saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
xelnaweris uflebiT
vanda mujiri
arqiteqturuli kompoziciis swavlebis meTodika
doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
wardgenili disertaciis
a v t o r e f e r a t i
Tbilisi
2012 weli
1
samuSao Sesrulebulia saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis
arqiteqturis, urbanistikis da dizainis fakultetis
arqiteqturis safuZvlebis da Teoriis departamentis
arqiteqturis gegmarebis safuZvlebis mimarTulebaze
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: sruli profesori,
arqiteqturis doqtori
nanuli TevzaZe
recenzentebi: .
.
dacva Sedgeba 2012 wlis “ “ ivniss, saaTze
saqarTvelos teqnikuri univeristetis arqiteqturis,
urbanistikis da dizainis fakultetis sadisertacio sabWos
kolegiis sxdomaze
korpusi , auditoria .
misamarTi: 0175, Tbilisi, kostavas 77
disertaciis gacnoba SeiZleba stu-s biblioTekaSi,
xolo avtoreferatisa - stu-s veb-gverdze
sadisertacio sabWos mdivani: asocirebuli profesori,
arqiteqturis doqtori
marika foCxua
2
naSromis aqtualoba
XX saukunem Camoayaliba arqiteqturul-mxatvruli
formaTwarmoqmnis axali skola, romelic gansxvavdeba
akademiuri tradiciebisgan da gaxda msoflio mxatvruli
kulturis aRiarebuli memkvidreoba. saukuneebis manZilze
arqiteqturaSi narCundeboda tradiciuli, miRebuli
kompoziciuri xerxebi, saxeebi da stilebi, Sesabamisad
orientirebuli arqiteqturul-pedagogiuri Sexedulebebi,
romlebzec igeboda damgegmareblebis axali Taobebis
praqtikuli momzadeba. Tumca, aswleulebis gasayarze moxda
gardatexa; mecnierul-teqnikurma progresma da socialur-
sazogadoebrivi pirobebis Secvlam daangria Zveli esTetikuri
normebi da mxatvruli principebi. Secvlili garemoebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT daiwyo uaxlesi drois, principulad axali
arqiteqturis formireba. Tanamedrove mxatvruli sistemis
CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis arqiteqturul
skolas, romelmac gamoxata formaTwarmoqmnis novatoruli,
konceptualuri ideebi. aucilebeli gaxda Sinaarsobrivi masalis
transformacia, pedagogiuri praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT. amisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli iyo TanamedroveFformaTwarmoqmnis skolis
mimarTva propedevtikuli modelisadmi, romelic iTvaliswinebs
profesiuli ganaTlebis pirveli etapidan saproeqto amocanebis
gadawyvetaSi moculobiT-sivrciTi kompoziciis sagnis gamoyofas
da mis gamoyenebas SemoqmedebiTi iaraRis saxiT. arqiteqturuli
pedagogikis sfero jer kidev ar aris bolomde Seswavlili da
gaanalizebuli.
Catarebuli kvlevebis miuxedavad ar arsebobs safuZveli
imis mtkicebisa, rom dRes arsebobs erTiani Sexeduleba
mxatvruli formaTwarmoqmnis arqiteqturul skolaze, romelic
Camoyalibda XX saukuneSi da gaxda msoflio mxatvruli
kulturis mniSvnelovani movlena. amasTan erTad, dagrovili
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didi moculobis masala, mravali Teoriuli idea da mecnieruli
Sexeduleba SeiZleba gaxdes misi SemuSavebis safuZveli.
arqiteqturuli propedevtika, romlis safuZvelia
moculobiT-sivrciTi kompozicia, aris Zalian mniSvnelovani
momavali arqiteqtorebis CamoyalibebisaTvis, profesiuli
Tvisebebisa da Cvevebis dauflebisaTvis. amdenad, sadReisod
metad aqtualuria teqnikuri progresisa da arqiteqturaSi
axali masalebisa da kompiuteruli teqnologiebis farTod
gamoyenebis fonze swavlebis tradiciuli meTodologiis
modernizacia Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. swored aman
gansazRvra Cveni Sromis mizani da amocanebi.
Sromis mizans warmoadgenda arqiteqturuli propedevtikis
aqamde arsebuli saswavlo Teoriebisa da meTodologiebis
kritikuli analizis safuZvelze Tanamedrove da originaluri
meTodebis gamoyenebiT moculobiT-sivrciTi kompoziciis
efeqtiani saswavlo programis SemuSaveba, romelic
saerTaSoriso moTxovnebis Sesabamisad momavali arqiteqtorebis
optimaluri momzadebis saSualebas miscems saswavlo
dawesebulebebs.A
amocanebi
• arqiteqturuli propedevtikis aqamde arsebuli saswavlo
Teoriebisa da meTodologiebis mimoxilva;
• arqiteqturuli propedevtikis aqamde arsebuli saswavlo
Teoriebisa da meTodologiebis kritikuli analizi da
ganviTarebis perspeqtivebis gamovlena;
• studentTa da eqspert-pedagogTa gamokiTxvis safuZvelze
moculobiT-sivrciTi kompoziciis arsebuli saswavlo
meTodologiis Sefaseba da studentTa saWiroebebisa da
moTxovnebis gamovlena saswavlo programis Semdgomi
daxvewis mizniT;
• Tanamedrove da originaluri (sakuTari) meTodebis adre
arsebul saukeTeso meTodebTan integraciis safuZvelze,
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studentTa saWiroebebisa da moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
moculobiT-sivrciTi kompoziciis adekvaturi saswavlo
meTodologiis da Sesabamisi rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.
kvlevis obieqti
• kvlevis obieqts warmoadgenda arqiteqturis swavlebis
propedevtikuli kursis qarTuli da ucxouri
meTodologiebi;
• moculobiT-sivrciTi kompoziciis swavlebis
meTodologiaSi Tanamedrove meTodebis, maT Soris
kompiuteruli teqnologiebis, integraciis perspeqtivebi;
• studentTa piradi ganwyobebi da damokidebuleba teqnikuri
universitetis arqiteqturis, urbanistikisa da dizainis
fakultetze maTTvis SeTavazebuli moculobiT-sivrciTi
kompoziciis swavlebis meTodologiisadmi.
