative Brakes
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Combination Hybrid Car
Transmission
Power Unit(motor/controller/generator)
Fuel(batteries)
AuxiliaryUnit Fuel Auxiliary
Power Unit
Regenerative Brakes
Generator
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Characteristics of HEVs
• Series HEV– Electric motor powers the vehicle.– Engine runs at constant speed and charges the battery
pack.– Location of the APU motor/generator is flexible.
• Parallel HEV– APU engine and electric motor are connected to the drive
system--improves efficiency.– Greater power is available using the APU engine and
electric motor simultaneously.– No generator is needed.
• Combination HEV– Characteristics of both series and hybrid HEVs.– More components and a more complex control system is
needed.
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Advantages of HybridElectric Vehicles
• Range is greater than an EV.
• Emissions are reduced.
• Gas mileage is improved.
• There is a potential for zero harmful emissions.
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Energy Losses of ICE Vehicle
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Energy Losses of an HEV
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Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle
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Availabilityof
Electric Vehicles
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General Motors EV1
• Standard Equipment– Dual air bags– Anti-locking braking system– Low rolling resistance tires– Aluminum wheels– AM-FM/cassette/CD– Electriclear windshield
– Solar glass– Dual power outside mirrors– Cruise control– Power door locks– Power windows– Heat pump A/C
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General Motors EV1
• Performance– Range 65-95 miles (Lead acid); 75-140 miles
(NiMH)– Top speed 80 mph (governed)– Motor 137 Hp AC– Battery type Lead acid, NiMH (optional)– Acceleration 0-60 mph in 8.5 sec.– Nominal system voltage 312 volts– Charger 6.6 kw inductive– Charging time 2-3 hours– Price Lease only for $399 to $574
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Chevrolet S-10
• Standard Equipment– battery thermal management
system– power steering– regenerative braking– driver’s side air bag– daytime running lamps– air conditioning
– fuel fired cabin heater--assists cabin heat pump
– cruise control– four wheel, anti-lock brakes– AM/FM radio– tilt steering wheel– intermittent windshield wipers
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Ford Ranger
• Standard Equipment– Dual air bags– 4 wheel ABS– Power steering– Electric resistance heater– Aluminum wheels– Low rolling resistance tires
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Honda EV Plus
• Standard Equipment– Dual air bags– Power brakes– Anti-locking braking system– Heat pump climate control system– AM-FM radio / CD
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Honda EV Plus
• Performance– Range 125 miles– Motor 66 Hp DC– Battery type Sealed NiMH– Acceleration 0-60 mph in 17.7
sec.– Nominal system voltage 288volts– Payload 700 lbs.– Charger 4.2 kw inductive– Charging time 8 hours
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Toyota RAV4-EV
• Standard Equipment– Dual air bags– Heat pump A/C– Power windows and door locks– AM-FM/cassette– Heated seats– Heated windshield– Rear window defogger and wiper– Low rolling resistance tires
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Bombadier Neighborhood Vehicle
• Performance– Maximum Speed 25 mph– Range 30 miles.– Acceleration 0-20 in 6 sec.– Batteries Six 12 volt, sealed lead acid– Charge Time 8 hours– Cost Starting at $6199
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Electric Bicycles
• Zap Electricruizer– Price $699-$824
• Zap PowerBike with 18 speed index shifting– Price $899
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Electric Bicycles
• Zap Patrol Bike– Price $1250-$2000
• Smith-Wesson Bike
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Electric Cycles
• Electricycle– Speed 25 mph– Range 20 miles.– Acceleration 0-18 in 6
sec.– Motor 24 volt DC– Batteries Two 12 volt– Weight 176 lbs.– Cost $2000
• Electric Scooter– Speed 13 mph/level ground– Range 8 miles– Weight 37 lbs.– Cost $650
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Electric Buses
• Electric Vehicle International Electric Transit Bus
– Range 40-60 miles
• Blue Bird Electric Transit Bus– Range 80 miles
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Electric Buses
• Thomas Built Electric Bus– Range 70-75
miles– Seating capacity 63
• Electric Powered Trolley– Range 40-70
miles
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Electric Fork Lift Trucks
Features– Standard three wheel– 2000-3000 lb. capacity– 24 volts– 5.6-6.7 mph max. speed
• Features– Sit down four wheel– 7000-12,000 lb.
capacity– 36-48 volts– 6-8.9 mph max. speed
• Features– Sit down three wheel– 3000-4000 lb. capacity– 36-48 volts– 7.5-10 mph max. speed
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Solectria Citivan
• Performance– Speed 45 mph– Range 40 miles– Payload 3500 lbs.– Motor 70 KW– System voltage 312 volts
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Tram and Utility Vehicles
• Cushman Utility Vehicle– Speed 20 mph– Capacity 1200
lbs.– Battery 48 volts
• Electric Vehicles International Tram– Seating 78 people– Range 40-70 miles
• Cushman Utility Vehicle– Speed 12 mph– Capacity 1400
lbs.– Battery 36 volts
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Toyota PriusHybrid Electric Vehicle
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Honda InsightHybrid Electric Car