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River of riceBuilding success around the Mekong
ISSN 1655-5422
www.irri.org
International Rice Research Institute April-June 2007, Vol. 6, No. 2
Rising to the water challenge
The beauty of blackened earth
Rice in volcanic strife
SpecialMekongis
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contents
International Rice Research InstituteDAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, PhilippinesWeb (IRRI): www.irri.orgWeb (Library): http://ricelib.irri.cgiar.orgWeb (Rice Knowledge Bank): www.knowledgebank.irri.org
Rice Todayeditorialtelephone (+63-2) 580-5600 or (+63-2) 844-3351 to 53, ext 2725fax: (+63-2) 580-5699 or (+63-2) 845-0606; email: a.barclay@cgia
cover photo 2007 Ken Driese, www.flickr.com/photos/kdriese
publisher Duncan MacintosheditorAdam Barclayart director Juan Lazaro IV
designer and production supervisor George Reyescontributing editors Gene Hettel, Bill HardyAfrica editor Savitri Mohapatra (Africa Rice Center WARDA)environment editor Greg Fanslowphoto editorAriel Javellanaphoto researcher Jose Raymond Panaligancirculation Chrisanto Quintanaprinter Primex Printers, Inc.
Rice Todayis published by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the worldsleading international rice research and training center. Based in the Phil ippines and withoffices in 13 other countries, IRRI is an autonomous, nonprofit institution focused onimproving the well-being of present and future generations of rice farmers and consumers,particularly those with low incomes, while preserving natural resources. IRRI is one of15 centers funded through the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research(CGIAR), an association of public and private donor agencies. For more information, visitthe CGIAR Web site (www.cgiar.org).
Responsibility for this publication rests with IRRI. Designations used in this publication
should not be construed as expressing IRRI policy or opinion on the l egal stacountry, territory, city or area, or its authorities, or the delimitation of its fboundaries.
Rice Todaywelcomes comments and suggestions from readers. Potential coare encouraged to query first, rather than submit unsolicited materials. Rassumes no responsibility for loss or damage to unsolicited submissions, whbe accompanied by sufficient return postage.
Copyright International Rice Research Institute 2007
EDITORIAL ................................................................ 4
Rice and life along the Mekong River
NEWS ........................................................................ 5
Perpetual funding for IRRI genebank
Mekong bran ch offi ce opens
Stocks falling, prices rising
Increased yields with elevated CO 2?
More GM problems in U.S.
Human genes for pharmaceutical rice
PEOPLE ..................................................................... 8
Cambodia honors former IRRI leaders
Wolf Prize for Agriculture to IRRI Board member
Award winner to join IRRI
Lao Ministry recognized
Keeping up with IRRI staff
MORE CROP PER DROP .........................................10Rice cultivation in the 21st century will need to feedmore people while reducing poverty and protectingthe environment. Success depends on how the riceindustry uses one of its most precious resources:water.
RICE AND THE RIVER .............................................14
A new research and development initiative is set tobuild on past successes and lay new foundationsfor prosperity in the countries that depend on theMekong River for their rice
MAPS ......................................................................23
Poverty and elevation in the Greater MekongSubregion
LESS SALT, PLEASE ................................................24
Farmers hampered by salt-affected soils in Bangladeshare set for relief as researchers breed salinitytolerance into locally popular rice varieties
BLACK SOIL, GREEN RICE .....................................26An extraordinary type of soil from South Americahas implications for both rice production and theenvironment in Asia
THE RICE MAN OF AFRICA ....................................28
Growing up in Sierra Leone, rice researcher MontyJones was encouraged to become a priest. I ts luckyfor Africa he didnt.
ACID WATER, HOT MUD, .......................................30
AND DAMAGED RICE
Two volcanic disasters in I ndonesias East Java Provinceare destroying rice crops and making life tough, ifnot impossible, for thousands of people
NEW BOOKS ...........................................................35
RiceGenetic sCollection CD
Economic costsofdroughtandricefarmerscopingmechanisms
RiceinLaos
BOOK REVIEW .......................................Innovations in rural extension
RICE FACTS ............................................
A balancing act
How do we produce enough food to fepopulation in the face of de clining groyields?
GRAIN OF TRUTH ..................................
Rice revolutions in Latin America
On the cover:The Mekong River,the worlds
13th longest(4,200 km)and 10th
largestby volume,winds through
extreme northwestern Yunnan
Province,China,beginning its
3,400-km journey to the South
ChinaSea through the six countries
of the GreaterMekong Subregion.
Learn aboutIRRIswork here on
pages14-22.
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NEWS http://ricenews.irri.org
Rice TodayApril-June 2007
An unprecedented new agreementinvolving the annual dispersal,in perpetuity, of US$600,000 was
unveiled on 12 March 2007 to help fundthe protection and management of the
worlds thousands of rice varieties.IRRI and the Global Crop Diversity
Trust announced the historic agreementat a special dedication ceremony atIRRIs Genetic Resources Center (GRC),
which houses more than 100,000samples of rice, the biggest and most
important collection in the world.The agreement offers stable, long-
term support to a collection of geneticdiversity that is estimated to include
at least 80,000 distinct rice varieties.The collection is kept in a specialearthquake- and fireproof facility that
is maintained at temperatures as lowas 19 degrees Celsius.
On the same day, IRRI alsodedicated the GRC to Te-Tzu Chang,the founder of the InternationalRice Germplasm Centerone of thepredecessors of the GRC. Dr. Chang,
who passed away last year in Taiwan,China, was a world authority on rice
genetics and conservation. He spent 30years at IRRI collecting and storing ricevarieties from all over the world. From
now on, the GRC will be known as theT.T. Chang Genet ic Resources Center.
The agreement, the first majorconservation grant made by the Trust,
reflects the long-term vision of bothorganizations. Short-term thinkingabout funding has wreaked havoc
with effective conservation, said CaryFowler, the Trusts executive secretary.
This agreement is probably uniqueamong funding contracts in having noend date.
Under the agreement, IRRI has
pledged to generate $400,000 annuallyto be invested in the genebank, which
will unlock $200,000 from the Trust
each year. The agreement allows forinflationary increases and will remain
in force indefinitely. Uses for themoney will include acquiring any rice
varieties not currently in the repositoryand making sure the storage systemsfor long-term conservation are up to
international standards.The rice genebank is not just a
scientific exercise in seed genetics but a major hedge against disaster
that ensures that farmers throughoutthe world will always have the rice
varieties they need to maintain foodsecurity, said IRRIs Director GeneralRobert Zeigler. Rice diversity, like
all crop diversity, is at risk for the want of relatively small amounts ofmoney. Given that we are talkingabout the biological base upon whichthe global food supply is built, it is
extraordinary that the current situationis so precarious.
The Luang Prabang, Laos, the IRRI-Greater Mekong S(GMS) Office was officially opribbon-cutting ceremony on 7
2007. IRRI is expanding its acthe GMS, which comprises CLaos, Myanmar, Thailand,
and Chinas southern proYunnan and Guangxi (seeRic
river on pages 14-22).Bounthong Bouahom,
general of the National Agand Forestry Research InstGary Jahn, IRRI represent
coordinator for the GMSribbon in front of 40 guests, representatives of Lao orgathat work with IRRI. The ribbo
was followed by a traditionalceremony, in which the co
joins together to welcome good wishes to new ventures
The office is staffed by ag
Benjam i n Sam s on, accOunheuane Phouthachit, aSommay Yasongkua. Randyand Hidetoshi Asai, Ph.D. studthe University of California, D
Kyoto University, respectivelbased in the new office.
Perpetual funding for IRRI genebank Mekong branch office
The international rice market is on a bull run, with a continuous up-ward trend in prices since 2002. The price for medium-quality rice hasreached nearly US$300, the highest level since 1996, and 70% higherthan in 2001, when it reached record lows. The production of rice hasremained below its demand for most years since 1998. Supply has there-fore been matched with demand by depleting stocks, which have reachedalarmingly low levelsclose to those of the early-1970s oil crisis.
The tight supply situation compared with demand, and consequenthigh and rising prices, is causing serious concern for low-income rice-importing countries (such as Indonesia, the Philippines, and Bangladesh).
According to the December 2006 Food Outlookreport of the Foodand Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, cereal prices are attheir highest levels in a decade.
Production and supply constraints, including typhoons, flodrought, diseases, and insect attacks, resulted in stagnating production in Asia in 2006. As a result, little overall growth iexpected in the region. The production forecast for Asia has bdowngraded to 570 million tonsonly half a million tons lesseasons level, but well below earlier expectations.
The report warned that global stockpiles at the close of thecrop seasons are set to be cut to less than 105 million tons. Tslightly below their opening level, and counter to previous exof rebuilding. The change in outlook stems from deterioratinprospects in several major producing countries, many of whicforced to further use their reserves to meet domestic consumfor exporters, export demand (see Rice Facts on page 37).
Stocks falling, prices rising
DR. JAparticiLao Ba
DEAN CHANG, eldest son ofT.T. Chang, shows a genebankrice sample to his children,Nathan and Erica, as hismother, Nancy, looks on.
