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26 May 2011Rice Productivity-TNAU-CBE-Bala
Vethaiya Balasubramanian
ENHANCING RICE
PRODUCTIVITY: CHALLENGESAND OPPORTUNITIES
Intl. Agricultural Consultant & TrainerRamya Nursery Illam42, Thadagam Road (Near TVS Nagar)Coimbatore 641025, IndiaTel: 91-422-240-0327; mobile: 91-94863-94901
E-mail: [email protected]
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9
876
54321
AD1 500 1000 1500 2000
AD1.2 1650.51850.0
1930.0
1975.0
1999.0
2050.5lobal opulationGrowth-D1 2050
lobal opulationGrowth-D1 2050
BillionBillion
-o o d P o p u la tio nR a c e
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Food: A Weak Link
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Rice: Importance
Particulars Global India
Area (m ha) 155 44
Production, unmilled paddy rice (m
t)
642 142
Food for (% of the totalpopulation)
50 60
Per capita food energy/calorieintake(% of total)
20 30
Per capita protein intake (% oftotal)
13 18
Contribution to GDP (%) -- 18
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iverse Rice Ecosystems
Irrigated Rainfed uplands
Ranifed lowlands Saline Terraced Hill Rice
Reasons for low productivity in IndiaReasons for low productivity in India
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Percent area in different riceecologies
iceEcologies rea( )ha Productiopaddy( )trrigated .4 7 .5 3ainfedlowland 14 .2 0ainfedpland
4 .4lood prone .3 .7Total 44 .41 4
ertilizer N use( g ha -1 ). Irrigated: 139. :Rainfed wetland8. Upland: 36. -Flood prone: 21
India RiceSituation
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Agriculture: Natural Resources
Genetic: rice and other crop varieties Water, land, soil nutrients Weather elements: temperature,
radiation, atmospheric gases (e.g. CO2) Biological organisms: beneficial &
antagonistic External inputs: organic materials,
fertilizers, chemicals
Source: S.P. Kam, IRRI
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1. GR Challenge: Biodiversity Loss
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Genetic & BiotechGenetic & BiotechOptionsOptions
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Breeding HY Rice Varieties
A high yielding hybridwith Xa 21gene (fromwild rice) released byCNRRI,China
HYVs: IR8, IR36, IR64, etc.: Yield: 8-10 t ha-1
Hybrid varieties: 10-15% higher yieldAerobic rice varieties: Water-efficient HYVs for non-
puddled rice growingTransgenic varieties: HYVs resistant to insect pests
& diseases & tolerant to flood, drought, salinity, Pdeficiency, etc.
Green Super Rice (GSR): HYVs tolerant to biotic &abiotic stresses and with rapid early growth
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Wide Hybridizationfor Disease Resistance and
Abiotic Stress Tolerance
IR73678-6-9-B) derivedfrom O. sativa cvIR64 x O. rufipogonreleased as a nationalvariety (AS996) in2002): tolerant toacid sulfate soils (>100,000 ha in
Mekong Delta,
IR73885-1-4-3-2-1-6derived from O. sativa cvIR64 x O. rufipogonreleased as variety(Matatag 9) in 2002 forcultivation in tungro-prone areas of thePhilippines.
IR 72102-4-159-1-3-3derived from the crossofO. sativa x O.longistaminatareleased as a HYV(NSICRc112) in 2002in the Philippines
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Molecular Tagging of Major Genesfor Stress Tolerance
Disease/insect Number of genes Genes taggedBacterial blight 24 Xa1, Xa2, Xa3, Xa4, xa5,
xa10, xa13, Xa21
Blast 30 Pi-1, Pi2, Pi4, Pi5, Pi6, Pi7,Pi9, Pi10
BPH 11 Bph1, Bph10
Gall midge
SubmergenceSalt tolerance
P-deficiencyDrought
6
11
1several
Gm1, Gm2, gm3, Gm4, Gm5,Gm6Sub1 (e.g., Swarna sub1)Saltol
Pop 1106 GSR (drought-tolerant)56 GSR (multiple pests-disease tolerant)
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2. Water Use &2. Water Use &IrrigationIrrigation
Issues & OptionsIssues & Options
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Water Resources: Characteristics
Water: Most precious NR essential for life onearth 97.5% saline: oceans, salt lakes
2.5% freshwater: 2.24% glaziers & 0.26% renewablefreshwater in rivers, lakes, aquifers, soil moisture
Highly variable in time & space and continuouslycirculating
India: Water resources 4% annual runoff in global rivers to support 16% of
global population Annual rain: 1120 mm Water flow in Indian rivers:
1863 b m3
Annual per capita: 2340 m3 in 1980 1170 m 3 in
