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GINA M VINCENT, PHD
Associate Professor, Umass Medical School
Co-Director, Law & Psychiatry Program
Risk-Need-Responsivity: Managing
Risk & Mental Health For Juvenile
Justice-Involved Youth
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Outline
Describe risk assessment
Why would we use risk assessment (research
evidence on what works)
Risk-Need-Responsivity
Risk principle - results
Need principle – results
Mental/behavioral health (responsivity principle)
Conclusions
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Risk Assessment (RA)
Risk = for serious delinquent offending or violence
Brief Risk Assessment: Instrument developed to
help answer the question: “Is this youth at relatively
low or relatively high risk for reoffending or engaging
in violent behavior?”
Comprehensive Risk Assessment: also identify
what is most likely to be driving the youth’s risk for
reoffending
“criminogenic needs”
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Meaning of ‘Risk’
Low risk: Have few relevant risk factors present, or
Require minimal or no intervention in order to decrease likelihood of reoffending
High risk: Higher likelihood than their peers of engaging in
continued offending or violence
Has many risk factors associated with their delinquency
Require more intensive intervention in order to decrease likelihood of reoffending
Moderate risk: Who are neither high nor low risk as described above
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Risk Assessment Comes in Different Forms
Different purposes and different decision-points
where it is used…..
Diversion eligibility
Appropriateness for Pre-trial detention
Dispositional and case planning/treatment needs
Release/re-entry
Actuarial (formuliac) vs. Structured Professional
Judgment
“Off-the-shelf” vs. “home-grown”
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Risk Factors
A risk factor is anything that increases the
probability that a person will cause harm to others
or will re-offend.
Static risk factors – do not change
Dynamic risk factors (similar to criminogenic needs) –
changeable, targets for services & intervention. Enable
reassessment
A protective factor - something that decreases the
potential harmful effect of a risk factor - buffer
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SAVRY: Evidence-Based Risk Assessment
Structured Professional Judgment
24 Risk Items
- 10 Static
- 14 Dynamic
+ 6 Protective
Items
Items rated a on
3-pt scale using
interview + all
available info
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YLS/CMI:
Evidence-Based Risk/Needs Assessment
42 Risk Items
8 Domains
- Family
- Attitude/orientation
+ Strengths
Items rated present/
absent using interview
+ all available info
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PART I:
WHY USE RISK ASSESSMENT
IN JUVENILE JUSTICE?
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Confinement is Expensive
Justice Policy Institute (2014)
Direct costs of confinement in the US per youth per year
= up to $148,767
Total costs of youth confinement
in US per year = $8 to $21bil
Confinement has diminishing
returns after 6 months
(MacArthur, Pathways to Desistance Study)
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Cost of Evidence-Based Services Is Less:
Benefits Per Dollar Invested
For every $1.00 spent on the following services, you
save (Aos, 2001):
Functional Family Therapy: $28.34
Multisystemic Family Therapy: $28.81
Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care: $43.70
Adolescent Diversion Project: $24.92
Juvenile Boot Camps: $0.81
Scared Straight: -$477.75 (NET LOSS)
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Research Evidence
There is emerging consensus on characteristics of
effective programming for young offenders:
Punitive sanctions do not have a significant effect on re-
offending (Gatti et al., 2009) when we implement
treatment as usual.
Severity of a youth’s offense is not a strong indicator of the
future pattern of offending (Mulvey et al., 2010). But tested
static and dynamic risk factors for offending are (Lipsey &
Derzon, 1998 ---and many others)
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Research Evidence cont.
Most low-risk youth are unlikely to re-offend even if
there is no intervention (Lipsey, 2009). But mixing them
with high risk youth can make them worse.
When services are matched to youth’s level of risk and
what might be driving their delinquency (criminogenic
needs), the lower the chance of offending.
GOAL: Individualized case planning
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Recommendations For Reform &
Preventing Youth Reoffending
National Research Council of the
National Academy of Sciences (2013).
Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental
Approach
Use structured risk and need assessment
instruments to identify low-risk youths who can
be handled less formally in community-based
settings, to match youths with specialized
treatment, and to target more intensive and
expensive interventions toward high-risk
youths.
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Recommendations For Reducing Youth
Reoffending
Council of State Government (Seigle et al.,
2014). Core Principles for Reducing Recidivism and
Improving Other Outcomes for Youth in the Juvenile
Justice System
Principle 1: Base supervision, service, and resource-
allocation decisions on validated risk and needs
assessments
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PART II: WHAT IS
RISK-NEED-RESPONSIVITY?