kvlevis meTodebi
• literaturuli wyaroebis damuSaveba da mopovebuli masalis
SedarebiTi analizi;
• specialurad SemuSavebuli kiTxvaris saSualebiT studentTa
gamokiTxva da miRebuli Sedegebis analizi;
• specialurad SemuSavebuli kiTxvaris saSualebiT eqspertTa
gamokiTxva da miRebuli Sedegebis analizi.
naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebi da mecnieruli siaxle
naSromSi pirvelad aris mocemuli arqiteqturuli
kompoziciis swavlebis meTodologiis kritikuli analizi
dinamikaSi sxvadasxva qveynebis, maT Soris, saqarTvelos
gamocdilebis safuZvelze. pirvelad saqarTvelos teqnikuri
universitetis arqiteqturis, urbanistikisa da dizainis
fakultetze Catarda kvleva studentTa moTxovnebisa da
saWiroebebis gamosavlenad. sistematizirebulia is midgomebi,
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romelic aucilebelia arqiteqturuli propedevtikis swavlebis
Tanamedrove adekvaturi meTodologiis SesamuSaveblad:
• arqiteqturuli procesis daufleba efeqtiani iqneba, Tu
arqiteqturuli propedevtikis meTodologia SemuSavdeba
mecnierulad da masSi aisaxeba pedagogikis, fsiqologiis,
qmedebis Teoriis, kulturologiis da sxva mecnierebebis
monacemebi;
• saswavlo meTodologia iqneba Sedegiani, Tu is dasawyisSive
gaiTvaliswinebs arqiteqturuli kompoziciis formirebis
zogad cnebebs da kanonzomierebebs, swavlebis sagnad iqceva
Sejamebuli gamocdileba, romelic saerTo principebiTa da
kategoriebiT gamoxatavs mTavars;
• pirvelobas unda vaniWebdeT swavlebis im meTodebs,
romlebic mimarTulia ara moswavleTa mexsierebis
datvirTvaze mza codniT, aramed meTodis formirebas,
romelic kerZo movlenebis mTeli sistemis damoukidebeli
asaxvis saSualebas iZleva. aqedan gamomdinare informaciis
moculobis Seumcireblad SesaZlebelia saswavlo masalis
Semcireba da swavlebis xarisxis amaRleba;
• moculobiT-sivrciTi kompoziciisa da arqiteqturuli
daproeqtebis kavSiris arseboba ganapirobebs maTi
paralelurad swavlebis aucileblobas da mniSvnelobas;
• dadginda, rom arqiteqturuli saswavlo procesis
propedevtikuli sqema gamomdinareobs ganviTarebadi
swavlebis pedagogiuri Teoriis Sinaarsidan da moculobiT-
sivrciTi kompozicia aris mniSvnelovani instrumenti
pirovnebis aucilebeli profesiuli monacemebis da
kulturis formirebisaTvis. aqedan gamodinareobs
upiratesoba meTodisa, romelic mimarTulia profesiuli
azrovnebis erTianobisken, kerZosgan saerTosken
(asociaciur-fsiqologiuri swavlebis Teoria);
6
• swavlebis kompiuteruli formis SemosvlasTan dakavSirebiT
arqiteqturulma skolam aucileblad unda upasuxos axal
realobas arqiteqturuli Semoqmedebis meTodologiaSi, rac
moiTxovs axali ideebis Ziebas ganaTlebis sawyisi ciklis
organizebaSi;
• Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze pirvelad dadginda, rom
arqiteqturuli propedevtikis, rogorc arqiteqturul-
mxatvruli formaTwarmoqmnis sawyisi skolis Sinaarsi
Seicavs Teoriuli debulebebis adaptirebul bloks,
romelic Seesabameba formaTwarmoqmnis paradigmas
arqiteqturaSi. igi Seicavs gansakuTrebul didaqtikur
masalas SemoqmedebiTi praqtikumisTvis ganyenebuli
kompoziciuri amocanebis saxiT da warmoadgens axal sityvas
momavali arqiteqtorebis profesiul-mxatvrul momzadebaSi;
• saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis arqiteqturis,
urbanistikisa da dizainis fakultetze Catarebuli
gamokiTxvis saSualebiT gamovlinda studentTa saWiroebebi
da moTxovnebi saswavlo meTodologiaSi Sesatani
cvlilebebis Sesaxeb, romelTa gaTvaliswinebac
gaaumjobesebs swavlebis xarisxs da ufro adekvaturs
gaxdis saswavlo programas;
• gamokiTxul eqspert-pedagogTa azriT moculobiT-sivrciTi
kompoziciis codna exmareba studentebs SemdgmoSi
maprofilirebeli sagnebis aTvisebaSi (gegmareba, dizaini,
konstruqciebi da a.S.);
• naSromSi pirvelad iqna naCvenebi, rom swavlebis procesSi
gamoyenebuli originaluri savarjiSoebi studentTaTvis
misaRebia, magram mTlianad savarjiSoebis sistema moiTxovs
srulyofas da ganaxlebas. aqedan gamomdinare,
mizanSewonilia savarjiSoebis Sinaarsis ganaxleba
Tanamedrove tendenciebisa da meTodebis CarTviT, rac ufro
sainteresos gaxdis saswavlo process, ganaviTarebs da
gamoavlens studentebis individualobas.
