Download - Rubber Tapping Equipment
1
Final Project Presentation
Design and Development of Rubber Tapping
Machine
George T Jose K1139a140022, BN-010
Post Diploma In Product Design
Proposed Academic Guides :
Mr Vivek Sasiandran / Mr Rajeev Nair
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Aim of the Project
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
This project is based on developing and improving
the existing model of the rubber tapping equipment
which can be used by a common man.
2
3
• To research on rubber tapping methods and positions of the tapping knife.
• The cutting angles of the tapping knife.
• Flow of the latex from the rubber tree and the cutting direction while tapping
• User study of an expert in rubber tapping.
• To investigate on the existing rubber tapping models and its technology.
• To carry out parametric study to meet the product design specifications (PDS).
• Less time consumption and easy to operate
Aim of the Project
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Methods and Methodology Methods and Methodology
Keltron Advanced Design Centre 4
Rubber Tapping Machine
Data collection
Patents, Books and Internet
Product Study
User study/ customer study
Benchmarking
Data analysis
Customer voice
QFD
PDS
Concept generation
Problem solving methods
Ideation
Concept sketching
Rendering
Final concept selection
Evaluation of all concepts
Ranking of Concepts
Final concept
Digital Modeling
Concept Detailing
Methods and Methodology
Keltron Advanced Design Centre 5
• The methodology describes the way to reach the final concept selection.
• Firstly, the research is based on the data collection by the standard patents, books and internet.
• Secondly, by using the data analysis and survey of the customers that leads to QFD & PDS.
• Third, it then leads to concept generation by problem solving methods by 6-3-5 method, concept
sketching and 3D modelling by using Alias and also rendering the model by Key Shot.
• Fourth, it is the final concept selection, by Pugh's method.
• The planning process followed by selection of material and 3D model is the final step.
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Introduction
6
Rubber had been a historical plant in the ancient era when Columbus discovered rubber
latex in the year 1495 and in the ancient it was called ‘Caoutchoue’ means ‘Crying Tree’. The latex is
extracted from the tree by using a sharp tools or a special knife.
In 1839 Charles Goodyear accidentally dropped rubber and sulphur on a hot stovetop,
causing it to char like leather yet remain plastic and elastic. Vulcanization, a refined version of this
process, transformed the white sap from the bark of the Hevea tree into an essential product for the
industrial age.
Tapping lines
Hevea Brasiliensis Tree
Latex Drop
Latex Cup
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Product History
7
Rubber tapping knife was found during the
early years, which required skills for
cutting the tree to extract the latex. The
design of the knife and the cutting pattern
varies from one place to other.
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Product Study
Manufacturing Process
The process for making the knife is forging.
8
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Product Study
Tree Examination and Cutting Angles
9
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Product Study
10
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Bark
Cork Cambium
Latex Vessels
Phloem
Cambium
Zylem
Pitch The cambium makes the tree grow, by producing wood
and bark.
It must precise not to damage it; if the tree has to grow
normally.
If you cut through a trunk, you see
several layers.
• On the outside is the bark,
which is about 6 millimetres thick.
• In the centre is the wood,
• Between the wood and the bark
there is a layer which cannot be seen
with the naked eye,
because it is very thin.
This is the cambium layer.
Product Study
11
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Product Study
12
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Latex Flow from Tree :- 20°C to 28 °C (68 °F to 83 °F)
Tapping time :- Early Morning appox. 2am 26 ° C – 30 ° C
Morning 30 ° C – 32 ° C
Noon 32 ° C – 36 ° C
Diameter of Tree :- Ø280mm to Ø500mm (appox.)
Bark thickness :- 6mm thickness
Depth of cut :- 1mm (min) to 4.5mm (max)
Why do tappers go early in the morning for tapping?