JOSERAYMONDPANALIGAN
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Rice TodayApril-June 2007 Rice TodayApril-June 2007
arly Chinese farmingnalysis of charred plant remainsllected from the Yiluo valley , northernhina, has revealed that modernce (Oryza sativa) was introducedound 3000 BC, but at the time
as not an important local crop. Theudy, reported in the 16 January
007 Proceedings of the Nationalcademy of Sciences of the USA,
ed radiocarbon dating to determinestorical agricultural trends. Typical
orthern China agriculture, whichmphasized dry crops (millets, wheat,gumes) with some rice, appears to
ve been established at the latest by thearly Shang period (16001300 BC).
ce bran cuts cancer in micehe British Journal of Cancer hasported preclinical evidence that ricean has a positive effect on intestinalncer. The study, conducted at the
niversity of Leicesters Department
Cancer Studies and Molecularedicine, demonstrated that, bynsuming a daily dose of rice bran, the
T wo recent studies on the effectsof elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) rice give some cause for optimismout the impact of climate change
n rice production. In issue 118 ofe journal Agriculture, Ecosystems
nd Environment, Shimono et al
port the results of a Free-Air CO2-nrichment (FACE) experiment that
amined the effect of atmosphericO2 enrichment on lodging (fallinger) in a Japanese variety grown in
wate, Japan. As expected, under agh-nitrogen fertilizer regimewhich
ay be necessary for the increased
The U.S. Department of Agriculturehas given preliminary approvalto the production of rice engineered
to contain human genes. California-based biotechnology company VentriaBioscience wants to grow the rice inKansas, where officials have welcomed
the project.The rice would contain genes
that produce human immune-systemproteinsincluding antibacterialcompounds found in breast milk and
salivain its leaves. These would be harvested and refined for usein medicines to fight diarrhea anddehydration, which kill more than a
million infants and toddlers each yearin developing countries.
Environmentalists and food and
consumer advocacy groups are worriedthat the genes could be transferred to
food crops and enter the food chain.Although not inherently dangerous,there is potential for the proteinsespecially if consumed in unregulateddosesto cause allergic reactions, say
critics.
As Bayer CropScience continuesto face lawsuits from disgruntledrice growers over contamination of
commercial stocks by the companysLLRICE601 genetically modified (GM)rice, another contamination event hasunsettled the U.S. rice industry.
Trace amounts of another BayerGM rice, LLRICE62, were found in
Arkansas stocks of German companyBASFs Clearfield CL131 rice, whichis not GM. The U.S. Department of
Agriculture consequently ordered noplanting or distribution of CL131 seed.
The LLRICE601 contamination hashit U.S. rice growers, who have since
faced export hurdles in GM-wary Japanand Europe. Now, with two of the mostpopular seed varieties banned (CL131
and Cheniere, the only variety so farsubject to LLRICE601 contamination), a
significant proportion of the seed supplyis off the market. Industry analystsare worried that, with spring U.S. riceplantings already down an estimated1020%, U.S. rice supplies could be very
tight in the coming crop year.
INTO AFRICA: With the imminent closinbook storage facility at the Institutes pine headquarters, more than 17,000 I(with a retail value of more than US$1were sent via sea freight in February 2IRRIs new East and Southern Africa Rein Mozambique. From there, Joe Rickmrepresentative for the region, is redistrbooksseen above being boxed at heain preparation for shippingto underslibraries of local agricultural organizatiGregorio, IRRI rice breeder based at thRice Centers office in Nigeria, is arrangsimilar shipment to West Africa. Theresmaller shipments to IRRIs 11 countryAsia. New IRRI policies on publicationand printing negate the future need fostorage warehouse.
growth rates anticipated in high-CO2 conditionsplants grown undercurrent CO2 conditions were more
likely to lodge. However, under highCO2, part of the rice stem becamesignificantly shorter and thicker,thereby protecting against lodging.
In issue 100 of Field CropsResearch, Yang et al performed aFACE experiment to examine theeffects of elevated CO2 on rice yieldsin Wuxi, China. The researchers found
that nitrogen uptake under high-CO2conditions was generally enhanced,leading to average yield increases of13%. The authors suggest that, under
conditions of higher atmospheric CO2,nitrogen fertilizer recommendations willneed to be altered to take into account
the plants increased growth rate. Althou gh thes e res u lts are
encouraging for rice production,several studies have reported thatpotential gains may be countered bydeclining yields caused by the warmertemperatures predicted under higher
CO2 conditions.
number of precancerous adenomas in
the stomach and large intestine of micewas cut by half, on average, comparedto mice on the control diet. The effect
was dependent on the fiber content ofthe bran, about 29% in this case. The
results were published in the journals9 January 2007 online edition. Moreresearch is planned.
GM rice for the Philippines?The Phi l i p p i ne Dep artm ent of
Agriculture is reviewing an applicationfor commercial production of thefirst genetically modified rice to be
grown in the country. The Bureauof Plant Industry is investigatingthe technology, developed by BayerCropScience, to check that it is safe for
humans and the environment.
Rice boost for BruneiA rice variety derived from a breedingline developed at IRRI is set to
contribute to Bruneis rice production.Brunei Darussalam Rice One achievedgood results in farm tests in four
districts. The high-yielding (46 tons
per hectare) variety is resistant to waterlogging, is fertilizer-responsive,and can be grown year-round. It alsohas a short field duration (around 90days) so it can be grown two to three
times a year under irrigated conditions.The grain size is similar to that of
basmati rice and preliminary taste,texture, and scent tests were positive.
Chinese GM rice on holdThe com m erci al p rod u cti on of genetically modified (GM) rice inChina has been put on hold again. A
report by the Xinhua News Agencyquoted Lu Baorong, a member ofthe State Committee for the Safetyof Agricultural Transgenic Living
Things, as saying that the applicationfor commercialization was rejected inNovember 2006 because some safety-related data were missing. However, a
variety of pest-resistant GM rice was
approved for experimental production,the last step before commercializationcan be granted.
DNA on the cheapTo aid marker-assisted breedingprograms in developing-countryresearch institutes, IRRI has identifieds i m p le and cheap m ethod s f orextracting DNA from rice seedlings.
Six methods were evaluated for yield,purity, time required, cost, and abilityof the extracted DNA to be amplifiedto diagnostically useful quantities. The
best results were achieved by the so-called NaOH-Tris method and an IR RI-developed method, but NaOH-Tris wasalmost one-third the IRRI methodsprice. The researchers, publishing the
results in the journal Plant Breeding,therefore recommended the NaOH-Trismethod for use in many applicationsof marker-assisted selection or high-
resolution mapping.
The future of Thai riceGovernment rice stocks were scheduledto be traded for the first time via the
Agricultural Futures Exchange ofThailand (AFET) in March 2007. Ricefutures contracts have been traded
since late 2004 on the AFET, which
would trade only 40,00060,000tons of the governments 3-million-ton stockpile. The move is designedto boost trading on the commodityfutures exchange, which has fallen
due to the declining prices of severalkey commodities, especially rubber.
No futures for Indian riceMeanwhile, India has banned futurestrading in rice and wheat in an attemptto curb the fastest inflation seen for 2
years. Trading was due to stop onceexisting contracts expired on the
nations three exchanges. Spiralingwheat, rice, sugar, and pulse prices,which put pressure on the government,prompted the move.
Australian rice doldrumsThe U.S. Department of AgricultureGrain Quarterly Update 2007 hasforecast Australias 2007-08 rice
production at 126 million tonsadramatic decline of around 90% fromthe 1,048 million tons estimated for the
previous year. The fall is larg
an extreme shortage of irrigatand severe drought conditiothe crop cycle.
Rice for East TimorThe Timorese governmeassistance from the Unitedreceived a 300-ton rice sin February 2007, followi
shortage and rising prices. by the World Food Programwas distributed and was set tat US$2 per 5-kilogram bcontrasts with recent price
as $1 per kilogram. The shothought to have been driven bthan-usual harvest in rice-e
Vietnam.
Africa Rice presentationPresentations from the first ACongress, held in Tanzania froto 4 August 2006, are now
online at www.warda.cgafrica-rice-congress/presehtml.
ncreased yields with elevated CO2? More GM problems in U.S.
When Ventria Bioscience tried togrow the crop in southeast Missouri,
Anheuser-Busch, maker of Budweiser
beer and the largest domestic riceconsumer in the U.S., threatened to
boycott all rice from the state if theplan was allowed. However, because
no commercial rice is grown in Kansas,there is no threat of contaminatingother rice crops.
A Peruvian study, sponsored by Ventria Bioscience, concluded that
children with severe diarrhea recovered1.5 days earlier if the salty rehydrationfluids they were administered weresupplemented with the rice-grown
proteins.Ventria Bioscience claims that
plant-based production is far cheaper
than other methods, and would helpmake the medicine more affordable in
the developing world.The Department of Agriculture's
draft environmental assessment,published on 28 February 2007,concluded that the project posed no
undue risks.
Human genes for pharmaceutical rice
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PEOPLE
Rice TodayApril-June 2007 Rice TodayApril-June 2007
For their contributionsto the revival of riceresearch and developmenti n Cam bod i a, Pr i m eMinister Hun Sen (photo,right) recognized formerIRRI directors general
M . S . S w a m i n a t h a nand Ronald Cantrel l
by bestowing on themthe Royal Government
Cambodias Sahametrei Medalictured,left). The prime minister madee announcement during ceremoniesat inaugurated the new facilities ofe Cambodian Agricultural Research
d Development Institute (CARDI) inhnom Penh on 9 January 2007 (seeesearch: Cambodia ushers in new
a on page 16). Dr. Swaminathan wase of the driving forces in CARDIs
ception when, back in 1987, heoposed establishing the projectsign team to prepare a plan to set up
ARDI. Dr. Cantrell, who was IRRI
National Research and DevelopmentConference on 15 March 2007.