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Sedegebis gamoyenebis sfero
Sedegebis gamoyenebis sferos warmoadgens arqiteqturuli
kompoziciis swavlebis meTodologia. kerZod, misi daxvewa
naSromis daskvnebis safuZvelze, raSic igulisxmeba:
• originaluri meTodebis adre arsebul SerCeul meTodebTan
integraciis safuZvelze moculobiT-sivrciTi kompoziciis
swavlebis adekvaturi meTodologiis SemuSaveba, rac
safuZvlad daedeba fsiqologebis mier Sefasebul, efeqtian,
studentebisaTvis misaReb saswavlo programas. es xels
Seuwyobs studentebSi Tavisufali da Tanamedrove
azrovnebis Camoyalibebas da profesiul ganviTarebas;
• moZiebuli literaturis da pilotirebis Sedegebis analizis
safuZvelze gamokveTili arqiteqturuli kompoziciis
swavlebis mniSvnelobis da aucileblobis gaTvaliswineba
arqiteqturis, qalaqgegmarebis, dizainis, interieris
studentebis srulfasovan specialistebad Camosayalibeblad.
amasTan, am specialobebSi studentebis momzadebisaTvis
specifiuri da gansxvavebuli programebis miwodebis
aucileblobaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba;
• Tanamedrove arqiteqturasa da samSeneblo sferoSi axali
samSeneblo masalebis Semosvlis fonze, xasiaTis, ferisa da
faqturis mixedviT maTi saSualebebis gamovlenis mizniT da
masalis specifikis CvenebiT Sesabamisi axali mocemulobebis
Seqmnis mizanSewonilobis gaTvaliswineba;
• moculobiT-sivrciTi kompoziciis swavlebaSi kompiuteruli
teqnologiebis integrirebis SesaZleblobis da efeqtianobis
gaTvaliswinebiT swavlebis Sesabamisi meTodologiis
SemuSavebis aucileblobaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba.
8
cnobebi disertaciis moculobisa da struqturis Sesaxeb
disertacia warmodgenilia 154 nabeWd gverdze, Sedgeba
Semdegi ZiriTadi Tavebisagan: Sesavali (5 qveTavi - naSromis
aqtualoba, kvlevis mizani da amocanebi, kvlevis obieqti da
meTodebi, naSromis mecnieruli siaxle, Sedegebis gamoyenebis
sfero), literaturis mimoxilva, naSromis Sedegebi (Sedgeba 8
qveTavisgan), Sedegebis gansja, daskvnebi (daskvnebi da
rekomendaciebi). naSromSi mocemulia 36 ilustracia da 19
diagrama. gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxa moicavs 83 wyaros.
naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebi Tavebis mixedviT
disertaciis TavSi “literaturis mimoxilva” istoriul
aspeqtSi ganxilulia sxvadasxva qveyanaSi arqiteqturuli
kompoziciis swavlebis meTodologiebi.
naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebis pirvel qveTavSi mocemulia
“XX saukunis meore naxevarSi ucxoeTis arqiteqturul skolebSi
arqiteqturuli propedevtikis formirebis tendenciebis analizi”.
Ddadginda, rom mTlianobaSi arqiteqturuli propedevtikis
mravali konkretuli programa atarebs mkveTrad gamokveTil
saavtoro xasiaTs da dakavSirebulia wamyvani arqiteqtorebis
saxelebTan
fineTSi, helsinkis umaRlesi teqnikuri skolis arqiteqturis
fakultetze XX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi profesorma a.
ruusuvuorim SeimuSava arqiteqturuli propedevtikis kargad
cnobili kursi, romelic miznad isaxavs xelovnebis swavlebis
miaxlovebas zust mecnierebasTan. praqtikuli momzadebis mTavari
mizania sivrcis mniSvnelobisa da rolis axsna studentebisaTvis.
savarjiSoebSi mniSvnelovania gadasvla abstraqciidan
konkretulze.
belgiis turnes arqiteqturis umaRlesi skolis sawyisi
ganaTlebis programis erT-erTi avtori floran sori Tvlis,
rom misi programa aris gza studentis vizualuri niWis
9
ganviTarebisken; meTodi aswavlis arqiteqturuli plastikis
xedvas da arqiteqturuli azrovnebis sinTezs.
Sveicariis ciurixis federaluri politeqnikuri skolis
arqiteqturis ganyofilebis programa mimarTulia sistematuri
swavlebiT sivrciTi azrovnebis miRwevisken. Aavtorebi xazs
usvamen studentebSi pirvel rigSi SegrZnebiTi azrovnebis
gamocdilebis ganviTarebas. didi yuradReba eTmoba kompoziciis
gamomsaxvelobas.
SvedeTis arqiteqturuli skolebi swavlebis dawyebiT
etapze farTod iyeneben kompoziciuri momzadebis meTodebs
ganyenebul masalaze. ganixileba kompoziciis plastiuri da
sivrciTi faqtorebi, iyeneben savarjiSoebs, romlebic aviTareben
studentis kombinatorikul azrovnebas. arsebobs mcdeloba
feradi kompoziciis ganxilvisa moculobiT–sivrciT
kompoziciasTan erTad, rac exmianeba qarTuli skolis
gamocdilebas.
rigi dasavluri skolebisaTvis (magaliTad CexeTi,
slovakeTi, norvegia da sxva) damaxasiaTebelia formaTwarmoqmnis
kanonzomierebebis Seswavlis organizeba konstruqtorul
logikasTan kavSirSi. aseTi meToduri midgoma qmnis pirobebs
studentebis sivrciTi warmosaxvis Cvevebisa da SemoqmedebiTi
fantaziis aqtiuri varjiSisTvis.
slovakeTSi, brnos arqiteqturul skolaSi pirvel rigSi
aqcenti keTdeba sivrciTi azrovnebis ganviTarebis mizanze da
Tanamedrove arqiteqturaSi sivrciTi faqtoris gacnobierebaze.
aseve aucilebelad iTvleba feris gamoyeneba.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi germaniaSi arqiteqturuli
propedevtikis safuZvlebi Camoyalibda bauhauzis skolaSi.
