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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy
1
SAMPLE IMAGE
TIKIM“Kirchhoff pre-stack time migration”
Overview
(Jean-Claude LANCELOT)
Meeting EGEODE Massy
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 2
TIKIM overviewLimited to 2D Marine Processing
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 3
Part1: Introduction to time imaging (reminder)
Part2: Migration method (Kirchhoff)
Part3: Kirchhoff PreSTM in real life: TIKIM
Part4: Software / Hardware issues
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 4
TIKIM overview
TIKIM part 1
“Introduction to Time Imaging”Reminder
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 5
“Transformation to Zero Offset” sequence does not provide optimum focusing
diffracted events are not preserved in the stacking process
crossing events may generate velocity conflicts
Migrating the data before stack is the best solution
velocities are not picked at migrated position
Shortcomings of the “Transformation to Zero Offset” sequence
The need for pre-stack migration
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 6
Post Stack Time Migration
Post stack imaging
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 7
Pre Stack Time Migration
Pre stack imaging
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 8
velocity work load
image quality
TZO
pre stack time migration
pre stack depth migration
model complexity
post stack depth migration
post stack time migration
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 9
TIKIM overview
TIKIM part 2
“Migration Methods”
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 10
Kirchhoff migration
Kirchhoff Migration principle:
Constructive and destructive interferences willrecreate the image
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 11
Superposition principle
Superimpose a wave front chart onto traces.
The net result is an accumulation of energy at the migrated The net result is an accumulation of energy at the migrated
position ….soposition ….so
the final reflector image results from constructive the final reflector image results from constructive
interferenceinterference
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 12
TIKIM overview
TIKIM part 3
PSTM and TIKIM
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 13
Kirchhoff PreSTM in real life
Warning: Things to have in mind about TIKIM:
The output of TIKIM is Migrated data!
The picking of velocities after TIKIM is on migrated data (migrated gathers), i.e. direct picking of Migration velocities (very interpretative picking, so need of Client input).
There is no “Stack” output in the TIKIM sequence, but only the Migration. A De-migration can be proposed to obtain an un-migrated stack.
Tikim: needs only the output target definitiondoes not care about the input geometry
Tikim 2D: just based on Word 4 (CDP) and Word 20 (Offset)
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 14
Kirchhoff PreSTM in real life
Schematic Comparison between DMO and TIKIM processing sequences:
DMO sequence
-Pre-processing.
-DMO Velocity picking
-DMO Stack
-Migration velocities.
-Migration.
TIKIM sequence
-Pre-processing.
-TIKIM Velocity picking
-TIKIM migration
-(De-migration Stack)
x
x
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 15
* TIKIM == 02 TRAFILE=2003,NUMTRA1,IDTRA=me,REWRITE
NPE64,MACHINE=PC,DISTRIB ,BIMG02
DCDP12.5
IMAGE=(FCDP151,LCDP600)
OFFSETS=(D150,ID100,XRM5800,XRP50)
N0,
LMU2,MUTE2
APERCDP5000
DIPLIM=(T400D20,T800D40,T4000D40,T4500D0)
NOALIAS=(FMAX75)
LVI1
Target definition - 2D
Only definition of the output target!
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 16
* TIKIM == 02 TRAFILE=2003,NUMTRA1,IDTRA=me,REWRITE
NPE64,MACHINE=PC,DISTRIB ,BIMG02
DCDP12.5
IMAGE=(FCDP151,LCDP600)
OFFSETS=(D150,ID100,XRM5800,XRP50)
N0,
LMU2,MUTE2
APERCDP5000,
DIPLIM40
NOALIAS=(FMAX75)
LVI1
Offset class definition
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 17
Kirchhoff PreSTM in real life
migration parameters
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 18
* TIKIM == 02 TRAFILE=2003,NUMTRA1,IDTRA=me,REWRITE
NPE64,MACHINE=PC,DISTRIB ,BIMG02
DCDP12.5
IMAGE=(FCDP151,LCDP600)
OFFSETS=(D150,ID100,XRM5800,XRP50)
N0,
LMU2,MUTE2
APERCDP5000,
DIPLIM40
NOALIAS=(FMAX75)
LVI1
Dip related parameters
