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DEVELOPMENTAL TASK
ERIK ERIKSONs PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
Stage/ Age Actual findings Interpretations Justification
Trust vs Mistrust
(Infancy- birth to 18
months)
As what his mother
told him, Patient L
likes sucking his
thumb. He keeps
on crying when he
feels pain, hungry
and doesn't get
what he wants.
Besides of his
personality shown,
he still cared by his
parents and
provided the things
he needed.
At this stage,
patient L had
develop a sense of
trust to his parents
especially to his
mother.
Based on the
actual findings,
patient achieved
this stage.
During this stage the
infant is uncertain
about the world in
which they live. To
resolve these feelings
of uncertainty the
infant looks towards
their primary caregiver
for stability and
consistency of
care.Children develop
a sense of trust when
caregivers provide
reliability, care and
affection. A lack of this
will lead to mistrust.
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Autonomy vs
Shame and Doubt
(Early Childhood
18months to 3 y/o)
When he was
almost 2 y/o, his
mother told him
that he was trained
to walk with
assistance (of his
mother). At this
age, he was the
one who choose of
what clothes he
wants to wear. He
was fond of playing
toy cars. According
to his mother, he
let patient L to play
Based on the
actual findings,
patient L achieved
this stage.
During this stage the
child should develop
virtue of hope.
During this stage the
child needs to develop
sense of personal
control over physical
skills and a sense of
independence.
Success leads to the
feeling of autonomy,
failure results in feeling
of shame and doubt.
During this stage the
child should develop
virtue of will.
In this stage, the child
needs to begin
asserting control and
power over the
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Initiative vs Guilt
( Preschool 3-5
y/o)
around.
According
.
Based on the
actual findings,
patient L achieved
this stage.
environment. Success
to this stage leads to a
sense of purpose.
Children who exert too
much power
experience
disapproval, resulting
in sense of guilt.
If parents are
encouraging, but
consistent in discipline,
children will learn to
accept without guilt,
that certain things are
not allowed, but at the
same time will not feel
shame when using
their imagination and
engaging in make-
believe role
plays. Virtue of
purpose.
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Industry vs
Inferiority
( School age 6-12
y/o)
At this stage,
Patient L was
encouraged by his
parents and
teachers to study
hard as well as to
participate in
joining activities in
their school.
According to him,
during his primary
days, his always
Based on the
actual findings, the
patient achieved
this stage.
During this stage,
teachers play an
increased role in the
childs development. If
children are
encouraged and
reinforced for their
initiative, they begin to
feel industrious and
feel confident in their
ability to achieve goals.
If this initiative is not
encouraged, if it is
restricted by parents or
teacher, then the child
begins to feel inferior,
doubting his own
abilities and therefore
may not reach his
potential.
Child needs to cope
with new social and
academic demands.
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Identity vs Role
confusion
interact with his
classmates.
In this stage,
Patient L was
Success leads to a
sense of competence,
while failure results to
feelings of inferiority.
Virtue of competence.
During this stage,
development depends
on what is done to a
person. At this point,
development now
depends primarily
upon what a person
does. An adolescent
must struggle to
discover and find his or
her own identity, while
negotiating and
struggling with social
interactions and fitting
in, and developing a
sense of morality and
right from wrong.
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( Adolescence 12-
20y/o)
confused about the
things he
perceived in his
environment such
as smoking and
drinking. At the
age of 15, Patient
L tried to take
those things for
him not be ignorant
though he knows
that it is not right
doing as a
teenager. He was
scolded by his
mother about his
doing and
understands their
side.
Based on the
actual findings
patient L achieved
this adolescence
stage.
Those unsuccessful
with this stage tend to
experience role
confusion and
upheaval. Adolescents
begin to develop a
strong affiliation and
devotion to ideals,
causes, and friends.
During this stage,
young adult need to
form inmate loving
relationship with other
people. Success leads
to strong relationship
while failure results tin
loneliness and
isolation.
In this stage, adults
need to create or
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Intimacy vs
Isolation
( Young adulthood
18-30y/o)
Generativity vs.
Stagnation
(30 y/o to 65 y/o)
Patient L had
committed
relationship with
the opposite sex.
At the age of 28,
he got married and
they live together
after their
marriage.
Patient L was
married for almost
30 years and they
have already 5
Based on the
actual findings,
patient L achieved
this young
Adulthood.
Based on the
nurture things that will
outlast them, often by
having a children or
creating a positive
change that benefits
with other people.
Success leads to
feeling of usefulness
and accomplishment,
while failure results in
shallow involvement in
the world.
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children. He seems
happy with his
family and they are
supporting each
other in times of
difficulties in life
especially when he
was suffering from
stroke.
actual findings, the
patient achieved
this stage.
JEAN PIAGETs COGNITIVE THEORY
Stage/ Age Actual Findings Interpretation Justification
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Sensory-Motor
Stage: Birth through
2 y/o
As what his mother
told him, he was a
breastfeed child. He
always sucks his
thumb. He cries
when he was
hungry or in pain.