germanuli arqiteqturuli skolebis umravlesoba sawyis
ganaTlebas axorcielebs meTodebiT, romlebSic CarTulia
arqiteqturuli propedevtikis ideebi, eyrdnoba arqiteqturuli
formebis elementebis kompoziciur da formalur analitikur
kvlevas. qalaq karlsrues skolis kompoziciis safuZvlebis
10
kursis programaSi, romlis xelmZRvanelia prof. lederbogeni
(karlsrues universiteti, arqiteqturis fakulteti), Uupirveles
miznad iTvleba studentis yuradRebis orientireba
arqiteqturuli formis sivrciT faqtorebze. yoveli Temis
damuSaveba xdeba Teoriuli masalis miwodebiT kompoziciuri
praqtikumis paralelurad.
vaimaris arqiteqturuli skolis Ppropedevtikuli kursis
SeqmnaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis profesor kiuns – profesiiT
moqandakes. misi xelmZRvanelobis periodSi kompozicia
iswavleboda ara arqiteqturis, aramed “samSeneblo plastikis”
kaTedraze. ar iswavleboda Teoria. savarjiSoebis
umravlesobaSi kompoziciebSi aqtiurad iyenebdnen fers, rac
Zalian mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia.
80-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis vaimarSi profesor kurt
rimeris ZalisxmeviT Seiqmna sxva mniSvnelovani da meTodurad
kargad damuSavebuli propedevtikuli kursi.
drezdenSi (samSeneblo institutis arqiteqturis
fakulteti) propedevtikuli kursi dakavSirebulia profesor
iustis saxelTan. orwliani praqtikumi, efuZneba kargad
damuSavebul Teoriul masalas, romelic asaxulia saswavlo
saxelmZRvaneloSi. is aerTianebs bauhauzis, ВХУТЕМАС-isa
(Высшие художественно-технические мастерские) da msgavsi Tanamedrove
kursebis cnobil da sasargeblo gamocdilebas.
poloneTi (krakovis samxatvro akademia, interierebis
arqiteqturis fakulteti. profesor anton xaskis saxelosno)
anton xaski kargad aris cnobili dizainis wreebSi, pirvel
rigSi sakuTari mxatvruli propedevtikis sistemiT. misi
programa mTlianad praqtikul xasiaTs atarebs da umTavresad
mimarTulia SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis ganviTarebaze.
varSavis samxatvro akademiaSi iyenebdnen sawyisi
kompoziciuri momzadebis originalur programas, romelic
SemuSavebuli iyo cnobili profesoris oskar hansenis mier.
Pprogramis mizania – aswavlos studentebs mxatruli xedva,
11
formaTwarmoqmnis principebi da vizualuri
kanonebi.Kkompoziciuri amocanebis Temebi ganawilebulia maTi
mzardi sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa oslos (norvegia) arqiteqturuli
skolis praqtika. rigi modelebis Sesruleba xdeba naturalur
zomaSi. norvegiuli studia wyvets formaTwarmoqmnis amocanebs
konkretul masalebTan kavSirSi, rac Zalian exmareba studentebs
teqtonikis SeswavlaSi. Ddamokidebuleba “forma – konstruqcia –
masala” mkveTrad vlindeba da xdeba TvalsaCino.
naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebis meore qveTavSi mocemulia
“ladovski-krinskis formalur-kompoziciuri skolis samecniero-
meToduri ideebis ganviTareba ruseTSi”.
me-20 saukunis 60-ian wlebSi sabWoTa arqiteqturul skolaSi
iwyeba axali Zlieri etapi propedevtikuli modelis
ganviTarebaSi. kursis aRorZinebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa
profesor v. krinskis da misi kolegebis m. turkusis da i.
lamcovis ideebma, romlebic aqtiurad moRvaweobdnen jer kidev
ВХУТЕМАС-is periodSi. v. krinski amtkicebda, rom moculobiT–
sivrciTi kompoziciis kursis kavSirs arqiteqturul
gegmarebasTan aqvs principuli meToduri mniSvneloba. M mTavari
mimarTuleba rCeboda ladovski – krinskis skolis koncefciis,
anu racionaluri formaTwarmoqmnis farglebSi, romelic
iTvaliswinebda aRqmis fsiqo-fiziologiur aspeqts.
arqiteqturuli propedevtika viTardeboda meTodologiurad da
Teoriulad “sivrcis” kategoriis mimarTulebiT.
ruseTis mravali regionaluri arqiteqturuli skola ar
kmayofildeboda standartuli programebiT, romlebsac maT
sTavazobda МАРХИ (Московский архитектурный институт) da aqtiurad
aviTarebda arqiteqturuli propedevtikis sakuTar variantebs,
magaliTad: sverdlovskis arqiteqturis instituti (profesori
a.korotkovski), samaris arqiteqturuli skola (profesori s.
malaxovi), yazanis arqiteqturis skola (a. dembiCi).
12
SeuZlebelia ucxoeTis qveynebis gamocdilebis srulad
warmodgena programebis saxiT, vinaidan isini mTel rig
qveynebSi TiTqmis ar qveyndeba.
XX saukuneSi arqiteqturuli skolis praqtikam aCvena, rom
propedevtikuli midgoma iyo yvelaze mniSvnelovani da
gavleniani meToduri TvalsazrisiT.
arqiteqturuli mxatvruli kompoziciis Tanamedrove skola
SeiZleba daxasiaTebuli iyos, rogorc XX saukunis
arqiteqturuli ganaTlebis sistemis novatoruli movlena,
romelic iyo social-kulturuli progresisa da xelovnebis
evoluciis Sedegi. is aris aRiarebuli da aprobirebuli
samecniero-pedagogiuri koncefcia, romelic efeqtianad wyvets
sabaziso profesiuli gamocdilebis aTvisebis amocanas.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi dagrovilia arqiteqturuli
propedevtikis funqcionirebis warmatebuli meToduri mignebebis
mTeli arsenali, romlebic dakavSirebulia maTi Semqmnelebis
saxelebTan.
naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebis mesame qveTavSi mocemulia
“arqiteqturuli kompoziciis swavlebis meTodologia
saqarTveloSi”. me-20 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos
politeqnikuri institutis arqiteqturis fakultetze dafuZnda
disciplina “arqiteqturuli kompozicia”. germaniisa da ruseTis
samxatvro skolebis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, qarTulma
arqiteqturulma skolam moZebna momavali xuroTmoZRvrebis
kompoziciuri momzadebis gansxvavebuli gza.