2009due to population growth Agriculture use > 70%-80% of the freshwater
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4.6 5.3
10.6
2.3
14.9
51.8
19.6
2.4 2.54
2.11.8 1.5 1.8 2
8.7
20.7
9.9 10.6
4.2
7.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
China India Pakistan UK USA Bangladesh Nepal
1955
1990
2025
Per Capita Water Availabilityin Selected Countries (000 m3)
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Water Loss & Degradation:I. Natural Causes
Tropical weather High temp Rapid evaporation
Destruction of water structures by
cyclones & floods Poor rainfall distribution: droughts,floods Poor water use
Climate change Reduced rainfall, sea-
level rise & salinization of coastalaquifers
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Water Loss & DegradationII. Human-made Causes
Pollution of surface waters: Dumping of sewage,industrial & hospital wastes in water bodies
Uncontrolled, excessive soil mining from riverbedsReduced recharge of aquifers
Encroachment & blocking of natural waterways Poor maintenance and/or closure village/temple
tanks, ponds, wells
Over-exploitation of groundwater 500-600 m
deep wells heavy metals (Arsenic) Poor adoption of water harvesting methods:
household, roadside, large buildings, villagelevel, state level, national
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Annual Water Demand by Vario
Sectors
83%
5% 7%
5%
irr igation domestic industry energy
Annual Water Demand by Vario
Sectors
69%
11%
15%
5%
irr igation domestic industry energy
2000
2025
1.10-15% less in share
of irrigation
2. Higher generation of wastewater
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Water supply
A major economicdriver in 21st Century
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Coping with Water Shortages
Improve the use of all watersources
Treat and reuse non-traditional watersources (waste water, brackishgroundwater, seawater, mine water)
Use non-traditional water for cooling& processing in power plants
Switch to renewable energytechnologies (wind, solar) that donot need water for cooling
Condense evaporation from coolingtowers for reuse
Conserve and efficiently use all water
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Rice Farming: Enhancing Water Use
Efficiency
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Water Use Per kg Grain
Rice :3000-4000 l
Wheat:800 l
Irrigated rice variety:For each day reduction in duration,farmers can save 50,000 l water ha-1
Crops/Varieties vs.
Water Use
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03 April 2008Rice NRM-TVM-Kerala (Bala)
Precision Land Levelingon Water Use & Yield of Unpuddled TPR
Leveling method Water use(m3 ha-1)
% Savingin water
Rice yield(kg ha-1)
WP(kg m-3)Laser leveling 6900 31 5800 0.84
Traditional leveling 9050 - 5500 0.61
Mean of 40 farmer participatory trials (Source: R.K. Gupta, 2005)
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Improving Water Use-I
Efficient irrigation: Drip, Fertigation,AWD, farmer-managed small irrigationsystems
Groundwater irrigation >> Surfaceirrigation
Water harvesting systems:
houses & large buildings, road & highwaysides, village level State level National level
restore tanks/ponds/wells
groundwater recharge (excess flood
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Improving Water Use-II
Dryland agriculture: Farm ponds,life-saving irrigation at critical cropstages, portable sprinklers, solar-
powered water pumps, etc. Better climate prediction-
warning & crop insurance
systems
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Agriculture & Water Use
Water use
parameters
Water source
Rainfall Surfaceirrigation
GroundwaterirrigationWater volume High Moderate Low
Reliability Low Medium tovariable
High, on-demandirrigation
Crop yields Low, variable High Highest
Productionrisks
High Low Lowest
Possibility ofPrecisionagriculture
No Yes Yes
Energy use forirrigation
Nil Low High
FarmersPreference
Low High Highest
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3. Land Issues
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Land Availability Issues
Land area limited Land available per capita
decreasing fast:
Population growth Conversion of farm land to other
uses: housing, recreation, industry,infrastructure
Degradation of land: desertification, salinity, etc.