Former IRRI Principal PlantBreeder and World Food Prize LaureateGurdev Khush has been appointedsenior adviser at the biotechnology
company Devgen. Announcing theappointment, Devgen Head of Researchand Development Robert Ackersonsaid, We are honored to be able to
benefit from Dr. Khushs guidance and
commitment. Devgen is currentlyin the process of expanding its rice-
breeding activities. Arvind Kumar joins the Plant
Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology
Division (PBGB), where he will developimproved germplasm for drought-prone rainfed lowland environmentsand efficient screening systems
for drought tolerance and weed
At the opening of IRRIs new Greater Mekong Subregion(GMS) Office on 12 January 2007, IRRI DirectorGeneral Robert Zeigler presented the current Lao Minister
of Agriculture and Forestry SitahengRasphone (pictured, left) with a plaquerecognizing Laos for its conservation of15,000 unique indigenous rice varieties
that will benefit future generations offarmers from Laos and beyond (SeeRiceand the river on pages 14-22).
Gary Jahn, IRRI representative andcoordinator for the GMS, said that the
collection is testament to a remarkableconservation effort that will serve as a valuable source of
breeding materials and insurance against future disaster.The seed samples are maintained by the Lao Agricultural
Research Center, with a duplicate collection stored at IRRI'sInternational Rice Genebank.
The important role, and impact, of women in rice research has beenhighlighted with the awarding of theLOral-UNESCO Women in Scienceawards for 2007 (UNESCO is theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific,and Cultural Organization). One of
the women recognizedGisella CruzGarca, 29 (pictured), a Peruvianscientist studying at WageningenUniversity in the Netherlandswill
carry out herPh.D. fieldworkin cooperation
with IRRI. She will join the
I n s t i t u t e a tits Philippineheadquarters
in late 2007.The award
will enable Ms.Cru z Garc ato further herstudies on how rice production in
the paddy fields of Kalasin Province,northeastern Thailand, could beimproved, while protecting the valueof other associated plants used for foodand medicine by local residents.
IRRI Director General RobertZeigler said there were two veryi m p ortant as p ects to Ms . Cru zGarcas research. She is one of thefirst researchers to try to quantify and
model the plantsranging from thetruly wild to the intensively managedin any agroecosystem. This is despitethe fact that many of these resources
are common to agroecosystems notonly in Asia, but around the world.Second, her work will radically expandthe modeling of agroecosystems and soenhance what we can achieve with crop
modeling for rice as well.Little research has been done on
the characterization of biodiversityin paddy rice agroecosystems, Ms.
Cruz Garca explained at the awardceremony. Because of this, one ofthe main benefits of the research
will be more realistic modeling ofsuch agroecosystems, with particular
emphasis on aspects critical to humanwelfare such as associated species usedas foods and medicine s.
IRRI Board of Trustees memberRonald Phillips (pictured) hasen awarded the 2006-07 Wolf Prizer Agriculture. Dr. Phillips, of theniversity of Minnesota, has servedn the IRRI Board since 2004 and
currently chair of the Programommittee and vice-chair of thexecutive Committee. He won the
Wolf Prize for Agriculture to IRRI Board member
prize jointly with Michel Georgesof the University of Lige, Belgium.
Both winners, who will share anhonorarium of US$100,000, were citedfor their groundbreaking discoveriesin genetics and genomics, laying thefoundations for improvements in crop
and livestock breeding, and sparkingimportant advances in plant andanimal sciences.
Dr. Phillips was the first person
to generate whole maize plants fromcells grown in culture, which sparkedthe use of cell-culture methods togenetically modify maize plants andother cereals. Fundamental studies in
Dr. Phillipss laboratory have identifiedcells and plants with increased levelsof essential amino acids and led tothe development of an efficient DNA
sequence mapping system used byplant scientists in genomics research.Dr. Phillips is also world-renowned forhis leadership and service in the fieldof plant science w ithin international
agricultural research communities andfor his teaching and student training inplant genetics.
ambodia honors former IRRI leaders
competitiveness. He is also of collaborating with scient
NARES and from developed on drought-related researchHernandezhas joined IRRI aof human resources. Bh
Singh Chauhan, who wilimproved weed managemenfor rice in rainfed and wateenvironments, joined the CEnvironmental Sciences Div
is also responsible for invethe seed biology of importa
weeds. Joong-Hyuon Chwill work on developing bregenotyping systems as we
tolerant of phosphorus-defichas joined PBGB. Ramil M
bioinformatics specialist, Crop Research Informatics L
as a postdoctoral fellow.
Award winner to join IRRI Lao Ministry honored
Did you know
ARIE
LJ
AVELLA
NA
Jerry Pat Crill, former IRRI plantpathologist, passed away on 17January 2007 at his home on his belovedLittle Manatee River, in Florida, USA.
Dr. Crill headed IRRIs plant pathologyprogram for 4 years starting in 1978.
Mahabub Hossain, head ofIRRIs Social Sciences Division, has
been recognized for his contribution to
capacity enhancement in social scienceresearch at the Philippine Rice ResearchInstitute (PhilRice). Dr. Hossainreceived a plaque of recognition from
Arthur Yap, secretary of the Philippine
Department of Agriculture, at PhilRices
Keeping up with IRRI staff
director general in 2000 when CARDIofficially opened, was instrumental in
strengthening IRRIs partnership withthe fledgling institution.
THE FLOWERofOryzabarthiialsowild rice,but the samegenus as cul-tivated rice,O. sativa.
GENE
HETTEL(2)
LORAL-UNESCO
Siene Saphanthong (left in photo), former IRRI Board of Trustees m(1996-2001), was honored by IRRI in Vientiane, Laos, on 11 JanuaIRRI Director General Robert Zeigler cited the retired Lao minister ture and forestry for his vision, dedication, and commitment, whicthe foundation for establishing Lao rice research capacity and ultimcountrys rice self-sufficiency.
That the product commonlymarketed as wild riceis not the same as the wild
r i ce that IRRI s ci enti s tsconserve and study? Its anaquatic cereal grain of thegenus Zizania , which has
been harvested and eaten by
indigenous North Americansfor centuries. Cultivated rice,
along with several wild spossessing traits thatresearchers have bred
popular varieties, is ogenus Oryza. Although
belong to the same pthe grass family, ZizaniOryza are not related c
enough to be what we conrelated genera.
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The challenge for ricecultivation in the next 50
years is to feed more peoplewhile keeping prices low
benefit poor rice consumersd reducing production costs tonefit poor growers. At the same
me, water scarcity, drought,oding, and salinity increasinglyreaten the productivity of rice-sed systems (see map, right).
How can we meet this challenge?me solutions exist; others requireore investment in research. Nongle solution will fit all situations.lutions need to be evaluated
sed on impacts on the poor, one environment, and on the often
nrecognized ecosystem servicesat rice landscapes provide (see
your service, opposite).Rice systems are also social
stems. In many cases, they aresed on hundreds, even thousands,years of tradition. Unless solutions
e designed and implemented withe active participation and supportthe rice-growing communities,
they will not be successful.Rice is currently the staple
food of around 3 billion people, anddemand is expected to continue togrow as population increasesby1% annually until 2025 in Asia and
by 0.60.9% worldwide until 2050.While the bulk of the worlds rice
is grown and consumed in Asia,changing dietary preferences are alsoaffecting rice consumption in otherparts of the world. Rice demand is
increasing the most rapidly in Westand Central Africaby 6% each year.
So, where will the rice comefrom to feed these additional rice
consumers? To avoid destruction ofnatural ecosystems, increasing yieldson existing crop lands are the bestoption. This includes both irrigatedand rainfed land, although most
of the additional production willcome from irrigated lowlands, whichalready supply 75% of the worlds rice.
In some major rice-producing
countries, such as Bangladesh, thePhilippines, and Thailand, there isstill a large gap between actual andpotential yield. In these countries,
water and crop management
technologies hold the most immediatepromise. In other countriesnamely,China, Japan, and Koreathe yield
gap is already closing, and furtheryield increases are likely to come
from genetic improvement. Thismeans more research and investmentin breeding programs. In irrigatedlowlands with ample water supply, the
development of hybrid rice has thepotential to increase yield by 515%.
Many poor people spend 2040%of their income on rice alone. Thereduction in the price of ricefrom
US$1,000 per metric ton in 1960to an average of around $250 overthe past 5 yearsmay have donemore to benefit Asias poor thanany other single factor. Keeping
rice prices low remains in the bestinterests of poverty reduction inareas where rice is the staple food.
On the other hand, low prices
can hurt poor rice growers. Most ofthe worlds rice farming takes placeon small family-owned farms, with
average sizes varying by countryfrom 0.5 to 4 hectares. And, in many
areas, rice farming is the main sourceof employment. Increasing yieldsand reducing production costs arethe first steps for many families to
escape poverty. Rice-related policies,breeding programs, and water andland management technologies andpractices need to take into accountpossible impactspositive and
negativeon the poor who depend onrice as a source of food and income.