1989 wels gamoica kompoziciis safuZvlebis Semecnebis
meTodikis amsaxveli da profesiul wreebSi kargad cnobili
saxelmZRvanelo “arqiteqturuli kompoziciis Sesavali”
(Tbilisi, “ganaTleba” 1988-89w. qarTul da rusul enaze), romlis
avtori iyo profesori eTer fifia.
aRniSnuli meTodika warmoadgens mkafiod moqmed,
ganviTarebul sistemas, romelsac arqiteqturul saswavleblebSi
ar moepoveba pirdapiri analogebi. swavlebis Tanmimdevroba
13
mimarTulia praqtikidan Teoriisaken, praqtikuli davalebebidan
– Teoriuli cnebebis ganzogadebisaken. davalebebs Soris
damyarebulia urTierTkavSiri da Tanmimdevroba: yoveli
Semdgomi gamomdinareobs winasagan. meTodikis mTlianoba
miRebulia davalebebis seriiT martividan – rTulisaken da
damasrulebeli arqiteqturuli eskizebisa da improviziaciisaken.
Teoria mocemulia ara izolirebulad, aramed rogorc
kompoziciis avtoriseuli eqsperimentuli Seswavlis erTiani
procesis nawili. meTodika iTvaliswinebs aucilebel
ganviTarebas abstraqciidan – realobisaken da gasvlas
arqiteqturul dagegmarebaze, dizainze, konstruqciebze, rac mas
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs.
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis arqiteqturis,
urbanistikisa da dizainis fakultetze Cvens mier grZeldeba
Ziebebi arqiteqturuli kompoziciis Seswavlis meTodikasTan
dakavSirebiT. Cven vTavazobT studentebs axali tipis
davalebebsa da savarjiSoebs, vinaidan vTvliT, rom mxolod
eqsperimentuli davalebebi da Semdgom maTi monitoringi iZleva
arqiteqturuli kompoziciis swavlebis meTodikis gaumjobesebisa
da daxvewis saSualebas.
1995–99 wlebSi Cvens mier SeTavazebuli iyo savarjiSoebisa
da davalebebis jgufi, romelic, sasargeblo iyo formisa da
feris struqturis Secnobis da aseve feris saSualebiT
kompoziciis gawonasworebisaTvis. Ees savarjiSoebi did interess
iwvevda studentebSi da amdenad, migvaCnia, rom sasurvelia maTi
CarTva saswavlo programaSi, miTumetes, rom Cvens mier
Catarebuli gamokiTxvidan Cans studentebis survili am
programis axali savarjiSoebiT gamdidrebisa.
amgvarad, Catarebuli mimoxilviT da masalis analiziT
SesaZlebeli gaxda kompoziciuri praqtikumis mravali
saintereso xerxis, teqnikis aRmoCena Eda maTi efeqturobis
Sefaseba. am informaciam Seavso Cveni warmodgenebi
arqiteqturuli propedevtikis SesaZleblobebze. amasTan,
14
meTodologiuri safuZvlebi, deklarirebuli pedagog-
arqiteqtorebis mier (floran sori, ruusuvori, lederbogeni da
a.S) metad mniSvnelovania. ВХУТЕМАС-isa da bauhauzis
damajerebeli gamocdilebis safuZvelze misi mizanSewoniloba
cxadi gaxda praqtikulad msoflios yvela arqiteqturuli
skolisTvis.
rogorc ucxouri, aseve Cveni gamocdileba kidev erTxel
miuTiTebs arqiteqturuli propedevtikis, rogorc pedagogiuri
instrumentis mniSvnelobaze, romelmac uzrunvelyo
arqiteqtorTa ramdenime Taobis warmatebuli momzadeba.
amgvarad, SeiZleba gamoiyos arqiteqturuli propedevtikis
formirebis sami etapi, romlebic dakavSirebulia: socialur-
ekonomikur da politikur pirobebTan, samecniero-teqnikur
progresTan, vizualuri xelovnebis sferos ganviTarebis Sida
tendenciebTan da pedagogiuri azris ganviTarebasTan.
1. pirveli etapi gulisxmobsAakademiuri skolis kriziss da
misgan gamosvlis xerxebis povnas (p. berensi, duseldorfis
gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis skola; van de velde. vaimaris
gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis skola). bauhauzisa da ВХУТЕМАС-is
novatoruli etapi, laboratoriul-eqsperimentaluri
moRvaweoba, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara arqiteqturuli
propedevtikis universalur midgomas;
2. ВХУТЕМАС-is struqturaSi moxda programuli debulebebis
gamtkiceba da arqiteqturuli propedevtikis gamoyofa
disciplinaSi “sivrce.”
3. XX saukunis meore naxevari bauhauzisa da ВХУТЕМАС- is
tradiciebis safuZvelze propedevtikis ideebis aqtiuri
ganviTareba, rogorc Eempiriuli gamocdilebis samecniero-
Teoriuli aucilebeli uzrunvelyofis etapi.
sabWoTa kavSiris arqiteqturul skolebSi, Cndeba
TviTmyofadi regionuli skolebi da pedagogiuri koleqtivebi,
xolo arqiteqturuli propedevtikis empiriuli gamocdilebis
15
periodizacia da analizi yvela etapisTvis misi ZiriTadi
meToduri principebis formulirebis saSualebas iZleva:
• kompoziciuri kanonzomierebebis formalizeba
(obieqtivizacia) kompoziciur-SemoqmedebiTi mimarTeba
mxatvruli saSualebebis aTvisebisas;
• swavlebis Sinaarsis dayrdnoba axali mxatvruli
saSualebebis sistemaze, romelic dafuZnebulia moculobiT
_sivrciT formebze, sqemebze da maTi kombinaciebis xerxebze;
• mkveTri gansxvaveba ganaTlebis miznebs Soris (qmedebis
profesiuli saSualebebis da meTodebis formirebisken
swrafva) da profesiuli SesaZleblobebis formireba
(sivrciTi azrovneba, moculobiT sivrciTi formebis
xarisxis mimarT mgrZnobeloba, kombinatorikuli Cvevebi da
a.S.).
naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebis meoTxe qveTavSi “moculobiT-
sivrciTi kompoziciis kavSiri arqiteqturul daproeqtebasTan,
rogorc meTodologiuri problema” warmodgenilia principuli
meToduri mniSvneloba moculobiT–sivrciTi kompoziciis kursis
kavSirisa arqiteqturul gegmarebasTan. centraluri problema,
romlis garSemo fokusirdeba yuradReba da iSleba kamaTi, es
aris arqiteqturuli propedevtikisa, arqiteqturuli kompoziciis
da daproeqtebis meTodologiuri kavSiri.
propedevtikuli koncefciis liderebi strategiuli da
taqtikuri amocanebis gadawyvetisas yovelTvis aqcevdnen
yuradRebas moculobiT-sivrciTi kompoziciasa da proeqts Soris
kavSirs. arsebobs sxvadasxva mosazreba am problemis
gadasawyvetad: zogi Tvlis rom unda xdebodes gamWoli
kompoziciur-mxatvruli momzadeba (i. bogomolovi, penzis
sainJinro-samSeneblo instituti), zogi ki fiqrobs, rom rodesac
students daproeqtebis dros praqtikulad uxdeba funqciuri da
konstruqciuli amocanebis gadawyveta, aqedan gamosavals
warmoadgens wina saproeqto propedevtikuli savarjiSoebis
sistemis Seqmna konstruqciul-teqtonikuri, funqciuri da
16
social-kulturuli aspeqtebiT (v. moori, vladivostokis
politeqnikuri instituti).
iTvleba, rom vizualuri azrovneba aris profesiuli
azrovnebis formirebis safuZveli, magram ar iZleva saproeqto
qmedebaze pirdapiri gadasvlis saSualebas (profesori l. marci
ВНИИТЭ - Всероссийский научно-исслдовательский институт технической
эстетики).
МАРХИ–s profesori i. anisimova ki miiCnevs, rom
arqiteqturuli daproeqteba unda iwyebodes pirvelive kursidan
moculobiT-sivrciTi kompoziciis da arqiteqturuli praqtikis
Seswavlis paralelurad. i. anisimovas eqsperimentul programaSi
gansakuTebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba saswavlo programis
dasawyisSi arqiteqturuli proeqtis CarTvas, praqtikulad
pirvelive semestrSi. ruseTSi, МАРХИ–s moculobiT-sivrciTi
da proeqtirebis departamentis gamocdileba efuZneba
moculobiT-sivrciTi kompoziciis kursis da konkretuli
saproeqto davalebebis gavlis paralelur princips (d.
melodinski). swored disciplinis swavlebis etapobrivobaSi
yvelaze metad vlindeba sirTuleebi. amas emateba saorganizacio
faqtori, vinaidan am etapze xdeba pedagogebis cvla, rac
arTulebs profesiuli Cvevebis ganviTarebis erTiani meToduri
xazis gatarebas.
moculobiT-sivrciTi kompoziciis kavSiri arqiteqturul
propedevtikasTan da misi warmodgena, rogorc ZiriTadi
SemoqmedebiTi amocanis gadawyvetis formis da meTodisa, aris
upirvelesi motivacia pedagogikisTvis.
naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebis mexuTe qveTavi “arqiteqturuli
propedevtika da kompiuterizacia” eZRvnebaKkompiuteruli
teqnologiebis rols da mniSvnelobas arqiteqturuli
kompoziciis swavlebis procesSi.
dRes, arqtiteqturul praqtikaSi Tanamedrove kompiuteruli
teqnologiebis gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebiT xdeba seriozuli
cvlilebebi. axali vizualuri ena axali saproeqto azrovnebis
17
formad iqceva. skola aucileblad unda pasuxobdes axal
situacias meTodologiaSi. es moiTxovs axali ideebis Ziebas
ganaTlebis sawyisi ciklis organizebaSi, arqiteqturul
propedevtikaSi. Cvenis azriT, axali drois arqiteqturis
formaTwarmoqmnis principebi ZiriTadad darCeba ucvleli, magram
misi amocanebis gadawyvetis xerxebi aucileblad Seicvleba
kompiuteruli miRwevebis CarTvis saSualebiT. kompiuteri
ZiriTadad cvlis SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis samaketo formas da
saproeqto gamosaxulebis xerxs.
fsiqo-meTodur aspeqtSi aq Cndeba ori problema - pirveli
dakavSirebulia xeliT modelirebisaTvis gamoyofili drois
SemcirebasTan. meore problema dakavSirebulia arqiteqturuli
formis kompiuteruli xerxiT asaxvis siaxlesTan. kompiuterul
manipulirebas aqvs didi prioriteti – siCqare. optimalur
gadawyvetas warmoadgens kompromisi xeliT modelirebasa da
kompiuterul modelirebas Soris.
arqiteqturuli dagegmarebis safuZvlebis tradiciulad
ganmsazRvreli disciplinebis integraciis sakiTxi Tanamedrove
gamowvevebisa da informaciul_teqnologiuri SesaZleblobis
Sesabamisi paradigmis safuZvelze aqtualuria da saTanado
ganxilvas moiTxovs. kompiuteruli teqnologiebis gamoyeneba
kompoziciis swavlebisas specifikur midgomas saWiroebs.