Deterioration of irrigation
infrastructure
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Land-use Change Issues
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Land Management Options
Reduced & zero tillage Direct seeding under crop residues Vegetation cover, mulching, barriers
across slopes Rehabilitation of degraded lands:
Rehabilitation of saline-alkaline lands Recovery of nutrient depleted land:
efficient, crop need-based nutrient mgt Polluted land: waste treatment
nutrients recovery & use
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Planting Rice-Wheat into Loose Residues
Less weeds; better moisture conservation; &higher OM addition
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Mulch: Brown Manuring in DSR
qNo additional irrigation water neededqReduces weed population by nearly half, controls second flushqRecycles nutrients & supplies 15-20 kg N ha-1
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4. Soil ResourceDegradation Issues & options
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Soil Resource Degradation
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Nutrient umber of development blocks withndicated nutrient statusLow Medium HighN 228 118 8
P 170 184 17
K 47 194 122
S S deficiency scattered over 130 districts
Mg Very acid soils in Kerala and other southern states
deficient in Mg
Zn % ,50 of 200 000 soil samples analyzed found deficient inZn
Fe , Widespread Zn deficiency in upland calcareous soils
B ,Parts of West Bengal Karnataka and Kerala deficient in B
utrient deficiencies in Indian Soils( - - )PI Canada India 2000
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Progressive Depletion ofProgressive Depletion ofSoil Nutrients - IndiaSoil Nutrients - India
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Motto:
Use All NutrientSources
To Maintain SoilFertility
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BNF: Green ManuresRich in N, K, Ca & Mg; Poor in P & S
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Biosolid Wastes: Nutrients + Energy
Home composter: 3-pots method Rural composting: Pile or pit methods
Vermi-composting
Mesophilic or Thermophilic digesters:Industrial, municipal use
ING-N2010-Delhi-N Forms-Bala03-07 Dec 2010
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Potential Nutrient ContributionOrganic Wastes - India
W t W t M t O ti
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Waste Water Management Options
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Eco-san Toilet: Waste RecyclingDeveloped by SCOPE
Treated Urine as Liquid Fertilizer for Rice
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Treated Urine as Liquid Fertilizer for Rice(Trial by SCOPE + TNAU)
W t t A i lt
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Wastewater Agriculture
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27-29 Nov 2010CRRI-Rice-2010 WS- Sust NRM (Bala)
Animal Farming & Manure Mgt
Reduce CH4 production: Improvingfeeds, feed additives, grass
Small farm crop-animal systems:
Coupling crops & animals cropresidues for animals & manure forland
Mesophilic & thermophilicdigestion of manure: Recoverenergy & nutrient-rich sludge,recycled water for crops
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31 Oct 2008MD Team - MD Rice PPT New Delhi (Bala)
Fertilizer Use:Challenges & Options
F t C t lli NUE
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Factors Controlling NUE
Nitrogen Flows in Food Chain, China 2005
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Nitrogen Flows in Food Chain, China 2005(Ma et al 2010)
Add 13 kg N toFood-Chain
1 kg Food-N toConsumers
NUE (%)Crops: 26Animals: 11Food Chain: 9
External N supply Options
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External N supply Options
Mi i i L k f N i t E i t
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Soil N Supply
Plant N Demand
SynchronizeSynchronize
MineralFertilizer
INS: LegumesResidues, Orgwastes, SOM
Minimize Leakage of N into EnvironmentImprove N-Use Efficiency
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Precision Farming Developed CountriesComputer-GPS-Variable Rate N Application
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N Management Tools
a b
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INM: Principles
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31 Oct 2008MD Team - MD Rice PPT New Delhi (Bala)
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SSNM Approach for Irrigated Rice
Adjust fertilizer rates and timingto location and season-specificconditions Use organic sources + fertilizers
(INM) Feed rice with nutrients as per
crop need Use of LCC for N and OP for P and K Balance N, P, and K in ratio required
by rice Apply K in 2 splits (50% basal & 50%
at PI)
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11-13 Aug 2010ICPN-2010-Custom Nut Mgt (Bala)
4. GHG Emissions &
Climate Change
5. Weather Elements:
Climate Challenge &Climate Adaptation
Sector-wise Global GHG Emissions (2000)
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Sector-wise Global GHG Emissions (2000)(Source: Wikipedia)
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Rice cultivation
23%
Manure
management
5%
Emission from
soils
12%
Enteric
fermentation
59%
Crop residues
1%
-Sector wise,GHG Emissions
India
,GHG EmissionsIndian
Agriculture
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mprove water and fertilizer use in:ice & ,fertilizer tates timing,nitrification inhibitors controlled
,release fertilizers nano fertilizermolecules
mprove management of livestockopulation and their diet ncrease soil carbon sequestration :
/ , ,minimal zero tillage residue managementlive mulches
mprove energy use efficiency in:griculture -energy efficient farm,machines conservation agricultural
( )tillage practices
educing Emission of GHGs fromice Fields
AK Shukla, CRRI
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Effect of Nimin and DCD on cumulative N2O emission
from flooded rice, Cuttack