Interventions affect men andwomen differently because thedivision of labor in rice cultivation
is, in most countries, along genderlines. This means, for example, thatin areas where women do most of
the transplanting, changing
seeding can mean either an aburden or a source of employfor women, depending on wh
or not they are paid for their Purely technical approac
will not work. Any solutions to take into account that, in m
MAJOR RICE-GROWING areas and somethreats to productivity.
More crop per drop
ice cultivation in the 21st century
will need to feed more people while
educing poverty and protecting the
nvironment. Success depends on
ow the rice industry uses one of its
most precious resources: water.
y Sarah Carriger and Domitille Valle
FOR AN ESTIMATED 2,000 years, the rice the Philippine Cordilleras have provided with food and cultural and ecosystem sernow they are under threat. In 2001, theyto the UNESCOs list of World Heritage SiBasedonFAOSTATdata; preparedby CharlottedeFraiture, October2006.
What to do about water and rice?
Key findings for rice production from the comprehensive assessment of water main agriculture include the following: Keeping rice prices low, while reducing production costs, is crucial for poverty
in rice-growing and -consuming areas. Rice systems provide both food and ecosystem servicessuch as flood m
groundwater recharge, erosion control, and habitats for birds, fish, and other which need to be recognized and protected.
To keep up with the food needs of the worlds increasing population, rice cultivhave to adapt to water scarcity, drought, flooding, salinity, and climate changinvestment in research and extension is needed to meet these challenges.
Solutions need to be tailored to the specific physical and socioeconomic coevaluated in terms of impacts on the environment and on the health, income,security of poor rice growersboth men and women.
Because of the hydrological connectedness of rice fields and because of the uniqucultivation plays in many cultures, solutions need to be developed with comm
At your service
Depending on the method of cultivation and the physical characteristics of the landscape,ecosystem services provided by rice fields can include providing a habitat for birds, fish, and other animals, thus conserving biodiversity and
supplying additional food sources recharging groundwater mitigating floods controlling erosion flushing salts from the soil providing water filtration sequestering carbon regulating temperature and climateBut rice cultivation can also have negative impacts on the environmentpollutinggroundwater and surface water with agro-chemicals, raising water tables in areas with saline-or arsenic-contaminated groundwater, and releasing greenhouse gases (such as methane andnitrous oxide) into the atmosphere.Decisions increasing production and/or decreasing water requirements need to weigh bothecosystem services and negative environmental impacts.
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Rice TodayApril-June 2007 Rice TodayApril-June 2007
mmunities, rice cultivation is ate heart of social and religious life.
Over the coming decades,rmers, policymakers, and
searchers alike will need to adapt toveral threats to rice productivity.
In the next 25 years, 1520
illion hectares of irrigated ricee projected to suffer from some
gree of water scarcityparticularlyet-season irrigated rice in partsChina, India, and Pakistan. Evenareas where water is abundant,
tspots of water scarcity exist.onomic water scarcity, where lackfinancing prevents harnessing
ater resources for productive use,mits cultivation of the 22 million
ctares of dry-season irrigatedce in South and Southeast Asia.
Between a quarter and a thirdthe worlds tapped freshwater
Perhaps not as thirsty as you might think.At the field level, rice recei ves up to 23mes more water per hectare than any otherrop, but not all of this water is consumedevaporated from the field or taken up by thelants and transpired as water vapor).Under flooded condit ions, water
roductivity for rice is almost the sames that of wheat, when measured by themount of water actually consumed throughvapotranspiration per unit of grain.Nonproductive outflows of water by
unoff, seepage, and percolation are about550% of all water applied in heavy soilsith shallow water tables, and 5080%
n coarse soils with deep water tables.hough runoff, seepage, and percolationre losses at the field level, they are oftenaptured and reused downstream and do notecessarily lead to true water depletion athe irrigated area or basin scale.
Rice production
(5-year moving average)
Source: Paddy and Water Environment 2004.
Water for irrigation
(millions of cubic meters)
Rice production (thousands
of metric tons)
1 96 5 1 96 9 1 97 3 1 97 7 1 98 1
Year
1 98 5 1 98 9 1 99 3 1 997 2 0010
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700Water supplied for irrigation(5-year moving average)
DECREASING IRRIGATION water supplied while increasing production in ZangheIrrigation System, China.
Water, food, and lifeWater for food,water for life: acomprehensiveassessment of watermanagement inagriculture (editedby David Molden;published in 2007by Earthscan withthe InternationalWater ManagementInstitute; 688 pages).
How do we manage finite waterto feed two billion extra people,poverty, and reverse ecosystem deThis book brings together the wo700 researchers in the most compand authoritative assessmentresources ever written. Critically ecurrent thinking on water and itswith agriculture, the book cway forward with concrete actmanagement to policy across all
and territories. After framing issues and providing a compexamination of trends and sin world water management, critically examines the issues opoverty reduction, reforming infor sustainable water managemenor mitigating ecosystem impimproving water productivity. chapters follow, covering such kewater management as irrigation, gruse, inland fisheries, rice cultivaconservation, and river basin maand development.
The Comprehensive assessmenmanagement in agriculture isinitiative to analyze the benefiand impacts of the past 50 yeardevelopment and management in ato identify present and future cand to evaluate possible solution
For purchasing informatihttp://tinyurl.com/2qk2hl.
resources arealready usedto irrigate rice.Pressure to
reallocate waterfrom irrigatedagricultureto cities andindustries is
already affectingrice cultivation inmany parts of the
world. This type
of transfer can beaccomplished without a drop in riceproductivity (see figure, below), but itrequires a combination of supportivepolicies and the introduction of
improved practices and technologies.Increasing water scarcity may
also force a shift in rice production
to more water-abundant delta areas.And, in water-short areas, aerobic
rice productiongrowing ricewithout a standing water layerandirrigation regimes of alternate
wetting and drying may come to
predominate alongside a shift tononrice dryland crops such as maize.
Droughts, flooding, andsalinity are all current threats toproductivity, particularly in rainfed
areas, and they may increase inseverity under climate change.
Frequent droughts afflictapproximately 25 million hectaresof rainfed rice, primarily in eastern
India, northeastern Thailand, Lao
PDR, and Central and West Africa.Salinity affects another 912
million hectaresmostly in India,but also in Bangladesh, Thailand,
Vietnam, Indonesia, and Myanmar.Salinity is a threat in deltas where sea
water intrudes inland and in someaerobic rice production systems.
Some 11 million hectares of
both irrigated and rainfed rice areprone to flooding. Even though riceis adapted to waterlogging, most
varieties can survive complete
submergence for only 3 to 4 days. Therecent development by researchersat the International Rice ResearchInstitute of submergence-tolerantrice, which can withstand 1014
days of submergence with up tothree times the yield of nontolerant
varieties, offers hope to farmers
in flood-prone areas (seeFromgenes to farmers fields on pages
28-31 ofRice Today Vol. 5, No. 4).In areas prone to drought,
salinity, and floods, the combinationof improved varieties and specific
management packages has thepotential to increase on-farm yields
by 50100% in the coming 10 years,provided that investment in researchand extension is intensified.
Groundwater developmentmost of it private and largelyunregulatedhas enabled smallrice growers in many areas toprosper, but unsustainable pumping
threatens the viability of these
production systems. For example,in the North China Plain, water
tables are dropping by 13 metersper year and in the northwest Indo-Gangetic Plain they are dropping
by 0.50.7 meter per year.Declining water tables due to
overpumping threaten not onlyagricultural productivity butalso human health, since many
communities are dependent ongroundwater for their drinking
water. In Bangladesh and partsof India, falling water tables have
been linked to contaminationof groundwater with naturally
occurring arsenic and fluoride.Climate change may affect rice
productivity in several ways. It isexpected to increase the frequencyof droughts and flooding, and to
increase temperatures, which willhave a negative impact on yields.Simulations find that for every 1C rise in mean temperature, thereis a corresponding 7% decline in
rice yield. Developing rice varietiesthat are less sensitive to highertemperatures is the only way tocope with rising temperatures.
Of the potential threats, waterscarcity and increasing competitionfor water in irrigated rice systemsare perhaps the most pressing
in terms of potential impact onoverall production levels.
There are various strategies forreducing the amount of water neededto grow rice, but all of these options
have different impacts in terms ofenvironmental sustainability andecosystem services. Take alternate
wetting and drying, for example.
Moderate regimes can reduce fieldwater application by 1520% withoutaffecting yield, can reduce disease-causing vectors, and produce lessammonia volatilization and fewer
methane emissions. But drawbacksinclude fewer options for informalreuse downstream; more weed
growth and pests and a consequentneed for more chemical applications
and/or labor; reduction in soil fertilityover time and, eventually, greaterneed for fertilizer; higher nitrousoxide emissions and nitrate leaching;
and habitat loss for some species.There is good scope to increase
water productivity by lesseningnecessary total water inputs per unitof productionespecially by reducing
seepage and percolation losses.Currently, most breeding programsfocus on rice breeding under ponded
water conditions, but to address waterscarcity and increasing competition
for water, breeders need to startlooking at high-yielding varietiesunder aerobic growing conditions andalternate wetting and drying regimes.