1. The amount of water content is more
2. Temperature for the latex to flow
3. Atmospheric pressure
During the summer seasons the yield of the rubber is less compared to the other climates
Product Study
13
4. Collar
2. Knife Tip (Sharp)
5. Handle
3. Flange
1. Clearance
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Fix / Remove blade from
Handle
Material
Wood Material
Metal
Mfg Process
Turning
Mfg Process
Forging
Product Study
130°
14
• The cut should not reach till cambium of the tree
• Each time the knife needs to be sharpened
• Requires skilled person
• Ergonomic problems (Handle)
• Cutting tip and clearance along with rake angles are important
• Rusting of knife
• No Proper grips for the knife
• Chances of accidents are more
• No safety involved in tool
• To be careful with the sharp tip of the knife
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Key Findings of Product Study
15
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Market Study
Product details
General use : Plantation (Agriculture)
Material : Steel
Suitable for all kind of rubber tree.
Sharpen by craftsman
Including knife cover.
Enhanced latex.
More sharp.
16
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Market Study
Product details
General use : Plantation (Agriculture)
Material : Steel
Made of quality steel.
Sharpen by craftsman
More sharp.
17
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Market Study
Product details
General use : Plantation (Agriculture)
Material : Steel
Suitable for all kind of rubber tree.
Blade Inserts
Easy to use.
Wooden Handle
Enhanced latex.
More sharp.
18
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Market Study
Trend analysis
The rubber tapping knife are of different type in which all the tools have a straight handle which is
made out of wood or metal pipe. The common problems that these knifes have are,
1. Ergonomics Problems
2. Stress full for the person to tap for long hours
3. Requires good skill for tapping.
Material
The knifes are made out of good quality of steels which require sharp ends which helps in cutting the
tree to abstract the latex from the tree. The handle is made out of wood or steel or rubber.
19
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Market Study
Market Specification
According to the current market research done by experts have derived a market specification for
achieving an improved rubber tapping tool:
1. Cost: Plantation management would buy the tool at 50% above the current tool price if it is safer and allows
workers to be more productive
2. Features/Reliability: The tool must increase employer profitability by either increasing productivity or by
lower labor costs in allowing skilled labor to tap
3. Ease of use: Ease of use can improve productivity by reducing fatigue. The availability of potential laborers
including women choose not to work as rubber tappers because it involves lot of hard work
4. Durability : The tool must last for 5 years
5. Maintenance: The tool must be maintained with only basic sharpening of tools.
20
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Market Study
In the Indian rubber
tapping industry Kerala
produces 92% of India's
natural rubber.
The secondary lies to
other tropical regions that
have substantial rubber
tapping industries,
including Southeast Asia,
South America and Africa
21
22 Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Bench Marked
• The handle is given an altered shape
• Blade inserts are used
• Blade shape has been changed
• A small portion of the blade comes into contact
• Handle cross section is rectangle – clamping is by riveting
• The clamping of blade is screw nut mechanism
• No other equipments does not exists in market for tapping
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Key Findings
23
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Daily Function of a Tapping Labour