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Control Urea-N Urea-N+Nimin Urea+N+DCD
N2Of
lu
x(kg/ha)
Mitigation of GHGs - N2O
Use of nitrification inhibitors
AK Shukla, CRRI
Nit id iti ti ith it ifi ti
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Nitrification inhibitor Mitigation (%)
Dicyandiamide (DCD) 13-42
Neem cake 10-21Neem oil 15-21
Nimin 25-30
Coated Ca-carbide 12-29Thiosulphate 15-20
Nitrous oxide mitigation with nitrificationinhibitor
Source: Pathak et al. (2001, 2007), Majumdar et al. (2002), Malla et al.(2005), Jain et al. (2010)
GWP in Different RCTs in Modipuram India
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
FP Mid
drain
Bed
DSR
Bed
TPR
ZT
DSR
ZT
TPR
GWP(k
gCO2equi.ha-1) Rice Wheat
alculated GWP is more in the conventionalystem because of more methane emission inontinuously submerged condition in rice andore fuel consumption for tillage and
GWP in Different RCTs in Modipuram, India
Cli ti Ad t ti i A i lt
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Climatic Adaptation in Agriculture:
A Continuous Process1.Agriculture diversity is a manifestationof climatic adaptation
2.Farmers/society have always adaptedwhen allowed by technologyavailability, their socio-economiccapacity, and economics
3.Induced adaptation by innovation: Green revolution of 1960s
Resource conservation technologiessuch as zero tillage
GMOs
AK Shukla, CRRI
Traditional adaptations/coping strategies to
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Traditional adaptations/coping strategies toclimatic stress practiced by farmers
Drought proofing by mixed cropping
Low yielding, tolerant crops
Resource conservation
Single croppingFrost management by irrigation
Heat stress alleviation by frequent irrigation
Shelter belts
Water harvesting structures
AK Shukla, CRRI
Ad t ti O ti t Cli ti Ch
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Adaptation Options to Climatic Change:Autonomous
qChanging varieties/cropsqAltering fertiliser rates & methods to be more suited
to the prevailing climate
qEfficient irrigation methods: groundwater >>>
surface water; conjunctive water use
qWater harvesting for rainfed agriculture
qConserve soil moisture (e.g. crop residue retention)
qAltering the timing & location of farming activitiesqDiversifying: livestock raising, crop processing
AK Shukla, CRRI
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Enhancing Rice Productivity
Raising yield:Integratingtechnologies - ICM
Increasing croppingintensity
Reducing crop losses &adding value
Crop diversification
Increasing net
profitability Sustainability
Ecological, Sustainable Yield Increases
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Ecological, Sustainable Yield Increases
Improving soil fertility Judicial, balanced fert. use; reducing soil erosion;enhancing soil structure; improving plants access towater & nutrients; improving crop rotations
Avoid soil mining practices
INM strategies for efficient nutrient
use SSNM, IPNS, ISFM, etc. Seed quality, seeding rates & early
crop mgt Timely field operations -
mechanization Improved integrated disease andinsect pest management (IPM) Host plant resistance: HYVs with resistance to major
stresses such as drought, flood, salinity, insect pestsand pathogens
Improved post-harvest processing and
ICM Options GAPICM Options GAP
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ICM Options GAPICM Options GAP
1 seedling perhill - 25 x 25
Inter-rowcultivation
SSNM
AdaptedHYV
Good seed
Robust,young
seedlings
Modifiedmat
nursery
Appropriate Mechanization Options
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pp op a e ec a a o Op o s(Timely field operations, higher labor productivity, higher yield &
quality produce)
Total Food Waste in Developed and Developing countries
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Rice Productivity-TNAU-CBE-BalaPublished by AAAS
H. C. J. Godfray et al., Science 327, 812-818 (2010)
Total Food Waste in Developed and Developing countries
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Reducing Crop/Food Losses
INM: Improving soil health Better flood control and drainage IPM: Minimizing crop damage by insect
pests and diseases Mechanization for timely operations Better harvest and post-harvest
processing
Improving storage Improving packaging and transportation
Post Harvest Options
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Post-Harvest OptionsReducing losses after production
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Way Forward
Unsustainable Intensive Farming:
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Unsustainable Intensive Farming:Any Solutions?
Organic farming : Can it be analternative?
Advantages claimed by proponents Food safety
Environmental health Resource conservation Preservation of biodiversity Sustainability Local food economy
Difficulties Population growth (9.5 billion by 2050): Can it
feed all? Availability and processing of inputs High labor needs: Can automation in
processing help?
S t i bl P d ti S t
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Sustainable Production Systems
System Sustainability
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26 May 2011Rice Productivity-TNAU-CBE-Bala
1. Increase land productivity
Variety, Quality seed, Improved nurserymgt., Balanced fertilization, ICM
2. Increase labor productivity
Appropriate mechanization options
3. Increase resource use efficiencyWater-saving options, SSNM, IPM
4. Reduce grain losses
Resistant varieties, IPM, IWM, Reducepost-harvest losses
5. Improve grain quality
6. Diversify crops & enterprises
System Sustainability
Increase profitability Environmental qualitywith food security
1. Air quality & CO2 prod.
Reduce residue burning
2. Water qualityEfficient Fert., pesticide use
3. Ground water depletion
Water-saving, farm ponds
3. Global warming
Less methane, N2O emiss.
5. Biodiversity erosion
Mixed planting of varieties,preservation of local var
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T h a n k y oT h a n k y o
uu