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S-Cube Learning Package
Analyzing and Adapting Business Processes based on Ecologically-aware Indicators
University of Stuttgart (USTUTT)
Alexander Nowak, USTUTT
Learning Package Categorization
S-Cube
Adaptable Coordinated Service Compositions
Adaptable and QoS-aware Service Compositions
Analyzing and Adapting Business Processes based on Ecologically-aware Indicators
© Alexander Nowak
Learning Package Overview
Problem Description
Green Business Process Reengineering
Discussion
Conclusions
© Alexander Nowak
Problem Description
Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is a common
methodology to analyze and optimize business processes in
organizations
In recent years, the concepts and methods of BPR have been
extended in order to account for cross-cutting concerns, like
environmentally-aware business process optimization
Green Business Process Reengineering accounts for 5
different dimensions
– Cost
– Time
– Quality
– Flexibility
– Environment
© Alexander Nowak
Motivating Scenario – Part 1 (1)
Current Car Finishing Process of Auto Inc.
After completely assembling a car the following process is
executed:
Put Car into
Operation
Prepare
Detailed CheckEngine Test Visual Check Test Run
Check Water
Density and
Clean Car
Perform Quick
CheckCreate Report
© Alexander Nowak
Motivating Scenario – Part 1 (2)
The sample process shows two different branches that are
performed randomly:
– A quick check is performed, considering only some basic analysis
– A detailed check that includes some further steps:
- First, the check is prepared in general (create documents etc.)
- Second, the engine is tested in detail
- Third, a detailed visual check is performed
- Forth, a test run on the test track is performed
- Fifth, the water density of the car is checked and the car gets
cleaned
© Alexander Nowak
Motivating Scenario – Part 1 (3)
The management of Auto Inc. now decides to also improve
their environmental impact, in particular their water
consumption and CO2 emission.
Now, the question is:
Current business process management approaches lack in
considering an environmental dimension
© Alexander Nowak
How to optimize the environmental impact of this process?
Learning Package Overview
Problem Description
Green Business Process Reengineering
Discussion
Conclusions
© Alexander Nowak
Green Business Process Reengineering - Introduction
Green Business Process Reengineering requires, compared
to regular Business Process Reengineering,
– Additional information with respect to the environment
– New analysis technologies
Common BPR Architecture needs to be extended!
© Alexander Nowak
Green Business Process Reengineering - Architecture
© Alexander Nowak
IT-Systems
Manufacturing Operations
Human Tasks
Ecosystem
Facilities and
Buildings
Logistics
4. Adaptation
Energy
Water
CO2
…
Process Model Evolution
Process Instance
Migration BPR & BPM (CIP)
Middleware / Deployment
Dynamic Provisioning
Manual Adaptation …
Key Performance Indicators, Key Ecological Indicators
3. Analysis & Management
2. Sensing & Monitoring
Carbon1 Carbon2 Carbon3
Carbon1 Carbon2 Carbon3
Carbon1 Carbon2 Carbon3
Carbon1 Carbon2 Carbon3
Carbon1 Carbon2 Carbon3
Carbon1 Carbon2 Carbon3
Carbon1 Carbon2 Carbon3
Carbon1 Carbon2 Carbon3
Business Analyst
Business/Enterprise
Architect
(IT) Developer /
Architect
(IT) Operator
Operational Staff
(IT) Developer /
Architect
Top Management
1. Strategy
Architecture – Phase 1
We define Key Ecological Indicators (KEIs) as
Tupel consisting of
– Ecological Characteristic (EC) Metric
– Target Value Function
Example: max CO2 emission (of a process instance) < X1
© Alexander Nowak
Key Performance Indicators, Key Ecological Indicators
Top Management
1. Strategy
Architecture – Phase 2
Different Systems need to measure the environmental impact,
for example IT-Systems or Manufactoring Operations (see
Figure above)
Distinguish between different sensing and monitoring types:
– Same EC metric, e.g. from service specification, SLA, or existing
knowledge, for all process instances
– Monitored while performing the process instance
– Mixed Value Function
– Dynamic Value Function
© Alexander Nowak
IT-Systems
Manufacturing Operations
Human Tasks
Ecosystem
Facilities and
Buildings
Logistics
2. Sensing & Monitoring
Operational Staff
(IT) Developer /
Architect
Architecture – Phase 3
Analysis of Business Processes based on sensed and
monitored information
Business Process Views:
– Custom Visualization of Business Processes
– Augment Process with additional Information
© Alexander Nowak
Energy
Water
CO2
…
Carbon1 Carbon2 Carbon3
Carbon1 Carbon2 Carbon3
Carbon1 Carbon2 Carbon3
Carbon1 Carbon2 Carbon3
Carbon1 Carbon2 Carbon3
Carbon1 Carbon2 Carbon3
Carbon1 Carbon2 Carbon3
Carbon1 Carbon2 Carbon3
Business Analyst
Architecture – Phase 3
What are Business Process Views:
– A view on a process intends to abstract from details and make
complex processes easier to understand.
