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Saccadic Eye Movements: A New Diagnostic Tool for FASD Research
James N. Reynolds
Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology,Centre for Neuroscience Studies,
Queen’s University,Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Saccadic Eye Movements: Integration of activity across multiple neural circuits
• Executive Control: ability to control behaviour flexibly– Responding automatically to a stimulus in one
set of circumstances– Suppressing the automatic response in favour
of an alternative in a different situation
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Saccadic Eye Movements: Developmental regulation of the ability to perform the anti-
saccade task
• Young children (< 8 years of age) have difficulty suppressing the automatic pro-saccade– Not due to difficulty understanding the task
• Suppression ability develops gradually in school age children– Adult performance levels at around 18 years of age
• Attributed to protracted maturation of the frontal lobes into the second decade of life
• Improved inhibitory control over the saccade-generating circuitry (plasticity)
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Multiple Brain Areas Involved in ControllingSaccadic Eye Movements
Posterior parietal cortexDorsolateralPrefrontal cortex
SupplementaryEye Field
Frontal Eye Field
Cerebellum
Visual Cortex
BrainstemReticular Formation
Basal Ganglia
Superior Colliculus
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Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
• Neuropathological and/or functional deficits reported in brain structures involved in saccadic eye movements– Prefrontal cortex, caudate putamen, thalamus, cerebellum
• Neurobehavioural deficits in executive function– e.g., planning, response inhibition, abstract thinking, flexibility
• Hypothesis: Individuals diagnosed with FASD will have specific abnormalities that can be measured with eye movement testing
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Pilot Study
• 25-30 Children with a diagnosis of FASD– 8-12 years of age, male and female
• Education History• Medical History• Family History• Conners’ Parent Rating Scales• Tower of London• Woodcock-Johnson Tests for Visual Scanning• Pro-saccade, Anti-saccade tasks
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Pro-Saccade Task Anti-Saccade Task
Stimulus-response compatibility Stimulus-response incompatibility
Pro/Anti-Saccade Task
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Munoz and Everling, Nature Reviews in Neuroscience 5 (2004) 218-228
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Delay Pro- / Anti-Saccade Task
FP
T
Correct Response delay period
Timing Error
Direction Error
Direction and Timing Error
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Preliminary ResultsCPRS
Conduct
Learn
ing
Psych
osom
atic
Impul-H
yper
Anxiet
y
Hyper
Index
0
25
50
75
100FASDControl* * * *
Behaviours
T-V
alu
es
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Preliminary Results
WJ-III (age equiv)
Test 5 Test 6 Test16 Test 200
10
20OFF MedsON MedsControl
Tests
Ag
e E
qu
ival
ent
WJ-III (grade equiv)
Test 5 Test 6 Test 16 Test 200.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0OFF MedsON MedsControl
Tests
Gra
de
Eq
uiv
alen
t
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Preliminary Results
FASD Control0
1
2
3
4
p=0.7095
PRO Saccade % Error
Group
Per
cen
t W
ron
g
FASD Control0
100
200
300 *
p=0.0134
PRO Saccade Latency
GROUP
LA
TE
NC
Y (
mS
)
FASD Control0
5
10
15
20
25
p=0.0347
*
Express PRO Saccade
Group
Per
cen
t E
xpre
ss
N = 7 FASD and 10 Control Subjects
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Preliminary Results
FASD Control0
10
20
30
p=0.0006
*ANTI Saccade % Error
Group
Per
cen
t W
ron
g
FASD Control0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
p=0.0064
*ANTI Saccade Latency
Group
Lat
ency
(m
s)
FASD Control0
1
2
3
p=0.6765
Express ANTI Saccade
Group
Per
cen
t E
xpre
ss
N = 7 FASD and 10 Control Subjects
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Preliminary Results
Direction Error
Control
FASD-O
FF Med
s
FASD-O
N Med
s0
2
4
6
8
p = 0.1831GROUP
PE
RC
EN
T O
F T
RIA
LS
Timing Error
Control
FASD-O
FF Med
s
FASD-O
N Med
s0
25
50
p = 0.1913GROUP
PE
RC
EN
T O
F T
RIA
LS
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Preliminary Results
Correct Response
Control
FASD-O
FF Med
s
FASD-O
N Med
s0
10
20
30
40
50
60
p = 0.0219
*
Compared to Control*GROUP
PE
RC
EN
T O
F T
RIA
LS
Direction and Timing Error
Control
FASD-O
FF Med
s
FASD-O
N Med
s0
5
10
15
20
25
p = 0.0089
*
Compared to Control*GROUP
PE
RC
EN
T O
F T
RIA
LS
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Acknowledgements
Courtney R. GreenDouglas Munoz, Ph.D.Dr. Sarah Nikkel, M.D.Dr. Brenda Stade, R.N., Ph.D
The Botterell Foundation, Queen’s University