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Risk-Needs-Responsivity (RNR)
Case Management
Effective and individualized case management requires valid assessment & RNR principles
Risk – Match the intensity of the intervention with one’s level of risk for re-offending
Need – Target dynamic or changeable risk factors (aka criminogenic needs)
Responsivity – Match the mode & strategies of services with the individual
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Starts With Valid Identification:
Risk Assessment As Early As Possible
Divert
Probation
Probation
Correctional
Placement
Risk
Assessment
Family
Services
Substance
Abuse
Treatment
Cognitive-
Behavioral
therapy
Life Skills
Minor
Sanction
Pre-Disposition
Pre-
Adjudication
Post-Disposition
Case planning
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Nothing Changes Without Effective
Implementation of RA
Stakeholder
Buy-In
Policy & Case Plan Changes
Staff Training in Assessment
& RNR
On-going reassessment
&
monitoring
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Risk Assessment in Juvenile Justice:
Guidebook to Implementation
8 Steps to
Implementation
Vincent, Guy, & Grisso
(2012)
Funded by the MacArthur
Foundation
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RISK/NEEDS ASSESSMENT
IN JUVENILE PROBATION:
IMPLEMENTATION STUDY
Demonstration of the Risk Principle
Research Team
Laura Guy, PhD, Co-Investigator
Rachael Perrault,MA, Project Director
Bernice Gershenson, MPH, Biostatistician
Coordinators:
Nathan Cook, MA Melissa Paiva, MA
Samantha Fusco, MA Rebecca Nelson, MA
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References
Vincent, G. M., Guy, L. S., Fusco, S.L., & Gershenson, B.G. (2011). Field reliability of the
SAVRY with probation officers: Implications for training. Law and Human Behavior, 36,
225-236.
Guy, L. S., Vincent, G. M., & Perrault, R. T., & Gershenson, B. (2012, April). The relation
between field reliability and predictive validity: Use of the Youth Level of Service/Case
Management Inventory in juvenile probation. Paper presented IAFMHS, Miami, FL.
Vincent, G. M., Paiva, M., Cook, N. E., Guy, L. S., & Perrault, R. (2012). Impact of
Risk/Needs Assessment on Juvenile Probation Officers’ Decision-Making: Importance of
Implementation. Psychology, Public Policy, & the Law, 18, 546-576.
Vincent, G. M., Guy, L. S., Gershenson, B. G., & McCabe, P. (2012). Does Risk
Assessment Make a Difference? Results of Implementing the SAVRY in Juvenile
Probation. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 30, 487-505.
Guy, L., Nelson, R., Morin, S., & Vincent, G.M. (2014). What do juvenile probation
officers think of using the SAVRY and YLS/CMI for case management, and do they use
the instruments properly? International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 13(3), 227-
241.
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Briefs
Can Risk Assessment Improve Juvenile Justice
Practices? (Dec, 2011) Models for Change
Knowledge Brief
Using Risk Assessment to Meet Needs and Reduce
Recidivism. (Dec, 2012). Models for Change
Innovation Brief
http://www.modelsforchange.net/publications
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Risk Principle In Disposition Decisions:
Implementation Post-Adjudication/Pre-Disposition (Vincent, Guy, et al., 2012)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Informal Probation Detention State commit
Pre-SAVRY (n=205)
Post-SAVRY (n=205)
OR = .39
OR = 2.69
OR = .39
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A few slides containing unpublished data were
removed prior to dissemination
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Risk Principle in Placement Decisions
(ave 10 mths probation) (Vincent, Guy, et al., 2012)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Any placement duringstudy
Placed immediately afterdisposition
Pre-SAVRY (n=205)
Post-SAVRY (n=205)
OR = 0.56 OR = 0.37
High risk – 60% placed Moderate risk – 36% placed
Low risk - 22% placed
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Risk Principle in Probation Supervision (Vincent, Guy et al., 2012)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Pre-SAVRY Post-SAVRY
Minimum
Moderate
Maximum
Intensive
% A
t S
upe
rvis
ion L
eve
l
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Risk Principle in Service Allocation (Vincent, Guy, et al., 2012)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Received Completed
Low Risk
Med Risk
High Risk
Me
an #
Serv
ices A
ttended
p < .01
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Summary Across 6 Sites
Impact of RNA will depend on the quality and nature
of implementation and on some characteristics of the
site
Disposition
Significant shift to less severe dispositions in 4 sites
More severe in 1 site but not a result of RA tool
The shift will depend on the decision-point where the RA
is implemented
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Summary Across 6 Sites
Placements
The change depends on the jurisdictions current rate of
placement