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis arqiteqturis,
urbanistikisa da dizainis fakultetze kompiuteruli swavlebis
sferos ZiriTadad arqiteqtorebi kurireben, rac uzrunvelyofs
dargis specifikis srulad gamovlenas da momijnave dargebis
mimarTAinterdisciplinaruli principis realizacias.
saerTo teqnikur da informaciul-teqnologiur bazasTan
erTad sxvadasxva disciplinebis integracia unda moxdes
gamaerTianebeli meTodologiuri principiT, intuiciuri da
SemoqmedebiTi fenomenis gaTvaliswinebiT. dReisaTvis problemas
warmoadgens is, Tu rogor unda damyardes kavSiri or kurss
Soris: “arqiteqturuli kompozicia” da “arqiteqturuli
18
informatika da kompiuteruli dagegmareba” da Dramdenad
SeiZleba maTi Serwyma.
buneba geometriuli gardaqmnebiT urTierTobs CvenTan.
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom Cad sistemebis meTodologiuri
safuZvlebi aris geometriuli gardaqmnebi.
naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebis meeqvse qveTavSi ganxilulia
“arqiteqturuli propedevtikis fsiqo-pedagogiuri safuZvlebi”.
es Tema gamovida pirvel planze mxolod arqiteqturuli
propedevtikis ganviTarebis mesame etapze, XX saukunis meore
naxevarSi. gairkva, rom pedagogikis da fsiqologiis debulebebis
gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia, vinaidan isini exeba kulturis
translacias, pirovnebis fsiqiuri Tvisebebis procesebis
daxvewas, aRmzrdelebisa da aRsazrdelebis urTierTobebis
kanonzomierebebs.
saproeqto gamocdilebis miRebis procesi SeiZleba
mimdinareobdes sxvadasxvanairad. erT-erTi SesaZlo gza aris
stiqiuri. adamiani eziareba vizualur kulturas intuiciurad,
misi Sida kanonzomierebebis Seucnoblad. sxva principulad
gansxvavebuli gza aris kompoziciis profesiuli swavleba.
arqiteqturuli propedevtikis meTodika, unda muSavdebodes
mecnierulad da yalibdebodes Teoriul-meTodur koncefciaSi.
masSi unda aisaxebodes momijnave mecnierebebis monacemebi:
pedagogikis, fsiqologiis, qmedebis Teoriis, kulturologiis da
sxva. arqiteqturis dauflebisas pirveloba unda eniWebodes
swavlebis im meTodebs, romlebic iTvaliswineben mis sistemur –
kompoziciur erTianobas, irCeven im saswavlo masalas, romelic
ubiZgebs arqiteqturuli moRvaweobis mTlianobis gaazrebisken.
aseT meTodad upirobod gvevlineba arqiteqturuli daproeqteba.
arqiteqturis swavlebis logika unda viTardebodes ara
davalebebis funqcionaluri garTulebebis, aramed arqiteqturaze
sistemuri warmodgenis gaRrmavebis gziT, misi kompoziciuri
Sinaarsis gaxsniT, harmoniisa da erTianobis esTetikuri
19
principebis, formebis vizualuri balansis, riTmuli agebebis,
sivrcul – plastiuri Tvisebebis gamoxatviT.
pedagogikaSi cnobilia swavlebis meTodebis zogierTi
saerTo midgoma, romelic eyrdnoba fsiqologiur Teoriebs (mag.
swavlebis asociaciuri Teoria, pirobiTi – refleqtoruli,
niSnobrivi), dRes mTlianobaSi ar akmayofilebs drois
moTxovnebs, magram XX saukunis me-2 naxevarSi ufro did
avtoritets iZens ganviTarebadi swavlebis Teoria.
Cvens saukuneSi, pirvelobas unda vaniWebdeT swavlebis im
meTodebs, romlebic mimarTulia ara moswavleTa mexsierebis
datvirTvaze mza codniT, aramed meTodis formirebas, romelic
kerZo movlenebis mTeli sistemis damoukidebeli asaxvis
saSualebas iZleva. swavlebis am models uwodeben “azrovnebis
skola”-s, gansxvavebiT “mexsierebis skola”-sgan. am meToduri
sistemis ideebis Tanaxmad xdeba sxvadasxva disciplinebis
Seswavlis axleburi organizeba: maTematika, geografia, biologia
da sxva, romlebic sistemuri obieqtebis codnis wres qmnian.
moculobiT – sivrciTi kompozicia SeiZleba ganixilebodes,
rogorc umniSvnelovanesi instrumenti, pirovnebis aucilebeli
profesiuli monacemebis da kulturis formirebisaTvis. Aaqedan
gamomdinareobs upirobo upiratesobebi meTodis, romelic
mimarTulia profesiuli azrovnebis erTianobisken erTxazovani
swavlebis meTodTan.
Uupiratesoba unda eniWebodes im meTodebs, romlebic
exmianebian dros, Seesabamebian dialeqtikuri azrovnebis
formebs, romlebic Cadebulia nebismieri Semoqmedebis, maT Soris
mxatvrulis safuZvelSi.
Mmetad mniSvnelovania swavlebis meTodologiis koreqtireba
studentTa Sefasebebidan gamomdinare, swavlebis kursis
saWiroebebis, formis da Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebis meSvide qveTavSi “studentTa da
eqspert-pedagogTa mier arqiteqturuli kompoziciis swavlebis
Sefaseba specialurad Sedgenili kiTxvarebis saSualebiT”
20
mocemulia saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis arqiteqturis,
urbanistikisa da dizainis fakultetis studentebis
moTxovnebisa da saWiroebebis Sefaseba specialurad
SemuSavebuli kiTxvarebis saSualebiT. kvlevebSi monawileoba
miiRes 137–ma mesame da meoTxe kursis studentma da magistrma da
49 eqspert-pedagogma. niSandoblivia, rom gamokiTxul studentTa
ZiriTadi umravlesoba miiCnevs aucileblad arqiteqturuli
kompoziciis swavlebas arqiteqturis, urbanistikisa da dizainis
fakultetze pirvel da meore kursebze 4 semestris ganmavlobaSi.
gamokiTxulTa studentTa ZiriTadi umravlesoba Tanxmdeba
imaSi, rom yvela savarjiSo, romelic maT gaires arqiteqturuli
kompoziciis swavlebis dros, maTTvis sasargeblo iyo.