– Highlight parts of interest based on augmented information
– A process view results from specific transformations applied to a
process model.
A Transformation Example concerning environmental aspects
is shown in the following
© Alexander Nowak
Architecture – Phase 3
Augment a business process with runtime information
© Alexander Nowak
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
augment
process
Legend
Activity
Control-Flow
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3 Augmentation
Transformation
Original Process
Model
Augmented Process View
Architecture – Phase 3
Transformation 1: Omit some activities that cannot be
changed or replaced by design
Transformation 2: Graphically represent environmental
information
© Alexander Nowak
omit
activities
adjust
visualization 8
3 7 15
9 5 Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Augmented Process View Visually Transformed View 1 Visually Transformed View 2
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Carbon1
Carbon2
Carbon3
Architecture – Phase 3
Drill-Down specific activities to access more detailed
information
© Alexander Nowak
8
3 7 15
9 5
drill-
down 8
3 7
9 5
7 8
Visually Transformed View 2 Drill-Down View
Architecture – Phase 4
Business Process Views provide decision support for
adapting business processes
Trade-off between different indicators (KPIs, KEIs, etc) need
to be addressed
Business Process Variants as means to evaluate adaptation
strategies
© Alexander Nowak
4. Adaptation
Process Model Evolution
Process Instance
Migration BPR & BPM (CIP)
Middleware / Deployment
Dynamic Provisioning
Manual Adaptation … Business/Enterprise
Architect
(IT) Developer /
Architect
(IT) Operator
Architecture – Phase 4
Indicators are aggregated through all activities of a single
business process variant
Different business process variants can be compared
Concrete Adaptation Mechanisms depend on concrete
business processs
© Alexander Nowak
modify
structure
CO2=100
Cost=100
Time=100
CO2=90
Cost=105
Time=98
CO2=85
Cost=95
Time=110
Original Process
View
Variant 1
Variant 2
Motivating Scenario – Part 2 (1)
Green Objectives: Reduce
– Carbon Emission
– Water Consumption
© Alexander Nowak
Transformation Steps:
1) Omit Activities (Selection indicated
by dashed lines)
Put Car into
Operation
Prepare
Detailed CheckEngine Test Visual Check Test Run
Check Water
Density and
Clean Car
Create ReportPerform Quick
Check
Motivating Scenario – Part 2 (1)
Green Objectives: Reduce
– Carbon Emission
– Water Consumption
© Alexander Nowak
Transformation Steps:
2) Augment Green Data and change
activity appearance
Put Car into
Operation
Engine Test Visual Check Test Run
Check Water
Density and
Clean Car
Create Report
Put Car into
Operation
Engine Test Visual Check Test Run
Check Water
Density and
Clean Car
Create ReportLow CO2 emission
High CO2 emission
Low water consumption
High water consumption
Motivating Scenario – Part 2 (1)
Green Objectives: Reduce
– Carbon Emission
– Water Consumption
Transformation Steps:
3) Create Process Variant
Low CO2 emission
High CO2 emission
Low water consumption
High water consumption
Put Car into
Operation
Put Car into
Operation
Engine Test Visual Check
Create Report
Test Run at
Test Track
Test Run at
roller
dynamometer
Check Water
Density and
Clean Car
Learning Package Overview
Problem Description
Green Business Process Reengineering
Discussion
Conclusions
© Alexander Nowak
The approach has various advantages:
– Utilizing well established methods from business process
reengineering
– “Virtual” business process adaptation using business process views
– Decoupling of business and IT
- Business process experts can analyze the process, model different
business process variants and evaluate them
- IT experts can use standardized business process models to setup
runtime environment
© Alexander Nowak
Now Let’s Check How Accurate Predictions are (1)
The approach also has some open issues:
– How to get all ecological information one needs to improve the total
environmental impact of an organization?
– How to implement different K*Is in enterprise architectures?
– How to handle different levels of granularity between business
processes and sensor and monitoring data?
© Alexander Nowak
Learning Package Overview
Problem Description
Green Business Process Reengineering
Discussion
Conclusions
© Alexander Nowak
Summary
Green Business Process Reengineering methods can be
used to address environmentally-aware business process
optimization
Steps:
1. Define indicators based on organizations strategy
2. Augment and analyze process models with runtime information using
business process views
3. Create and evaluate business process variants considering the
trade-off between different optimization dimensions
4. Adapt current process model with chosen business process variant
© Alexander Nowak
Further S-Cube Reading
Nowak, Leymann, Schumm, and Wetzstein. An Architecture and Methodology for a Four-Phased Approach to Green Business Process Reengineering. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on ICT as Key Technology for the Fight against Global Warming - ICT-GLOW 2011 (accepted for publication), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
© Alexander Nowak
Acknowledgements
The research leading to these results has
received funding from the European
Community’s Seventh Framework
Programme [FP7/2007-2013] under grant
agreement 215483 (S-Cube).
© Alexander Nowak