High placement rates (≥ 40%) decreases
Low placement rates (≤ 15%) increase
Moderate placement rates (20%) no change
Probation supervision
Significant shifts to lower levels of supervision in all sites
that implemented the policy and completed RA before
disposition
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Summary Across 6 Sites
Service Referrals
Significant shift in service allocation by risk in most sites
Again, will depend on quality of implementation and
staff training
Recidivism (new petitions & adjudications)
Will likely depend on current recidivism rates
One site cut new petitions and adjudications in half
No change in all other sites
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NEED PRINCIPLE IN ACTION
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Primary Criminogenic Need Areas
(aka Criminogenic Risk)
The “Big 8”
Criminal history
Family/Poor Parental Monitoring
Pro-criminal attitudes
Behavioral problems/personality traits
Negative or Deviant Peers
Substance Abuse
Education/Employment
Leisure/structured activities
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Using Risk Assessment to Match Services
With Needs: Risk Reduction
(Vieira et al., 2009)
% R
e-O
ffen
ded
0102030405060708090
100
Poor Match Med Match Good Match
Risk/Need
Match based on # of services given in response to a
youth’s criminogenic needs
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Service-to-Need Match & Reoffending
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%Not Matched Matched
Peterson-Badali, Skilling, Haqanee (2014)
% R
e-O
ffen
ded
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Service-to-Need Match (YLS/CMI) % of Youth With Need That Actually Received a Service (n = 148)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%Need present Need addressed
Peterson-Badali, Skilling, Haqanee (2014)
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Implementing Need Principle
Service Matrix (partial)
Substance
Abuse
Family/
Parenting
Disruptive
Beh/Person
Low risk None Support family to
monitor youth
None
Moderate Outpatient
Individual counseling
Strengthening families
Active parenting
Courage2Change
Thinking for a
Change
High risk Intensive outpatient
Inpatient if needed
FFT
MST (if other risk
factors too)
Therapeutic foster
care if serious
CBT
ART, MRT
MST
Possible residential
Criminogenic Need Areas
Ris
k Le
vel
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Protective Factors – Buffer Risk
Increasing protective factors can also be an
effective means of decreasing risk – particularly
when services for crim needs are limited
Focus on the positives/strengths in addition to
treating the risks
Pro-social activities
Attachment to school
Attachment to pro-social adults
Positive social support
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Recidivator’s vs. Non-recidivator’s Mean
SAVRY Protective Factor Scores (Vincent, Guy et al., 2012)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Violent Non-Violent Violation
Non-recidivator
Recidivator
Pro
tective F
acto
r S
core
p = .005 p = .02 p = .03
Type of New Petition (offense)
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RESPONSIVITY PRINCIPLE:
WHAT ABOUT BEHAVIORAL
HEALTH?
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What About Mental Health?
Among adults - criminogenic risk factors account for
more of the variability in reoffending than mental health
factors (Silver et al., 2008), and
Treatment of criminogenic risk factors has a larger
impact on reoffending than mental health-related
treatments (Skeem et al., 2011).
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What About Mental Health? (cont.)
Among youth - presence of a behavioral health problem appears to be related to higher levels of criminogenic risk (Schubert et al., 2011; Guebert & Olver, 2014)
BUT – it depends on the ‘behavioral health’ problem. These increase the likelihood of other criminogenic needs being present
Conduct Disorder
ADHD
Disruptive behavior disorders in general
Comorbidity – definitely
Substance abuse problems - definitely
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CONCLUSIONS
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Take Home Messages
Risk assessment + RNR can be used to conserve resources and improve outcomes for youth while still protecting public safety
Impact will vary based on the quality of implementation & site characteristics
Implement the risk principle in all areas of case management
Implement the need principle while also considering protective factors and strengths (may help buffer lack of RNR-related services)
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Take Home Messages
Presence of some mental health problems and serious substance abuse problems greatly elevate the likelihood of having other criminogenic needs
Try not to treat mental/behavioral health in isolation w/o treating the risks
Caveat: Quality implementation, quality assurance and buy-in from stakeholders is crucial for success
Track your data