24
Starts in early morning Cutting the path on tree
Latex
Flowing
Collected rubber rolled Sheet kept for drying Rubber Sheet Storage
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Ergonomic Study
25
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Ergonomic Study
26
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Ergonomic Study
Neutral Neutral
Movements of the Hand
27
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Ergonomic Study
28
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Ergonomic Study
29
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
User Study
30
No Questionnaire Yes No
1 Is the knife too stressful?
2 Would like to have an automatic tapping machine?
3 Does it take lot of time for tapping?
4 Are there chances of damaging the tree?
6 Is there a problem in cutting at the lower portion of the tree?
7 Is it safe to handle?
8 Is the life of the knife last more?
9 Do you require a proper grip for the handle?
10 Do you require expert skills?
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
User study
Product users : Skilled Labours
User age category : Both men and women (22 +) or Illiterate
Working area : Rubber plantation (Rubber)
31
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
User Study1
32
Cutting Direction
Bottom to Top
Holding Knife
One hand knife Other support Latex Flow
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
User Study 2
33
Cutting Direction
Top to Bottom
Holding Knife
Two hand with Knife
Latex Flow
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Ergonomics Study of Users
Eye sight
Requires support
Shoulder pain
Back Pain
Leg Pain
Wrist pain
Chance of an accident
34
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Ergonomic Study
Design Principles
Factors to Minimize
1. Soft tissue, artery, and nerve compression
2. Grip/Finger/Torque/Push/Pull strength required to perform task successfully
3. Vibration levels
4. Temperature changes (+/- 2 degrees)
5. Repetitive motion
6. Prolonged performance of task
7. Prolonged maintenance of “fixed position”
8. Angle deviation away from “neutral” hand position
9. Pinching, sharp corners, edges
10. Cost
35
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Ergonomic Factors to be Considered
Factors to Maximize
1. General feeling of “Comfort”
2. Adjustability of design
3. Ease of use
Factors to Consider Depending on Use
1. Weight of tool
2. Texturing, gloves, bracing/support, padding
3. Size of tool and hand anthropometrics
4. Subgroups: Lefthanders, women, physically impaired, young, elderly
5. Safety and protection features (e.g. flange, safety, latch, plastic guard, etc.)
6. Material selection – What’s it made of? Reason?
7. Power Specs: Manual vs. powered, Battery vs. plug-in
36
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Key Findings of User
• Stressful work
• Problems in different positions while tapping
• Body pains by continuous work
• Takes more time
• Requires excellent skills
• Rusting of knifes
• Chances of tree damage is more in the beginning of the tapping process
• The tapping has to be started by morning for achieving more amount of latex
• No fixed pattern in cutting the rubber
• Life of the knife is less or needs to the sharpened
• Requires proper supports while tapping
• Easy to carry
• Less space to place in the tool box
• The comfort level of holding the knife is too low
• To cut the path at higher positions requires a Log(wood) to stand
• Different tapper has different methods of holding, positioning of knife and cutting style varies from other
37
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Cu
stom
er
Req
uir
emen
ts
25 25 25 25
25 25 25
25
25
25 25
25
25 25
25
25 25
12
12 12
12
12
12
Technical Descriptions
RIR
Mec
han
ism
Mat
eria
l
Pro
duct
Str
uct
ure
Funct
ion
Siz
e
Aes
thet
ics
Support on tree 3 15 9 15
Depth of cut 5 25 5 15 15
Life of tool 4 20
Safety 5 25 25
Automatic 3 15 9 9 15 9
Damage of tree 5 25 25
Grip for Handle 3 3 3 9
Aesthetics 2 10
Time Consumption 4 12 4 12
Total 95 34 90 67 24 19 329
Percentage 30 10 28 20 7 5 100%
Strong Positive
Positive
Negative
Weak Relationship - 1
Medium Relationship - 3
Strong Relationship - 5
QFD
Cu
stom
er
Req
uir
emen
ts
QFD – Quality Function Deployment
38
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
PDS
PDS – Product Design Specification
Performance
The equipment must be easy to handle and must be quicker and accessed by a common man.
Maintenance
The product has to be designed in such a way that it can be easily repaired.
Size
The size of the product should be minimum in size.
Weight
The weight should be brought to the least not more than 6kilos.
Aesthetics, appearance and finish
The product can be remodelled by giving good aesthetics and appearance.
Materials
The materials that can be used are for blade is carbon steel and for handles can be of rubber or wood.
39
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
PDS
PDS – Product Design Specification
Environment
The working of the product is in moist environment which has more water content.
Customer
The common buyers would be the rubber tappers and for a common man.
Ergonomics
The ergonomics issues should be erected by bringing changes in the tool.
Mechanism
The mechanism should be easy to develop and shouldn’t affect the tapping function.
Process
The process that involves in manufacturing are moulding and forging
40
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Problem Solving Method
Brainstorming
Brainstorming is a group creativity technique by which a group tries to find a solution for a specific
problem by gathering a list of ideas spontaneously contributed by the members.
6 – 3 – 5 Method
6 people were sitting together in 5 minutes each of them will give 3 ideas. Then the paper will be
circulated to each people so that the idea generation will be continued as many as good ideas were born
from this method.
