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Rocks and the Rock Cycle
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Rocks and the Rock Cycle
• Objective• Students will be able to explain how the 3
major types of rocks form
Standard• 3c – explain the properties of rocks based
on their chemical & physical composition
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Three Major Types of Rocks
• Igneous Rocks: “meaning from fire”
– Formed when magma cools and hardens.
– Magma is called lava when it reaches the earth’s surface.
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Three Major Types of Rocks
• Sedimentary Rock:
– All types of rock, minerals, and organic matter that have been broken into fragments by forces.• Wind, water, ice
– Deposits harden after being compressed together.
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Three Major Types of Rocks
• Metamorphic Rock: “changed form”
– When an existing rock undergoes extreme forces it changes form.• Tremendous pressure• Extreme heat• Chemical processes
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• ..\..\Intro To Ag Sci Notes\Flash Movies\Rock Cycles.swf
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The Rock Cycle• A cycle is a series of changes
– Geological forces and processes cause rock to change from one type to another and back again.
– Rocks in the crust have passes through the cycle many times.
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The Rock Cycle
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10.2 Igneous Rocks
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10.2 Igneous Rocks
Standard• 3c – explain the properties of rocks based on
their chemical & physical composition
Objective• Students will be able to identify different
igneous rocks based on composition
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Formation of Igneous Rock
• When lava cools and hardens it forms igneous rock.
• The rock has two categories and is based on how the lava cools.
– Intrusive igneous rock– Extrusive igneous rock
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Intrusive Igneous
• The cooling of magma deep below the earth’s surface.
• Called intrusive because the lava that forms them intrudes other rocks.
• The magma then slowly cools to form rock.
• The slow cooling allows minerals to collect and form large crystals.
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Extrusive Igneous
• Formed when there is a rapid cooling of lava or melting of rocks on the earth’s surface.
• The rapid cooling does not give crystals time to form.
• The main difference between the two types of igneous rock is the size of the crystal when the rock is forming.
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Texture of the Rocks• The larger the crystals, the more rough the
rock will be.
• When rapid cooling occurs and crystal are not allowed the opportunity to form, the rock will appear extremely smooth.
• Crystal formation will be so small that they are not seen by the unaided eye.
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Texture of the Rocks
• An igneous rock with both large and small crystals is called porphyritic.
• The porphyritic texture is created when lava cools slowly and is then sped up.
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Texture of Rock• When thick lava cools rapidly no crystals
form at all.
• Usually thicker lava has an increased amount of trapped gases and this will cause the igneous rock to become full of holes.
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Composition of Rock
• The mineral make of the lava determines the chemical make-up of the rock.
• There are 3 different types of families:– Felsic– Mafic – Intermediate
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10.3 Sedimentary Rock
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10.3 Sedimentary Rock
Objective• Students will be able
to identify the 3 types of sedimentary rocks.
Standard• 3c – explain the
properties of rocks based on their chemical & physical composition
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Formation of Sedimentary Rock
• Made up of an accumulation of various types of sediment.
• Compaction or cementation are two process that form sedimentary rock.– Compaction- when all air and water is
squeezed out of sediment– Cementation- when minerals are left
between the fragments of sediment.
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3 Types of Sedimentary Rocks
• Clastic Sedimentary Rock- rock is made up of rock fragments that have been moved by water, wind or ice.
• Chemical Sedimentary Rock- forms from minerals that precipitate from water.
• Organic Sedimentary Rock- forms from the remains of organisms.
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Clastic Sedimentary rocks• Rocks are classified by the sediments size.
• Conglmerates- rocks composed of rounded gravel size fragments or pebbles.– Individual pieces are easily seen.
• The sandstone group is made up of sand size grains that have been cemented together.
• The third group is shale, which consists of clay size particles the easily flake or break apart.
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Conglomerates
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Sandstone
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Shale
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
• Rocks that form from minerals that were once dissolved by water.
• These rocks are called evaporates.
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Organic Sedimentary Rock
• Formed out of the remains of living things.
• Coal is a prime example of this.
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Sedimentary Rock Features
• Easily identifiable– Layering– Ripples marks– Mud– Cracks– Fossils– Concretion
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Review Questions
1. How does clastic sedimentation differ from chemical sedimentation?
2. You expect a rock you found is sedimentary rock. What features would you be looking for to confirm you identification?
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Splat That!!!
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10.4 Metamorphic Rock
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10.4 Metamorphic Rock
Objective• Students will be able
to explain how metamorphic rocks form.
Standard• 3c – explain the
properties of rocks based on their chemical & physical composition
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• ..\..\Intro To Ag Sci Notes\Flash Movies\Types of Rocks.swf
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Formation
• Changed from one type of rock into another by heat, pressure, and chemical processes.
• Form deep beneath the earth’s surface.
• ALL metamorphic rocks are formed from existing igneous, sediment or metamorphic rocks.
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Formation
• Minerals may change in size or shape or separate into parallel bands.
• Metamorphic formation happens two different ways– Contact metamorphism– Regional metamorphism
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Contact Metamorphism
• Formed when magma pushes through existing rock.
• Changes the structure and mineral composition of surrounding rock.
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Regional Metamorphism• Metamorphism sometimes occurs with
tectonic plate movement.• Tremendous heat and pressure is
created at plates edge. • This heat and pressure will cause
chemical changes in the rocks.• Most metamorphic rock is created be regional metamorphism.
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Classification of Rocks
• Rocks can be classified into two different types based on their texture:– Foliated– Nonfoliated
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