The biggest water savings atthe field level come from reducingseepage, percolation, and surfacedrainage flows, but these may notresult in savings at the irrigation
system or basin scales. Water-saving measures at the fieldlevel include land leveling, farmchannels, and good puddling and
bund maintenance. Minimizingturnaround time between wet landpreparation and transplantingcan also save water by reducingthe time when no crop is present,
therefore minimizing water loss.In irrigated systems, integrated
approaches that take into account
the options for reuse of waterfor conjunctive use of surfacand groundwater offer the beforward to improve total watefficiency at the system scale
Sarah Carriger is a science writer a
communications consultant. Domi
Valle is an assessment facilitator aInternational Water Management I
This article is based onRice: Feedin
the Billions (authors BAM BoumanBarker, E Humphreys, and T P Tuon
which is Chapter 14 of the bookWa
for food, water for life: a comprehe
assessment of water management
agriculture. For more information,
www.iwmi.cgiar.org/assessment.
a na ging a te rre s ourc e s i s one of the mos tre s s i ngc hal l e nge s ofourtimesfundamentaltoho efeed2 illionmore eolein comingdecades,eliminateoverty, andreverseecosystemdegradation.This Comrehensive
ssessmentofater anagementingriculture,involvingmorethan700 lead-ingsecialists,evaluatescurrentthinkingon ateranditsinter layith agricul-tu re tohe l c ha rtthe a y fora rd. I tof fers a c ti ons fora te rma na geme nta nd
ater olicytoensuremoreequitaleand effectiveuse.
Thisassessmentdescrieskey ater-food-environmenttrendsthatinuenceourlivestodayandusesscenariosto e loretheconsequencesofarange ofotentialinvestments.Itaimstoinforminvestorsand olicymakersaout ater
andfoodchoicesin lightofsuch crucialinuencesas overty,ecosystems,governance,and roductivity.Itcoversrainfedagriculture,irrigation, ground-
ater,marginal-qualityater, sheries,livestock,rice,land,andriver asins.mleta les,grahs,andreferencesmakethisan invaluale orkfor ractitio-
ners,academics,researchers,andolicymakersin atermanagement,agricul-ture,conservation,anddeveloment.
Theorld atercrisis has caughtus unaares, ith aseries of local hydrological inch-oints raidly escalatingintoagloal andemicof emty rivers,dry oreholes,and reckedetlands as rofound as,and often linked to,climatechange.The atercrisis has adly
needed its equivalentof thereorts of theIntergovernmental anel on ClimateChange. ndfortheto-thirds of theorlds aterthatis used foragriculture,theComrehensivessess-mentrovides justthat.Timely,forensic,and uninchingin its analysis,forard thinkingandstrategicin its search forractical solutions,this is alandmark.
Fredearceu t h r f henhe ier s unr andf requent cntr iut r t ewcientist
This assessmentis critical.otonly ecauseitconcerns acritical liferesourcelike ater.utecauseitinvolves an assessmentthatis comrehensive,analytical,and timely.Theissue
mustecome theorlds osession:groingand eatingfood thatis ater-rudent.I ouldencourage,indeed urge,you tousethis rich and rigorous assessmenttomakechanges in
olicy and ractice.
uni t aara in, t ckhlm a t er r iz e inner 5irectr, entre frcience andEnvirnment
ake-u ca ll toolicymakers, ringingattention,understanding,and ultimately hoetothecrucial need foretteragricultural atermanagementin all its forms tofeed futuregenerationsand sustain thrivingrural communities and ecosystems.
eterLeeresident, Internatinal mmissin nIrrigatinand rainage AComprehensiveAssessmento
.earthscan.co.uk
Geography/ griculture
I 978-1-84407-396-2
FLOODED RICE FIELDS serve as a habitat formany species. The Ramsar Convention on Wet-lands recognizes flooded rice fields as human-made wetlands. If such fields are convertedto dryland crops or aerobic rice cultivationdue to water scarcity, the impact on wetlandbiodiversity needs to be considered.
WOMAN in Pothala, Nepal, enjoysview of terraced rice fields,
ose potential ecosystem serviceslude groundwater recharge andod and erosion mitigationandhaps scenic beauty, too.
BASBOUMAN
IN WATER-SHORT AREAS, aerobicrice productiongrowing ricewithout a standing water layermay come to predominate.
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Wars ripped apart thesocial fabric of theMekong basin in the
1960s and 1970s,bringing suffering anduncertainty to millions
Southeast Asians. However, several
tions of the Greater Mekongubregion (GMS), one of A sias most
mportant rice bowls, have madecredible steps toward recoveringom those terrible timesthanks in
small part to rice research. Theternational Rice Research InstituteRRI), with the enduring supportconcerned donors such as the
ustralian Agency for Internationalevelopment, the Swiss Agencyr Development and CooperationDC), and the Asian Development
ank, has helped the people of the
MS regain their food security in thetermath of the conflicts (see Rice
nd life along the Mekong River on
page 4 andResearch: Cambodiaushers in new era on page 16).
The GMS includes Cambodia,Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam,and Chinas southern provinces
of Yunnan and Guangxi (see map,above right). IRRIs success here,
while impressive, is incomplete andsome dreams are yet to be fulfilled,
according to Gary Jahn, IRRIsrepresentative and coordinatorfor the Institutes new office in theGMS. With 25% of the Subregionsinhabitants (some 75 million poor
rice growers and consumers) stillbelow the poverty line, muchwork remains to be done.
Poor rural families growingrainfed rice in unfavorableenvironments have not yet reapedthe benefits of rice research, saysDr. Jahn. These include farmers
growing rice in drought- or flood-prone areas, in saline or other poor-quality soils, or in unsustainableslash-and-burn systems.
In 2006, some of these age-old problems of Asian rice farmers
were accentuated with floods,drought, and pests that hit the GMSparticularly hard. In Thailand,
thousands of farmers saw their cropsinundated by record flooding thatalso affected Cambodia and Laos,
while in Vietnam, farmers watched
helplessly as insects destroyed riceworth millions of dollars in one ofthe worst pest outbreaks in recenthistory. Because these climate-related
events are predicted to continue wellinto the future, IRRI researchers areaccelerating their efforts to overcomethese problems by tailoring therice plant, or the way it is grown,
for these harsh environments.For example, IRRI and the GMSs
six national agricultural research
A new research and development initiative is set to build on
past successes and lay new foundations for prosperity in the
countries that depend on the Mekong River for their rice
Rice and the river
and extension systems (NARES;
the institutions and organizationsresponsible for developing anddisseminating rice technologiesin IRRIs partner countries) have
initiated many activities to improverice production, especially inunfavorable areas, aimed at producingeconomic and environmental benefits(see table on page 17 andPeople:
providing help on pages 18-19).The main challenge, in the
immediate future, says Dr. Jahn,
is coordinating between and
among various rice research development initiatives in thSubregion. Since IRRI, donoand the national government
have invested considerable cand resources in conductingstudies and designing projecit is crucial that these efforts
be complementary, rather th
contradictory or competitiveThe mechanism to meet
challenge became a reality on
by Gene Hettel and Meg Mondoedo
Rice TodayApril-June 2007 Rice TodayApril-June 2007
A BOAT LADEN sacks destined market makes ithe Mekong RivProvince, Vietna
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Rice TodayApril-June 2007 Rice TodayApril-June 2007
Research: Cambodia ushers in new era
The second week of January 2007 was truly a busy one in the GreaterMekong Subregion with not only the opening of the IRRI-GMS Officen Vientiane on Friday but also the official inauguration of the newacilities at the Cambodian Agricultural Research and Developmentnstitute (CARDI)in Phnom Penh on Tuesday. The CARDI festivitiesnly served to reinforce the view that significant progress is beingade in the GMS.Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen presided over the early-orning event, which was attended by a large crowd of more than,000 diplomats and ambassadors; international visitors; teachersnd students; Buddhist monks; farmers; officials of the Ministry ofgriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries; and CARDI staff members.The prime minister acknowledged IRRIs overall help in establishing
ARDI through the very successful Cambodia-IRRI-Australia ProjectCIAP). He also mentioned IRRIs reintroduction of more than 750ambodian rice varieties to the countryvarieties that were losturing the years of war and hunger when people resorted to eatingheir seeds.
Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Minister Chan Sarun reportedn CARDIs achievements, which include doubling Cambodian riceroduction from 1.2 tons to 2.4 tons per hectare and more thanoubling its scientific staff from 50 in 2000 to the current 121.
Your presence today is testimony of great attention to agriculturalresearch, which is a vital foundation for contributing to povertyreduction and national development, Dr. Sarun said.
Dr. Sarun also thanked CARDIs donors and development partnerssuch as the Asian Development Bank (which provided the loan tobuild the new infrastructure), the Australian Agency for InternationalDevelopment, the Australian Center for International AgriculturalResearch, the Rockefeller Foundation, the McKnight Foundation,the Korea International Cooperation Agency, and the CanadianInternational Development Agency.
CARDI now has new research, training, administration, anddormitory buildings, plus the recently completed Plant BreedingCenter (below left). Contrast this with the research facilities destroyedduring the chaos of the 1970s such as the Toul Koktrap Station inSuay Rieng (below right). New main roads, fences, and irrigation andcanal systems complete CARDIs improvement agenda.
In addition to new infrastructure, CARDI is also entering intoexciting new collaborative projects, such as the PROVIDE (PovertyReduction Options Validated In Drought Environments) project, inconjunction with IRRI and the nongovernmental organization PlanInternational (see People: providing help on pages 18-19).