Morphological Analysis
Morphological analysis or General morphological analysis is a method developed by Fritz Zwiky
(1967 - 1969) for exploring all the possible solutions to a multi – dimensional, non – quantified,
problem complex.
41
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Generation of concepts
1. Developing an Ergonomic Knife / Mini Motor Knife
2. To Develop a Belt Strap Knife or with Motorised Cutter
42
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
1st Concept Ideations
Ergonomic Knife / Mini Motor Knife
43
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
2nd Concept Ideations Belt Strap Knife or With Motorised Cutter
1 2
3 4 Inspiration
44
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
2nd Concept Ideation
Belt Strap Knife or With Motorised Cutter
45
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
2nd Concept Ideation
46
Belt Strap Knife or With Motorised Cutter
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
2nd Concept Ideation
47
Belt Strap Knife or With Motorised Cutter
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
2nd Concept Ideation
48
Belt Strap Knife or With Motorised Cutter
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Selection of First Concept
49
Ergonomic Mini Motor Knife
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Selection of Second Concept
50
Belt Strap Knife or With Motorised Cutter
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Pugh's Selection
Sl. No Description 2
1 Automatic Manual + S
2 Economical Economical – +
3 Doesn't Require Skills Skilled S +
4 Handy Handy S –
5 Durability Without Charging No Charge – S
6 Maintenance Only Sharpening + +
7 Similar Cutting Angle Varies S +
8 Guides No Guide + +
Total Ʃ + 3 5
Total Ʃ – 2 1
Total Ʃ S 3 2
51
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Final Concept
52
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Final Concept
53
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Final Concept
54
Project Schedule
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Activity days 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 57
Pre-Project presentation
Literature review
documentation
user study/market study
data analysis
brain storming
Cconcept generation
ideation
concept detail sketching
concept selection
digital modeling
preparation for final presentation
Final presentation
final concept selection, iterationf the
selected concept
Final presentation
Interim
Presen
tation
55
Literature Review
Keltron Advanced Design Centre 56
Project of Mechanical Engineering Students 2007 – 2011 – Newspaper
Rubber tapping is the process of extraction of latex from the rubber trees. Latex is a white or slightly yellowish liquid
composed of rubber, protein, sugar, water etc. This latex is concentrated, compounded and then used in different forms for the
manufacture of various goods like the commonly seen rubber bands, gloves, condoms, foam beds, tyres etc.
For the manufacturing of these above given products we have all necessary mechanisms, from the manually operated machines
to the highly sophisticate automated machines which can produce large tones in few seconds. But the primary level procedure,
i.e. the tapping operation is still carried out manually and requires skilled labour. It is done with the help of specially made
knifes. Malaysian knifes and Indian knifes are mainly used. In the coming future the world is going to face a great shortage in
availability in labours.
Taking these problems into consideration engineers all around the world are trying to develop alternative ways for the tapping
process. But till date no good design has been brought up except from a Malaysian company. Due to many defects and
drawback of this machine, tapping sector is still on the same traditional path.
We have studied about the various situations of tapping and other required data and have come with a design for rubber tapping
machine. This has helped us in developing a prototype of a mechanized system. Experiments carried out with this machine
have revealed that it will be the best possible alternative to traditional tapping. This can help even the unskilled ones to carry
out operation. We also expect it could make a great revolutionary change in the field of tapping.
Literature Review
Keltron Advanced Design Centre 57
Literature Review
Keltron Advanced Design Centre 58
New Straits Times – April 8, 1991- Newspaper Review
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Future Concept For Development
Generated Future Concept from the Final Belt Concept
Combination of laser and maglev
train technology
59
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Technology Review - Future Concept
Laser Refractive Surgery in India
Laser refractive surgery is an eye surgery that is used to improve the refractive state of the eye and decrease or
eliminate dependency on spectacles or lenses. This surgery is becoming progressively popular as people are
turning to alternatives to traditional spectacles and lenses for correcting vision. Laser refractive surgery has
successfully been performed on millions of patients worldwide. However, many people are not good candidates
for laser refractive surgery. The evolution of laser refractive surgery technology has led to additional method used
to treat refractive errors. Nowadays eye patients have a range of vision correction treatments available to them
from the insertion of implantable contact lenses to several variations of the laser technique.