geological dip in degrees
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 19
* TIKIM == 02 TRAFILE=2003,NUMTRA1,IDTRA=me,REWRITE
NPE64,MACHINE=PC,DISTRIB ,BIMG02
DCDP12.5,
IMAGE=(FCDP151,LCDP600)
OFFSETS=(D150,ID100,XRM5800,XRP50)
N0
LMU2,MUTE2
APERCDP5000,
DIPLIM=(T40D15,T300D45,T6000D20,T8000D30)
NOALIAS=(FMAX75)
LVI1
Time variant dip limit
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 20
dip limit 0°dip limit 0°dip limit 20°dip limit 20°dip limit 40°dip limit 40°dip limit 60°dip limit 60°dip limit 80°dip limit 80°dip limit 90°dip limit 90°
Dip limit value
30° reference line30° reference line
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 21
Aperture limitation
* TIKIM == 02 TRAFILE=2003,NUMTRA1,IDTRA=me,REWRITE
NPE64,MACHINE=PC,DISTRIB ,BIMG02
DCDP12.5,IMAGE=(FCDP151,LCDP600)
OFFSETS=(D150,ID100,XRM5800,XRP50)
N0,
LMU2,MUTE2
APERCDP5000
DIPLIM40
NOALIAS=(FMAX75)
LVI1
half-width of the migration smile
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 22
Dip 30°aperture 9km
Aperture limitation
0
12s
6sAPERCDP
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 23
Dip 90°aperture 16km
Aperture limitation
0
12s
6sAPERCDP
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 24
Kirchhoff PreSTM in real life
noise attenuation
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 25
Noise in TIKIM
input noise (addressed by the Pre-Processing)
coherent noise
acquisition irregularities (addressed by the regularization)
migration noise (addressed by the Migration Parameters)
operator muting
aliasing
random noise
offset/fold
irregular amplitudes
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 26
Regularization: missing traces on event
Missing or irregular data
60m 120m 240m 450m
Regularized data
60m 120m 240m 450m
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 27
* TIKIM == 02 TRAFILE=2003,NUMTRA1,IDTRA=me,REWRITE
NPE64,MACHINE=PC,DISTRIB ,BIMG02
DCDP12.5
IMAGE=(FCDP151,LCDP600)
OFFSETS=(D150,ID100,XRM5800,XRP50)
N0
MUTE1,LMU1,
APERCDP5000,
DIPLIM40
NOALIAS=(FMAX75)
LVI1
Migration operator mute coding
LMU1
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 28
Post-migration mute
* TIKIM == 02 TRAFILE=2003,NUMTRA1,IDTRA=me,REWRITE
NPE64,MACHINE=PC,DISTRIB ,BIMG02
DCDP12.5
IMAGE=(FCDP151,LCDP600)
N0
LMU2,MUTE2
APERCDP5000,
DIPLIM40
NOALIAS=(FMAX75)
LVI1
REMUTEBased on Word6 input trace
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 29
stackTIKIM stackTIKIM stack - REMUTE
Poststack mute
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 30
Aliasing
what is aliasing ?
dip aliasing
aliasing noise in Kirchhoff migration
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 31
filtered + resamplingresampling 4ms
Aliasing
2ms sampling
aliasing occurs when a signal is undersampledin time, or spatially
Signal contain alteration
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 32
Dip aliasing
a dipping event will be aliased because ofspatial undersampling
low frequency signal
One dip
high frequency signal
Two dips
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 33
Aliasing condition in 2D
p <1
2fd
1f
d
p =DtDx
fmax = 1
2pd
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 34
Aliasing noise in Kirchhoff migration
destructiveinterferences
After summation
migration contributions to a flat eventmigration contributions to a flat event
constructiveinterferences
Aliasing noise
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 35
Noalias coding
* TIKIM == 02 TRAFILE=2003,NUMTRA1,IDTRA=me,REWRITE
NPE64,MACHINE=PC,DISTRIB ,BIMG02
DCDP12.5
IMAGE=(FCDP151,LCDP600)
OFFSETS=(D150,ID100,XRM5800,XRP50)
N0
LMU2,MUTE2
APERCDP5000,
DIPLIM=(T400D20,T800D40,T4000D40,T4500D0)
NOALIAS=(FMAX75)
LVI1
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 36
Kirchhoff PreSTM in real life
3 options of TIKIM (velocity definitions)
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 37
3 options in TIKIM: kinematics:
raytracing (standard processing)
straight ray (default)
anelliptic
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 38
Ray kinematics
v1
v2
v3
v4
t
x
vrms
ray tracing
straight ray
Anelliptic (shifted hyperbolae)
rmsVs
1
rmsV10t
s1-s
0t
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 39
New ray tracing : anisotropic & Turning-waves Kinematics
2nd order NMO
4th o
rder
NM
O
Hig
h or
der
NM