12 January 2007 in Vientiane,Laos, when a Memorandum ofUnderstanding (MOU), whichestablished a new IRRI office
for the GMS, was signed and aribbon-cutting ceremony markedthe official opening. In signing thehistoric document, IRRI DirectorGeneral Robert Zeigler and Lao
Minister for Agriculture and ForestrySitaheng Rasphone (left and right,respectively, in photo) confirmedthat IRRIs framework for regional
cooperation logically complementsthe Institutes continued strongrelationship with Laos.
This MOU gives full cognizanceto the existing commitment of IRRI
to rice research in the GMS, saidDr. Zeigler during the c eremony.To this end, IRRI and the NARES
of the six nations will formulate anagreed strategy for rice research
collaboration and technology transferto improve food security, reducepoverty, improve livelihoods, andprotect the environment of the
Subregion. Coordinating our researchefforts here will increase the paceand quality of development.
Minister Sitaheng added: ThisMOU is an important indication
of the way both IRRI and Laos arepositioning themselves to respond toregional challenges in rice research.The heart of that response is aresearch partnership for the benefit
of Laos and its neighbors. Laos isproud to be selected as the hub forrice research in the GMS. It is asymbol of our progress in science and
our reputation as a good neighbor.The Agriculture Minister
pointed out that the 16-year Lao-IRRI collaboration has resulted inthe conservation of 15,000 samples
of traditional rice varieties, theestablishment of a National RiceResearch Program, the release of 18modern varieties, and a 70% increase
in rice production since 1990.Why locate the IRRI-GMS Office
in Laos? There are several goodreasons. All rice ecosystems of theGMS are represented in Laos, which
has the greatest diversity of rice andthe largest collection of indigenousrice accessions in the region. Laos is
geographically thecentral GMS nation,sharing a common
border with all of the
other five countries.As such, Laos isclose to the MekongRiver Commissionand other bodies
dealing with theGMS. Further, thereis high potentialfor the country to
contribute to and gain from havinga pivotal role in the GMS riceresearch networks, and capacity
building in Laos needs to continue.The Lao-IRRI Rice Research
and Training Project (known simplyas the Lao-IRRI Project), which
concluded in December 2006the longest running bilateralin IRRIs history (see Genuin
Lao on pages 22-27 ofRice TVol. 5, No. 2). Through the IR
GMS Office, technical suppocontinue for the research pro
Activity Laos Thailand Cambodia Vietnam China
Aerobic ricedevelopment
Salt-tolerant ricedevelopment Drought- and flood-resistant rice Making upland ricesustainable Intensifying favorablerainfed rice Site-specific nutrientmanagement Hybrid ricedevelopment
Preserve nationalgenetic resources andrice biodiversity
Interplanting ricevarieties for diseasecontrol
Insecticide reduction Stem borer resistance Weed management indirect-seeded rice Postharvest handlingand storage
Improving researchand extensionlinkages through ICT
Characterizing andimproving grainquality
Blast resistance
IRRI activities in the GMSGENEHETT
EL(3)
GLENNDENNING
A CROWD of more than 4,000attended the dedicationceremonies at the Cambodian
Agricultural Research andDevelopment Institute inPhnom Penh.
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Theres not enough rice to feed my family,says Pong Leut, 45, a poor villager inmbodias Siem Reap Province as she andr neighbor, Khloem Neut, 41, make basketsng the roadside. Both women bemoan the
ious rice shortage in Tatrav village.Our harvest lasts for only 6 months; then,the rest of the year, we have to buy rice forr children, says Ms. Leut. We make basketsearn some of the money to buy our rice.will be very happy if rice production here
n be increased.A collaborative project of the nongovernmentalganization Plan International (Plan),e Cambodian Agricultural Research andvelopment Institute (CARDI), and IRRI isming to do just thatincrease local riceoduction. The project is a shining example
of new development initiatives being made inthe GMS. During the second week of January2007, Rice Todayvisited Siem Reap Province,about 50 minutes by plane northwest of thecapital, Phnom Penh, to see firsthand how
the new effortcalled PROVIDE (PovertyReduction Options Validated In DroughtEnvironments)is set to help this regionspoor rice farmers.
PROVIDE is fully funded by Plan. Theidea for this project began when Plan staffmembers Sandy Fortua, Eleanor So, and JohnMcDonough saw the need to address riceproblems in the villages where they were tryingto boost childrens education. It was clear thathelping poor villagers to educate their childrenwould depend on being able to produceenough rice without their children having to
work on the farm atthe expense of theirschooling. To makematters worse, thetarget villages were
often hit by drought,so failed crops andf o o d s h o r t a g e swere common. So,Plan asked IRRI ifanything could bedone to improve therice situation. CARDIwas brought in as apartner with local rice knowledge andPROVIDE was born.
Along with CARDIentomologist PreapVisarto, we caught upwith Plan communityd e v e l o p m e n tfacil itator MoeunThearith and Ek An,leader of Tatrav, oneo f PROV IDE s s ixtarget villages. Hometo around 220 very poor families, Tatrav is atypical village and, as such, provides a sharpcontrast to nearby Siem Reapgateway toCambodias number-one tourist attraction, theruins of Angkor Wat and surrounding templeswhere economic activity is booming.
Plan works world-wide to achieve lastingimprovements for poor children in developingcountries. According to Mr. Thearith, teaming
up with CARDI and IRRI is a natural step giventhe influence of rice on families economicfortunes.
Earlier in 2006, Gary Jahn, IRRIs GMScoordinator based in the Lao capital ofVientiane, visited the region with IRRI andCARDI scientists to identify PROVIDEs sixtarget villages in Siem Reap and Kong Champrovinces and to assess their constraints torice production.
It became very clear that there are stronglinks among education, labor, water, and foodsecurity, says Dr. Jahn. With an average farmsize of only 0.5 hectare, most farmers dont
have enough land to grow enough rice for theirfamilys needs.
In some villages, the farmers are sendingtheir children to schools built by Plan, but thisis creating labor shortages back on the farm.As a case in point, Ms. Leut has asked one ofher daughters to leave school and stay hometo help on the farm.
Dr. Jahn explains that the lack of water forces
farmers in this drought-prone region to usesome highly labor-intensive crop managementstrategies, such as late transplanting with oldplants, 100% hand weeding, and plantingandtherefore harvestingat the same time. Thisleads to a shortage of labor, since the villagersmust each harvest their own fields insteadof following the more traditional patternof everyone helping harvest each field as itmatures (something that is possible whendiverse varieties are grown, and which areplanted and harvested at different times). IRRIand CARDI researchers think that they can helpby introducing faster maturing rice varietiesin
some cases enabling two crops a year.Wed like to get some drought- and
submergence-tolerant varieties into Siem Reapwhere water shortages and floods are bothperennial problems, says Dr. Jahn. Directseeding in rows might be an option for somefarmers.
After explaining the objectives of PROVIDEto Tatrav village leader Ek An and a group of
interested farmers, Dr. Visarto believes thevillagers are keen to be part of the project.They are interested in learning how to increaserice production by using new technologies, hesays, and they are willing to participate if thiswill help solve their rice shortage.
Local involvement will be crucial, and not just in terms of farmers receiving training.Hong Hom, a 56-year-old father of five, hasbeen recruited to play a key role in PROVIDEsTatrav activities. As a school teacher who alsogrows rice, he is an ideal candidate. Mr. Hom isset to help with technology transfer, which willinvolve teaching and training farmers.
eople: providing help
In March 2007, staff from IRRI, Plan met with extension workers ain Tatrav and other project sitesthe findings of earlier surveys. were grim: only a quarter of thad enough rice for the whole ycoped by selling assets, seekingthe forest, or simply tolerating thTwo activities were proposed: de
local version of Rice Check (a shelps farmers carry out key managethroughout the season, increasinhelping farmers to improve their mpractices), and testing of newInitially, farmers will test CARDvarieties. Eventually, short-duratiohigh-yielding varieties from bothIRRI will be tested. Next, Plan andselect and brief farmer-participantCARDI will draw up detailed proCARDI will train Plan and extenwho will implement the project the coming season.
Rice TodayApril-June 2007 Rice TodayApril-June 2007
itiated in the Lao-IRRI Project.ith generous support from SDC,e Lao-IRRI Project has also beene of IRRIs most successful efforts
r building national researchpacity, improving rice production,d preserving the diversity of ricermplasm (rice seeds and tissues).
As the IRRI-GMS Office also
rves as the IRRI Country Office foraos, it provides technical advice andpport to the rice research program
of the Lao National Agricultural andForestry Research Institute (NAFRI).For example, IRRI is currently
working with the program to develop
landscape management systems forthe sustainable production of rice inthe uplands as part of a stable cropdiversification program to replaceslash-and-burn agriculture. It takes
years for vegetation to return hillsidesthat have been slashed and burned.
Airline passengers flying the 400-
km route north from Vientiane toLuang Prabang can immediately seethe consequences of the destructivepractice (see centerfold, pages 20-21).
With the closing of the Lao-IRRI Project, the consensus isthat establishing the GMS regionaloffice in Vientiane will enable IRRIand NAFRI to build on the close
working relationship developedover the past 16 years. The officein Vientiane is expected to attract
donor funding because of the ongoingneed for capacity building and moreinvestment in infrastructure in Laos.
A few hours after the MOU
signing, Drs. Zeigler and Jahn (rightand left, respectively, in photo)cut the ribbon to formally open theIRRI-GMS Office, witnessed byrepresentatives from the embassies
of the five surrounding countriesas well as Japan, the United States,the Philippines, and India. Also continued on page 22
present were representativesfrom SDC, the Lao Ministriesof Agriculture and Forestry andForeign Affairs, and numerous
nongovernmental organizations andinternational development agencies.