Laser refractive surgery:
Laser refractive surgery includes any procedure designed to treat the refractive errors myopia (nearsightedness),
hyperopia (farsightedness) and astigmatism. There are many types of laser refractive surgery in the market. Laser
refractive surgery is a procedure that permanently changes the shape of the cornea, the clear covering of the front
of the eye, using an excimer laser.
60
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Laser refractive surgery:
Laser refractive surgery includes any procedure designed to treat the refractive errors myopia (nearsightedness),
hyperopia (farsightedness) and astigmatism. There are many types of laser refractive surgery in the market. Laser
refractive surgery is a procedure that permanently changes the shape of the cornea, the clear covering of the front
of the eye, using an excimer laser.
Structure of cornea:
The transparent cornea has five distinct layers and is about one - half millimetres thick. The most exterior layer of
cornea, called epithelium provides the smooth refractive surface and barrier against infection. The role of
bowman's membrane and its basement membrane is unclear. The stroma provides structure and accounts for ninety
percent of the corneal thickness. Endothelium cells are responsible for the natural corneal dehydration that is
important for corneal clarity.
Other types of refractive surgery:
The other refractive surgeries used to reshape the cornea are Radial keratotomy (RK) and photorefractive
keratectomy (PRK). In radial keratotomy a very sharp knife is used to cut slits in the cornea to change its shape.
Photorefractive keratectomy is the first the first surgical method developed to reshape the cornea using a laser.
Later, lasik surgery was developed to reshape cornea. Lasik and photorefractive surgery involve the use of same
type of laser. The major difference between the photorefractive and lasik surgery is the way that the stroma, the
middle layer of the cornea is exposed before it is vaporized with the laser treatment. In photorefractive surgery, the
top layer of the cornea, epithelium is scraped away to expose the stromal layer underneath. In lasik surgery, a flap
is cut in the stromal layer and the flap is folded back. Another type refractive surgery is thermokeratoplasty. In this
surgery heat is used to reshape the cornea. The source of the heat can be a laser; however this laser is different
from the one that is used for lasik and PRK.
Technology Review - Future Concept
61
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Hospitals for laser refractive surgery in India:
• Max eye care hospital, New Delhi
• Shroff eye hospital, Mumbai
• Chaudhary eye centre and laser vision, New Delhi
• Ojas laser eye surgery centre, Mumbai
• Laser Rx hi tech eye surgery clinic, Alkapuri
Technology Review - Future Concept
62
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Technology Review - Future Concept
63
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Electrodynamic suspension
In electrodynamic suspension (EDS), both the guide way and the train exert a magnetic field, and the train is
levitated by the repulsive and attractive force between these magnetic fields. In some configurations, the train can
be levitated only by repulsive force. In the early stages of JR-Maglev development in Miyazaki test track, a
repulsive system was used, instead. This fact sometimes causes conception that the EDS system is a repulsive one,
but that is not true. The magnetic field in the train is produced by either superconducting magnets (as in JR–
Maglev) or by an array of permanent magnets (as in Inductrack). The repulsive and attractive force in the track is
created by an induced magnetic field in wires or other conducting strips in the track. A major advantage of the EDS
maglev systems is that they are naturally stable – minor narrowing in distance between the track and the magnets
creates strong forces to repel the magnets back to their original position, while a slight increase in distance greatly
reduces the repulsive force and again returns the vehicle to the right separation. In addition, the attractive force
varies in the opposite manner, providing the same adjustment effects. No feedback control is needed.
EDS systems have a major downside as well. At slow speeds, the current induced in these coils and the
resultant magnetic flux is not large enough to support the weight of the train. For this reason, the train must have
wheels or some other form of landing gear to support the train until it reaches a speed that can sustain levitation.
Since a train may stop at any location, due to equipment problems for instance, the entire track must be able to
support both low-speed and high-speed operation. Another downside is that the EDS system naturally creates a field
in the track in front and to the rear of the lift magnets, which acts against the magnets and creates a form of drag.