He always grasps
the objects nearer
to him. He was
weaned when he
turned 2.
Based on the actual
findings, patient L
achieved the
sensory-motor
stage.
In this stage, infants
progressively
construct
knowledge and
understanding of
the world by
coordinating
experiences (such
as vision and
hearing) with
physical interactions
with objects (such
as grasping,
sucking, and
stepping). Infants
gain knowledge of
the world from these
physical actions
they perform within
it. They progress
from reflexive,
instinctual action at
birth to the
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Pre-operational
(2-7 years)
As what his mother
told him, when he
wants something he
can definitely get it.
His mother also
notice that his
playing and talking
without any
playmates. And he
always ask question
in the things and
happening surround
him.
Based on the actual
findings, patient L
achieved the pre-
operational stage.
beginning of
symbolic thought
toward the end of
the stage.
The child in pre-
operational stage is
not yet able to think
logically. With the
acquisition of
language the child
is able to represent
the world trough
mental images and
symbols, but in
stage, these
symbols depend on
his own perception
and his intuition.
The preoperational
child is completely
egocentric.
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Concrete
Operations
(7-12 years)
Formal Operations
According to him,
he was starting to
make some
excuses to his
parent. He was able
to solve simple
mathematical
problem.
According to him,
Based on the actual
findings the patient
achieved this stage.
Based on the actual
This stage
begins when the
child is able to
perform mental
operations. During
this stage, children
begin to reason
logically, and
organize thoughts
coherently.
However, they can
only think about
actual physical
objects, and cannot
handle abstract
reasoning. This
stage is also
characterized by a
loss of egocentric
thinking.
The formal
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11 years to
adulthood
during this time he
can solve
mathematical
problem even it is
difficult. And he also
develop the sense
of arguing.
According to Mr. L,
as a father he
always looks up to
his children
especially in times
of problems and
decision making.
His opinion is very
important in the
family and most of
the time it was
followed.
findings, patient L
achieved this formal
operational stage.
operational stage is
characterized by the
ability to formulate
hypotheses and
systematically test
them to arrive at an
answer to a
problem.
The
individual in the
formal stage is also
able to think
abstractly and to
understand the form
or structure of a
mathematical
problem.
Another
characteristic of the
individual is their
ability to reason
contrary to fact.
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SIGMUD FREUDs PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY
Stage/ Age Actual Findings Interpretation Justification
Oral Stage
(Birth to 18 months)
Anal Stage
(18 months to 3 y/o
)
During this stage,
he was breastfeed
and often feed
through bottle. As
what his mother
said that when his
hungry, he will
sucks his thumb. He
was weaned when
he turned 2.
At this stage,
Patient L was
trained by his
mother the proper
way of elimination
and had control his
bodily needs.
Based on the actual
findings the patient
achieved this stage.
Not achieved
During this stage,
the child is focused
on oral pleasures
(sucking). Too much
or too little
gratification can
result in an oral
fixation.
The anus is the
primary erogenous
zone and pleasure
is derived from
controlling bladder
and bowel
movement. The
major conflict issue
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Phallic Stage
(3-6 years old)
Patient L had these
feelings of wanting
to possess the
mother and the
desire to replace the
father, as verbalized
by his mother. But
later on he realized
that his mother have
no penis like him.
Based on the actual
findings, patient L
achieved this stage.
during this stage is
toilet training. A
fixation at this stage
can result in a
personality that is
too rigid or one that
is too disordered.
In this stage, the
center of desire is
the genital. Gender
development occurs
at this stage due to
the Oedipus and
Electra complex.
Freud believed that
a boy would have
natural love for his
mother up until this
stage, but as the
pleasure focus at
this stage is the
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Latency Stage
(6 years old to
puberty)
Patient L mingles
with his friends as
he enters the
school. He is
interested in playing
Based on the actual
findings, the patient
achieved the
latency stage.
genital region, it
was inevitable that
this love would
become sexual.
Whilst these sexual
feelings were in the
unconscious, a
young boy would
see his father as a
rival standing in his
way, and would
therefore feel
feelings of
aggression and
hatred towards his
father.
Children at this
stage will form
healthy same-sex
friendships at
school, and will start
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Genital Stage
Puberty to
adulthood
basketball or other
activities that
involves in sports
and he enjoys
participating in their
school activities.
According to him,
he got a relationship
with opposite sex
when he was in high
school.
Pt. L was married to
his wife for more
than 30years
already and he was
happy living with his
family. He was a
good husband and
a warm and caring
father. He balanced
Based on the actual
findings, patient L
achieved the genital
stage.
to focus on
their school life and
sport. Fixation is not
possible at this
stage, as there is no
pleasure focus.
Through the lessons
learned during the
previous stages,
adolescents direct
their sexual urges to
the opposite sex
peers with the
primary focus is the
genitals.
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his time for his work
and family.