Were very grateful to theLao government for agreeing tohost the office and providing such
excellent cooperation and support,Dr. Zeigler told those assembled.
NG LEUT and Khloem Neut (left and right, respectively, in the foreground), along with other Tatrav villagersd their children, welcome efforts to increase local rice production.
WITH TATRAV VILLAGERS looking on,CARDI entomologist Preap Visarto (right)discusses the logistics of establishing thePROVIDE project with Moeun Thearith,Plan International community develop-ment facilitator (left), and Ek An, villageleader.
PAO LY, protector of some of theprevious seasons rice crop, pre-pares to distribute some of theprecious grain to her neighborsin Tatrav village.
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TodayApril-June 2007, Vol. 6, No. 2 Flying over northern Laos, airline passengers see smoldering, patchy hillsidesthe result of slash-and-burn
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Rice TodayApril-June 2007
To develop effective poverty
reduction strategies, weneed to understand what thegeographic patterns of poverty
are, and what causes these patterns.
A first step is poverty mapping.Here, we show a detailed map of thepoverty ratio in four countries inthe Greater Mekong Subregion. Thepoverty ratio is the percentage of
the population that has an income(or level of consumption) belowthe national poverty line. Thailand
Welcome to the first of what will be a regular RiceToday Maps page. Each issue, the magazine willfeature a map generated by IRRIs geographers,
who use geographic information systems (GIS) and
other computer tools to analyze spatial variationin rice production and the factors that influence
it. While technologies developed at IRRI helpfarmers on the ground, the information gainedthrough satellite images and geographic modelingcan help us see the big picture and ensure that
research, funding, and policies focus on appropritechnologies and strategies in the right places.
is least poor, but its mountai
areas are poorer than its lowjust like in Laos and Vietnamremarkable how similar the sis on each side of the Vietnam
border. In Cambodia, the situis less clear, with poor areas some highlands but also in thfloodplain of the Tonl Sap L
Text and map: Robert Hijmans,
IRRI Social Sciences Division.
Poverty and elevation in the Greater Mekong Subreg
Data sources: Minot N, Baulch B. 2005. Spatial patterns of poverty in Vietnam and their implications for policy. Food Policy 30:461-475; Fujii T. 2004. Comestimation of poverty measures and its application in Cambodia. WIDER Research Paper 2004/48; van der Weide R. 2004. How poverty came on the map in World Bank; Healy AJ, Jitsuchon S, Vajaragupta Y. 2003. Spatially disaggregated estimates of poverty and inequality in Thailand. World Bank.
Observers at a recent training and field demonstration on using a new small-scale combineharvester (pictured) were excited about what they saw. The demo, which took place infront of farmers, machine operators, extension workers, manufacturers, machine serviceproviders, local consultants, and government officials in Prey Veng Province, Cambodia, on31 January4 February 2007, is another indication of advances being made in the GreaterMekong Subregion (GMS).
The Postproduction Work Group of IRRIs Irrigated Rice R esearch Consortium, through anAsian Development Bank-funded project, has teamed up with Nong Lam University in HoChi Minh City, Vietnam, and the Provincial Department of Agriculture in Prey Veng. They areworking to transfer the technology to farmers in Cambodia and neighboring Laos to helpthem minimize their rice harvest losses and costs.
According to Martin Gummert, IRRI postharvest development specialist, harvesting costshave increased recently in many provinces of Cambodia and Laos.
Urbanization and attractive labor markets in neighboring Thailand are causing increasinglabor shortages during the peak harvest season, he says. Farmers are competing with eachother for the same few available laborers from cutting and threshing to cleani ng and haulingto their homes. The total cost for these activities is US$6570 per hectare. The estimatedlocal operating cost for the mini combine is around $35 per hectare, leaving a good marginto provide profit to the operator and reduce the current high harvesting cost for farmers.
The demonstrations, conducted in three areas in Prey Veng, were met with positiveresponses from Prey Veng Governor Ung Samy and officials from the Departments of AgriculturalEngineering and Agricultural Extension, as well as potential operators and more than 150villagers. Combine specialists from the Vietnamese manufacturer and Nong Lam Universityprovided training on maintenance and machine use, and helped the local Provincial Departmentof Agriculture team demonstrate the combine.
In Vietnam and the Philippinescountries facing similar problemsmini combineharvesters are gaining popularity among farmers.
The combine has a capacity of 11.5 hectares per day and costs less than $5,000,says Mr. Gummert. It consists of a cutter-bar, a small axial-flow thresher, and a built-incleaner that delivers threshed, pure grains straight into a sack. The machine, which needsonly three operators, is highly mobile, can be used in flooded fields, and can be servicedby local machine shops.
Farmers can benefit in two ways from the mini combine, says Meas Pyseth, an IRRIconsultant based in Cambodia. First, they can get their crop harvested cheaper; second, theycan sell more and better quality grain because they can reduce the shattering of overmaturegrain and maintain good quality through timely harvesting.
According to Mr. Gummert, this activity is an example of the integrated approach of IRRIspostharvest group to provide rice farmers with options to maximize their profits.
We work with the relevant international and national stakeholders from the privateand public sectors to introduce appropriate technologies, he explains. We then arrangetechnology options and capacity building for farmer intermediaries. We also encourage supportfor local small and medium enterprises that will ensure after-sales service to farmers. Theresult is a sustainable improvement in farmers income.
o meet the needs of the growingMS population, 20 years fromw, average irrigated rice yieldsust increase by 60% and rainfed
elds by 100%. Although this willa major challenge, it is possible,d IRRI has done it beforeine 1970s, the Green Revolutionised rice yields in India by 30%
d bought India the vital time torb its population growth withoutffering a recurrence of thevastating famines of the 1940s.
Working with the nationalsearch programs of the GMS, IRRIs developed a research strategyreduce crop losses from floods,ought, and pests, while improving
e yield potential and managementficiency of the most popular ricerieties. According to Dr. Zeigler,
RRIs most recent success in thisea is the discovery of a gene that
ables rice to survive completebmergence for 2 weeks (seeFromnes to farmers fields on pages
8-31 ofRice Today Vol. 5, No. 4).
he gene is being incorporatedto several popular rice varieties,cluding a variety of Lao sticky rice.
Its estimated that suchnovations could save 20,000 to
,000 hectares of rice annuallyLaos alone, Dr. Zeigler added.rojects of this nature are ine common interest of all GMStions, and by working together
ell achieve better results faster.After the ribbon-cutting, the
ests joined a traditional Laoremony calledBasi, during
hich white cotton strings are tiedpeoples wrists to symbolizeppiness and prosperity.
To further showcase thew IRRI-GMS Office in
entiane, the Consortium fornfavorable Rice Environmentsld its sixth annual meeting inentiane on 21-22 February and
e IRRI Board of Trustees isanning to hold its September
007 meeting there as well.A healthy rice industry is crucial
a prosperous GMS. Building on
e achievements that came beforethe IRRI-GMS Office is set tolp this vision become a reality.
Technology: small machine solves big problem
MAPS
Rice TodayApril-June 2007
MARTINGUMMERT
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Rice TodayApril-June 2007 Rice TodayApril-June 2007
Salt makes its way into therice paddies of coastalBangladesh every which
way. During the dry season,when the flow of fresh water
t to the mouth of the Ganges iseakest, saltwater rides inland one tide and saline groundwater
ses and spreads laterally acrosse delta. Salinity is less prevalent
uring the monsoon but can stillison rice crops as it lingers in the
soil, percolates into paddies fromthe brackish ponds of neighboringshrimp farmers, and, during
drought, rises as in the dry season.Nearly 1 million hectares along
the Bangladesh coast are affected byvarying degrees of salinity, reportsZeba Islam Seraj, a professor of
biochemistry and molecular biologyat the University of Dhaka. Salinitygradually declines as you go from
west to east, from Satkhira, whichis highly saline, through Khulna,
Barisal, and Noakhali, wheresalinity is moderate but widespread.Continuing further to the southeastalong the Chittagong coast, there are
some pockets that are highly saline.Dr. Seraj is a co-principal
investigator of a project in theGeneration Challenge Program(GCP)an initiative to use molecular
biology to help boost agriculturalproduction and, consequently,the quality of life in developingcountriesthat aims to revitalize
marginal rice lands by discoveringand breeding into popular rice
varieties genes for tolerating soils thatare saline or deficient in phosphorus(see Opposites attract attention
on pages 34-36 ofRice Today Vol. 5,No. 2). As the focal collaborator inBangladesh, she is responsible for the
molecular evaluation and selection ofrice lines bred by the Bangladesh RiceResearch Institute (BRRI) to insert
into popular farmers cultivars thegeneSaltol, short for salt tolerance.
Using marker-assisted selection,which allows rapid screening of largenumbers of plants, the International
Rice Research Institute (IRRI)and its collaborators in the GCPproject have mappedSaltolwhichaccounts for 4065% of the salttolerance observedto a small
segment of rice chromosome 1.Importantly,Saltoland the otheridentified loci confer salinitytolerance at the seedling stage.