O t
erm
s
Straight Ray Operator
AnellipticOperator
RAYTRACE(Turning Waves > 90°)
40°
50°
>90°
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 40
* TIKIM == 02 TRAFILE=2003,NUMTRA1,IDTRA=me,REWRITE
NPE64,MACHINE=PC,DISTRIB ,BIMG02
DCDP12.5
IMAGE=(FCDP151,LCDP600)
OFFSETS=(D150,ID100,XRM5800,XRP50)
N0
LMU2,MUTE2
APERCDP5000,
DIPLIM40
NOALIAS=(FMAX75)
LVI1
Straight Rays (up to 40 degrees)
kinematics coding
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 41
* TIKIM == 02 TRAFILE=2003,NUMTRA1,IDTRA=me,REWRITE
NPE64,MACHINE=PC,DISTRIB ,BIMG02
DCDP12.5
IMAGE=(FCDP151,LCDP600)
OFFSETS=(D150,ID100,XRM5800,XRP50)
N0
LMU2,MUTE2
APERCDP5000,
DIPLIM50
NOALIAS=(FMAX75)
LVI1,LSH1
Anelliptic (up to 50 degrees)
kinematics coding
Time shift library
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 42
* TIKIM == 02 TRAFILE=2003,NUMTRA1,IDTRA=me,REWRITE
NPE64,MACHINE=PC,DISTRIB ,BIMG02
DCDP12.5
IMAGE=(FCDP151,LCDP600)
OFFSETS=(D150,ID100,XRM5800,XRP50)
N0
LMU2,MUTE2
APERCDP5000,
DIPLIM=(T0,D150,T3500,D120,T6000,D40),
NOALIAS=(FMAX75)
LVI1,LSH1,RAYTRACE,
TREND=local:/trendfile.cst
Ray Tracing (more than 50 degrees) (standard processing)
kinematics coding
Smoothed trend
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Velocities in TIKIM
velocity analysis
coding
methodology
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 44
* TIKIM == 02 TRAFILE=2003,NUMTRA1,IDTRA=me,REWRITE
NPE64,MACHINE=PC,DISTRIB ,BIMG02
DCDP12.5
IMAGE=(FCDP151,LCDP600)
OFFSETS=(D150,ID100,XRM5800,XRP50)
N0
LMU2,MUTE2
APERCDP5000
DIPLIM=(T400D20,T800D40,T4000D40,T4500D0)
NOALIAS=(FMAX75)
ATTRIBUT=VELOCITY,
CSTSCAN=(3000,3400,…,4600,5000)
Constant velocity scan
complex 2D geology with no velocity a priori
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 45
3000 m/s3000 m/s3400 m/s3400 m/s3800 m/s3800 m/s4200 m/s4200 m/s4600 m/s4600 m/s5000 m/s5000 m/s
Constant velocity scan
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December 10th 2007 Software Product Management Massy 46
Percentage velocity scan
* TIKIM == 02 TRAFILE=2003,NUMTRA1,IDTRA=me,REWRITE
NPE64,MACHINE=PC,DISTRIB ,BIMG02
DCDP12.5
IMAGE=(FCDP151,LCDP600,ICDP2)
OFFSETS=(D150,ID100,XRM5800,XRP50)
N0
LMU2,MUTE2
APERCDP5000,
DIPLIM40
NOALIAS=(FMAX75)
LVI1
ATTRIBUT=VELOCITY,
PERSCAN=(91,94,97,100,103,106,109,112)
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95% 97% 99%101%
Percentage velocity scan on stack
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Velocity percentage scan on gathers
99% 99.5% 100% 100.5% 101%
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Velocity picking - a word of advice
Start from a smooth model easier to pick the trends
Kirchhoff migrations like it smooth
Picking tool: ChronoVista
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TIKIM ISOTROPIC Simplified 2D Velocity Model Building Flow
Pre-conditioned datasetDemultiple velocities LVI1
Straight-Ray Kirchhoff migration Perturbation Velocity Scan on Migrated Gathers
(Reference= smooth demultiple velocities LVI1)
Full 2D Kirchhoff migration with LVI3
Migrated Gathers or STACK
Back off LVI1 on gathers
TIKIM
iteration1
Pick Velocity Trend (LVI2)on perturbed Stacks in ChronoVista
Pick Final Migration Velocities (LVI3)with GEOVEL in ChronoVista
(Reference= LVI2)
Velocity
Picking
TIKIM
iteration2
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TIKIM overview
TIKIM part 4
Software / Hardware issues
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Software and hardware issues
Mandatory parameters (2D TIKIM – “blank option”):
TRAFILE=…, NUMTRA…, IDTRA=…, Job run parameters
DCDP Gridding of the Image
DIPLIM Dip limitation
N or NP Weighting (fold compensation)
(LVI) Velocity Model
NOALIAS=(FMAX) Anti-aliasing filter
IMAGE=(FCDP,LCDP) Output Image
BIMG Output loop number
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Coding TIKIM on cluster (“blank option”)
** GVRPA@ setenv gvr_local /scr/myproj
* DLOOP 01
* INPTR ++
* TIKIM == 02 TRAFILE=2003,NUMTRA1,IDTRA=me,REWRITE
NPE64,MACHINE=PC,DISTRIB ,BIMG02
DCDP12.5
IMAGE=(FCDP151,LCDP600)
OFFSETS=(D150,ID100,XRM5800,XRP50)
N0
LMU2,MUTE2
APERCDP5000
DIPLIM=(T400D20,T800D40,T4000D40,T4500D0)
NOALIAS=(FMAX75)
LVI1
* DLOOP 02
* OUTBD == LBD1
* PROCS X(B1)
Scratch disk address
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End
End of the presentation