This is generally only a concern at low speeds (This is one of the reasons why JR abandoned repulsive system and
adopted sidewall levitation system); at higher speeds the effect does not have time to build to its full potential and
other forms of drag dominate.
Technology Review - Future Concept
64
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
The drag force can be used to the electrodynamic system's advantage, however, as it creates a varying force in the
rails that can be used as a reactionary system to drive the train, without the need for a separate reaction plate, as in
most linear motor systems. Laithwaite led development of such "traverse-flux" systems at his Imperial
College laboratory. Alternatively, propulsion coils on the guide way are used to exert a force on the magnets in the
train and make the train move forward. The propulsion coils that exert a force on the train are effectively a linear
motor: an alternating current through the coils generates a continuously varying magnetic field that moves forward
along the track. The frequency of the alternating current is synchronized to match the speed of the train. The offset
between the field exerted by magnets on the train and the applied field creates a force moving the train forward.
Technology Review - Future Concept
65
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Reference
1. http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-41/issue-3/departments/tree-felling-with-lasers-a-big-idea-in-1965.html
2. http://www.quantel-laser.com/laser-damage-testing.html
3. http://www.buildlog.net/cnc_laser/cnc_build_research.htm
4. http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/maglev-train.htm
5. http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://ninpope-physics.comuv.com/maglev/images/howitworks/eds_detailed.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ninpope-
physics.comuv.com/maglev/howitworks.php&h=300&w=415&sz=46&tbnid=_vE2kSbnsW1e6M:&tbnh=90&tbnw=125&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dm
agnetic%2Btrains%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=magnetic+trains&usg=__66TidKMxYmFMY2TD4WaYNzALC84=&hl=en-
IN&sa=X&ei=Nj1EUIzzI4jtrQfT1oCoDw&ved=0CCUQ9QEwAg
6. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VO8b2Zp_aW8
7. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qi1kPRfnos0
8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_cutting
9. http://spikenzielabs.com/SpikenzieLabs/Laser_How_To.html
10. http://www.lexellaser.com/techinfo_wavelengths.htm
11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex#cite_note-3
12. http://rubberboard.org.in/rubbercultivation.asp
13. http://rubberboard.org.in/
14. http://www.healthaidindia.com/Eye-Care-in-India/Laser-Refractive-Surgery-in-India.html
15. http://sarawak-rubbertapper.tripod.com/process.htm
16. http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2101
66
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Reference
1. http://www.hiwtc.com/products/rubber-tapping-knife-394277-16339.htm
2. http://www.ghumakkar.com/2008/06/19/palakkad-and-the-story-of-rubber-making/
3. http://japanontop.com/index.php?key=rubber+tapping+knife
4. http://www.murickens.com/realestate/HistoryOfRubber.asp
5. http://www.sayaanakbangsamalaysia.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=223:iron-forged&catid=40:tale-in-ten&Itemid=76
6. http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/rubber-tapping-knife.html
7. http://keralafarmeronline.com/taping-to-extract-food-storage/lang/en/
8. http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/AD221E/AD221E06.htm
9. http://www.dericsimmonsod.com/images/eye-diagram-anatomy-condition-treatment.jpg?nxg_versionuid=published
10. http://nursingcrib.com/wp-content/uploads/lasik-eye-surgery.jpg?9d7bd4
11. http://www.lasereyeturkey.com/www.LaserEyeTurkey.com/images/LASIK-32.jpg
12. http://www.lasereyeturkey.com/www.LaserEyeTurkey.com/images/LASIK-21.jpg
13. http://www.lasereyeturkey.com/www.LaserEyeTurkey.com/images/LASIK-11.jpg
14. http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ-k3GJxXCYdyR_0IgF_UnhZudVBGrw8JCj2AB_mW1p7oCajeLiPA
15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev
67
Keltron Advanced Design Centre
Special Thanks
• Rubber Research Institute, Kottayam
• FCI O/E/N Connectors, Ernakulam
68