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Haemonchosis in Markhor Goats (Capra falconeri): Implications for Management
in a Zoological SettingSamuel Glickman
April 23rd 2014
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Markhor Goats (Capra falconeri)
•Common name: Screw-horned goat
•Range includes India, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and Pakistan
•Primarily live in mountainous terrain (altitudes of 600-3600 meters)
•Largest member of the goat family (weigh 32-110 kgs, stand 65-115 cm)
•Sexually dimorphic
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Unexpected
3 year old FI Markhor goat found dead on exhibit by keepers
From herd of 5 adults and two kidsDays prior to discovery she appeared
lethargic with swelling on lower jaw and around eyes
Previous history of Eimeria and some strongyles: treated with levamisole and pyrantel
Submitted for necropsy
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DifferentialsDegenerativeAnomalous, AutoimmuneMetabolicNeoplasia, NutritionalInfectious, InflammatoryToxin , TraumaticVascular
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NecropsyDiffuse submucosal edema with abundant
intraluminal nematode parasitesAbdominal, thoracic and pericardial cavities:
moderate serous effusionsSubcutis: Diffuse moderate edema
Diagnosis: Severe haemonchosis with hypoproteinemia and anemia
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Barber pole worm (Haemonchus contortus) •Clinical signs include: anemia, weakness hypoproteinemia (bottle jaw), emaciation and sudden death
•Parasite of goats, sheep, cervids, new world camelids
•Female can produce approximately 5,000 eggs per day
•Cycle of infection-pasture contamination-reinfection can make control difficult
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Haemonchus contortus
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DiagnosisBased on clinical signsGross lesions: presence of worms in the
abomasum, Fecal floatation – cannot distinguish from
other strongyle eggsLarval cultures (10 -14 days) Fluorescein staining of egg shells
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FAMACHA•Selective treatment based on severity of affected animal
•Combat resistance by treating only affected animals (remove low level selective pressure)
•Combat resistance –•Quarantine new additions to the herd•Rotate anthelmintics•Multidrug protocols•Treat severely affected •Pasture management
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TreatmentAntihelmintics: Levamisole – 7.5 mg/kgFenbendazole – 5 mg/kgIvermectin - 0.2 mg/kgMoxidectin – 0.2-0.4 mg/kgSupportive care
Continued monitoring of individual animals and the herd
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Initial Treatment (Adults)Caught each adult in chuteExamined MM, collected blood for PCV and TSIndividual fecal samples collected for quantitative
egg analysisStarted on two day course of oral fenbendazole (10
mg/kg)
Adults recaptured 2 days later: BoSe (0.06 mg/kg) SQMoxidectin (0.4 mg/kg) SQCollected blood for CBC/Chem
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Treatment (kids)Manual restraint of kids on same day as adultsMM examined and blood collected for CBC/ChemMM were paler than adult with regenerative
anemia (22%, 16% anisocytosis, polychromasia)Iron (10 mg/kg) IM Discussion about transfusion Major and minor crossmatch performed – no
agglutination or hemolysisDonor blood(mL) = 80 x BW(kg)x (Desired PCV-
Recipient PCV)/ (PCV of transfused blood)
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TransfusionCollected 1 unit of blood (500 mL) in CPDA-1
bag Manual restraint – placed 16G jugular catheterAdminister blood via a filtration systemSerial weighing of bag to deliver desired
amount of blood (1.06 g/mL blood)Monitored respiratory and heart rateAdministered oral fenbendazole (10 mg/kg)Recheck PCV two days later (38%, 27%) and
SQ moxidectin (0.4 mg/kg)
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ChallengesZoological settings – often mixed species
enclosuresLimited space Balance stress of capture and
diagnosis/treatment of disease Individual dosing and assessment
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Control ProgramRemoval of animals from exhibit area Decontamination –removal of plant material
and fecesIndividual quantitative fecal egg counts If egg count >500 eggs/gram – fenbendazole
(10 mg/kg) for 2 days and one dose of moxidectin (0.4 mg/kg)
Once egg counts are reduced by 90% - return to exhibit
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ReferencesGetachew, T., P. Dorchies, and P. Jacquiet. “Trends and
Challenges in the Effective and Sustainable Control of Haemonchus contortus Infection in Sheep. Review.” 2007. Parasite 14: 3-14.
Hoberg, E.P., A.A. Kocan, and L.G. Rickard. “Gastrointestinal Strongyles in Wild Ruminant” 2001. Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. Paper 623.
Kaplan, R.M. “Responding to the Emergence of Multiple-Dru g Resistant Haemonchus contortus: Smart Drenching and FAMACHA.” Proceedings of the Kentukcy Veterinary Medical Association 2005 Morehead Clinic Days Conference, June 4-5, 2005.
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ReferencesNowak, R. “Walker’s Mammals of the World, 6th ed.” Baltimore:
John Hopkins University Press, 1999.
Van Wyk, J.A. and G.F. Bath. “The FAMACHA system for managing haemonchosis in sheep and goats by clinically identifying individual animals for treatment.” 2002. Vet Res. 33: 509-529.
Vokral, I, et al. “The Metabolism of flubendazole and the activities of selected biotransformation enzymes in Haemonchus contortus strains susceptible and resistant to anthelmintics.” 2012. Parasitology 139: 1309-1316.
Young, K.E., M.S. James, J.M. Jensen, and T.M. Craig. “Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity in Captive Wild Ruminants by Fecal Egg Reduction Tests and a Larval Development Assay. ” 2000. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 31(3): 348-352.
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ThanksDr. KolliasDr. CushingDr. Abou-MadiDr. Mary SmithStaff of the Rosamond Gifford Zoo
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Questions?