This is essential in themonsoon season, when salinitytolerance is mainly needed duringseedling transplantation and fora few weeks thereafter, until the
monsoon rains have washed the saltfrom the soil, explains AbdelbagiIsmail, the IRRI senior plantphysiologist who is the principal
investigator of the GCP project.Rice is susceptible to salinity
during two periods of its growthcycle. The first is the seedling stageand the second begins a few days
before panicle initiation and endswith flowering and pollination. AsDr. Ismail explains, salt tolerance at
the seedling stage is sufficient for thecrop grown in the monsoon season,known as aman, from June or Julyto October, provided that there is no
drought. This is the traditional seasonfor rice cultivation in Bangladesh,
but the spread of tube wells inrecent years has allowed farmersto irrigate and grow a second crop
in many areas. For this expandedboro (dry) season, farmers seedrice in November and transplantseedlings in December and January.
The seedlings initially growslowly due to the cold of winter, andthe rice is finally harvested in Aprilor May, says Dr. Seraj. Boro riceneeds to be slightly cold tolerant
and photoperiod insensitivethatis, bred to ignore the lengthening orshortening of daylight hours, which
plants use to stay synchronized withtheir natural growing season. Short-
duration high-yielding varietiesare preferred because of the highcost of pumping irrigation water.
As the boro season coincides
with high river water salinity, whichbegins to rise in February and peaksin April and May, rice grown inthis season must tolerate not onlymoderate salinity during the seedling
stage but also much worse salinityduring the critical period frompanicle initiation to flowering. Asfood security and farmers well-beingin Bangladesh depend increasingly
on boro rice, rice varieties that yieldwell under high salinity stress areneeded more urgently than ever.
The GCP project aims to breed
Saltolinto at least one aman varietyand one boro variety already popular
with farmers. M. Abdus Salam, thechief scientific officer and head ofBRRIs Plant Breeding Division, has
crossed a derivative of the traditionalvariety Pokkali called FL378, whichhas theSaltolgene, with popularaman varieties, and these will be
grown out at BRRIs research campusat Gazipur in July 2007. Initialcrosses of FL378 and boro varietiesare under way, and seeds will beavailable in April 2007. As Dr. Salam
makes the crosses and backcrossesto advance the breeding material,Dr. Seraj will collect leaf samples
for testing with newly developedmolecular markers (easily detectablestretches of DNA) for bothSaltoland the popular variety background.Based on the results of this marker-
assisted selection, she will advise Dr.Salam and the BRRI team on whichplants to use in further crosses.
The aim is to develop improvedvarieties that are identical to popular
farmers varieties in every way exceptthat they have theSaltolgene andso are able to provide a reasonablygood yield under conditions of
moderate to high salinity in whichsalt accounts for 0.40.5% of the soil.
Dr. Seraj notes that the variouscoastal soils of Bangladesh displaya range of mineral deficiencies
and toxicities. Some are high incalcium and magnesium, or low inzinc, potassium, and phosphorus,or have toxically high levels of
boron and sulfur, she says. Well
need to develop many different ricevarieties that tolerate these specificlocal stresses if we are to coverthe coastal region as a whole.
Salinity and other soil problemsin coastal Bangladesh have severelylimited the introduction of modernhigh-yielding rice varieties, as feware adapted to the difficult growing
conditions there. Along the severelysalt-affected southwest coast, whererice cultivation is largely restrictedto the rainy season for lack of fresh
water in the dry season, 16 of the 20most popular varieties are landraces(traditional farmers varieties),despite offering very low yieldsof only 22.5 tons per hectare.
The popular landraces of thisregion are well adapted to theprevailing growing conditions,
including soil salinity, obserDr. Seraj.
Dr. Salam is the site coorfor a sister project led by Dr. under the Challenge Program
Water and Food (CPWF), whto harness the productivity pof salt-affected areas of three
basins, including the Gangesthat project, the partners use
newly developed lines that htheSaltollocus and also searadditional sources of saline t
Saltoland other genes
conferring tolerance at theseedling stage could be sufficfor the wet se ason, Dr. Ismaobserves. However, for the bseason, additional genes for
higher tolerance during flowand pollination are needed.
It is no coincidence that Salamwho was the 2006 reof IRRIs Senadhira Rice Res
Awardwill handle, throughfarmer participatory varietalselection, the final testing of GCPsSaltolvarieties in 200
The two projects actualwork closely together to maxthe benefits, explains Dr. IsmThe molecular markers forSdeveloped through the GCP
help speed the breeding progof the CPWF project, and thematerial will be further testeand scaled out through CPW
activities, as well as other neNeither of the two projects coachieve this without the othe
Adapted from GCP 2006 Partn
and Product Highlights, publish
the Generation Challenge Prog
(www.generationcp.org).
rmers hampered by salt-affected
ils in Bangladesh are set for relief as
searchers breed salinity tolerance
to locally popular rice varieties
Less salt,please
y Peter Fredenburg
DR. ISMAIL (right) shows formerBangladeshi Minister of AgricultureM.K. Anwar (center) and IRRI senioreconomist Mahabub Hossain howresearchers select for salt-tolerantrice plants in an IRRI greenhouse.
ZABAD (India) farmer Bismillah Khan showsrice he obtained from the salt-tolerant variety
grew in an on-farm trial. His regular, nontoler-crop is in the field in which he stands. The
mbination of salt stress and drought meant hed to harvest his crop early and feed it to histle. The good performance of the new varietiesouraged him to invest in supplementarygation, which allows a good crop even underprevailing harsh conditions.
A FIELD SITE in Uttar Pradesh, India, offers a glimpse of thehighly saline soils that confound farmers. Use of salt-tolerantvarieties together with proper managementwhich includes ap-plication of organic manureallowed rice to be grown in thesesoils for the first time ever (crop at back). A screening nurseryat the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute Regional Stationin Lucknow (inset) shows the stark difference in performancebetween salt-tolerant and regular varieties under salt stress.
IRRI
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In the 1870s, scientists exploring
Amazonia in South Americamade an unusual discovery.
Working independently, James
rton, Charles Hartt, and Herbertmith described patches of black
dark brown soils, varying in sizeom 5 to more than 300 hectares,thin a landscape otherwise
pified by highly weatheredddish or bleached soils.
A detailed report from Smith, a
ologist, characterized these darkrths in Amazonia as having a
p-layer of a fine, dark loam, up60 centimeters thick. He alsoscribed them as the best soilsthe Amazon, producing much
gher crop yields than surroundingils, and speculated that they
wed their fertility to the refusea thousand kitchens for maybehousand years. That they were
uman-made was indicated by theundance of fragments of Indianttery that cover the ground ...
ke shells on a surf-washed beach.Despite the unusual nature
these findings, they initiallyiled to excite many scientists.most a century later, however,
Wim Sombroek, a renownedDutch soil scientist, sparkedinternational interest by including
several pages on the terra preta(black soil) and terra mulata(brown soil) in his influential1966 book on Amazon soils.
Several studies have sinceconfirmed that the dark color of terrapreta and terra mulata is caused bythe incorporation, by humans, of
black carbon (also called biochar)
incompletely burned organic mattersuch as charcoal. The soils werecreated by Amerindian populations
5002,500 years ago and someof the carbon in terra preta soils
dates back to 450 B.C. Their highfertility compared to surroundingsoils is attributed to the highlevels of soil organic matter (which
includes biochar), higher nutrientconcentrations, high nutrient- andmoisture-holding capacity, and loweracidity. Amazingly, the soils havegenerally sustained this fertility
to the present despite the tropicalclimate (in which soil organicmatter tends to rapidly degrade) andfrequent or periodic cultivation.
But what has all this to do with
rice in Asia? Terra preta and terramulata are limited to Amazonia,they are not used to grow rice,
and they represent a
technology predatingmodern agriculture.The answer is thatpeople started to wonder
whether this ancient
indigenous technologycould offer solutions tosome of the problems ofmodern agriculture.
Poor soils comparablewith soils in Amazoniacan be found in tropicalregions around the globe,including Asia, where
they areunfortunatelyfor farmersdepressinglyabundant. Such soils
benefit greatlyfrom theincorporation of
organic matterbut its rapiddecomposition inthe humid tropics
makes this a verylabor-intensiveand short-livedsolution.
Addition
of biochar tosoils has similarpositive effectsit
increases nutrientavailability,
boosts nutrient-and moisture-holding capacity,and contributes
plant-availablenutrientsand isreported to lastfor centuries.If researchers
can confirm thismuch-delayeddecompositionin modernagricultural
systems, biocharcould contributeto sustainableproduction
increases insome of themost disadvantaged agriculturalenvironments, which are frequentlycharacterized by very low yields
and widespread extreme poverty.The delayed decomposition of
biochar could also help with another,more recent problem. It is widely
agreed that global climate change isrelated to an increase in atmosphericcarbon dioxide (CO2) concentration.If some of the atmospheric carbonfixed by plants could be locked
up in soils (a process known ascarbon sequestration) instead of
being returned to the atmosphere
through decomposition, the buildupof carbon in the atmosphere could
be slowed. And, in flooded rice
soils, where the decompositionof organic matter producesmethane30 times more potent asa greenhouse gas than CO2thiseffect would be even greater.
This sounds very excitingbutcan it be done? To start with, theamounts of biochar needed areenormous. Agronomic trials haveachieved good results with biochar
applications equivalent to 8 tons ofcarbon per hectare. The top 30 cm
of terra preta contains more thanthree times as much carbon from
biocharan average 25 tons perhectare. Assuming a biomass carbon
concentration of 36% (typical