studentebis azriT, kompoziciis praqtikumis paralelurad
arqiteqturuli kompoziciis Teoriuli kursis gavla aris
saWiro. dadebiT movlenad unda miviCnioT is faqti, rom
gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba aucileblad Tvlis arqiteqturul-
mxatvruli mimdinareobebis codnas, respodentTa ZiriTadi
umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom maT davalebis SesrulebaSi
daexmarebaT samxatvro masalis teqnikuri saSualebebis floba
(akvareli, guaSi) da ferTa Teoriis codna. 90–ani wlebis bolos
4 wlis manZilze eqsperimentis saxiT, saqarTvelos teqnikur
universitetSi arqiteqturis fakultetze Cvens mier iyo
SemoTavazebuli savarjiSoebis kursi zustad am Cvevebis
gansaviTareblad. rogorc Cans am tipis savarjiSoebis kvlav
CarTva davalebis saxiT samomavlod mizanSewonili iqneba
swavlebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis mizniT.
respodentTa umravlesobas aucileblad miaCnia siaxleebisa
da cvlilebebis Setana swavlebis meTodologiaSi, aseve
savarjiSoebis SinaarsSi _ axali savarjiSoebis damateba,
savarjiSoebis raodenobis gazrda semestris ganmavlobaSi.
sainteresoa gamokiTxulTa azri kompiuteruli
teqnologiebis gamoyenebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. respondentTa
ZiriTadi umravlesoba Tvlis, rom arqiteqturuli kompoziciis
21
kursis gavla mniSvnelovania maTi profesiuli
CamoyalibebisaTvis da daexmara Semdgom kursebze
arqiteqturuli proeqtebis SesrulebaSi.
CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT saintereso iyo studentTa mier
savarjiSos “arqiteqturuli versia” Sefaseba, imis gamo, rom is
aris originaluri, SemoTavazebulia Cvens mier da gamoiyeneba
swavlebis procesSi bolo 10 weliwadia.Aamdenad, sasiamovno
aRmoCnda studentTa didi nawilis mier gamoxatuli azri,
romelTac gansakuTrebiT sasargeblod da sainteresod miiCnies
swored es davaleba, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom am savarjiSoebis
gamoyeneba SemdgomSic mizanSewonili iqneba.
gamokiTxvis Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom teqnikuri universitetis arqiteqturis
fakultetze arqiteqturuli kompoziciis swavlebis
meTodologia ZiriTadad Tanxvdeba msoflioSi damkvidrebul
praqtikas da rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, studentTa
azriT am sagnis swavleba maTTvis saWiro da sasargebloa, xolo
swavlebis principebi - misaRebi. amasTan, momavalSi swavlebis
meTodologiis Semdgom daxvewaSi uTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia
studentTa mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogori cvlilebebi unda ganxorcieldes am mimarTulebiT.
metad mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom eqspert-pedagogTa 96%
Tvlis, rom arqiteqturuli kompoziciis swavleba uadvilebT
pedagogebs da exmareba studentebs Semdgom kursebze sxvadasxva
maprofilirebeli disciplinebis aTvisebaSi.
Yyovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom arqiteqturuli propedevtikis, rogorc
arqiteqturul-mxatvruli formaTwarmoqmnis sawyisi skolis
Sinaarsi Seicavs Teoriuli debulebebis adaptirebul bloks,
romelic Seesabameba formaTwarmoqmnis paradigmas
arqiteqturaSi. igi Seicavs gansakuTrebul didaqtikur masalas
SemoqmedebiTi praqtikumisTvis ganyenebuli kompoziciuri
22
amocanebis saxiT da warmoadgens axal sityvas momavali
arqiteqtorebis profesiul-mxatvrul momzadebaSi.
naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebis merve qveTavSi “arqiteqturuli
propedevtikis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi” moyvanilia
arqiteqturuli propedevtikis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi,
romelebic emyareba ganxiluli meTodologiebis kritikul
analizs, studentTa moTxovnebs, arsebul siaxleebsa da
tendenciebs arqiteqturaSi.
Mmosalodnelia, romAarqiteqturis Sinaarsi da masTan erTad
arqiteqturuli moRvaweobis meTodologia dinamikaSi SeiZleba
Seicvalos samecniero miRwevebis swraf ganviTarebasTan erTad.
dRes ukve eWvgareSea, rom arqiteqturuli skola Sevida XXI
saukuneSi arqiteqturis sawyisi profesiuli ganaTlebis mTeli
arsenaliT, romelic moicavs aRmoCenebs arqiteqturul
propedevtikaSi Dda ra saxec ar unda miiRos axalma
arqiteqturam, formaTwarmoqmnis misi siRrmiseuli impulsebi
darCeba gamoxatuli propedevtikuli koncefciiT.
Aarqiteqturuli propedevtikis tradiciul farglebSi ki
mosalodnelia didi da patara pedagogiuri aRmoCenebi, vinaidan
misi arsenali jer ar aris amowuruli.
wamyvani arqiteqturuli skolebis gamocdileba metyvelebs
saproeqto procesis ganviTarebis da masSi moculobiT-sivrciTi
kompoziciis masalis paralelurad CarTvis mizanSewonilobaze.
Teoriul aspeqtSi saWiroa moculobiT-sivrciTi
kompoziciis samecniero debulebis garkveva, formaTwarmoqmnis
Teoriis ganviTareba, arqiteqturuli kompoziciis kategoriebis
ganxilva. Aarqiteqturuli propedevtikis interesebSia, rom
axali codna uwyvetad aisaxebodes kompoziciuri praqtikumis
meTodur formebSi, pedagogisa da studentis erTobliv
SemoqmedebaSi.
Tanamedrove arqiteqturis sagnobriv - sivrciTi Sinaarsi
logikurad ganapirobebs axali tipis profesiuli azrovnebis
23
mizandasaxul ganviTarebas. zustad aqaa mosalodneli mravali
aRmoCena.
SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom dRes ar arsebobs meToduri da
Teoriuli erTianoba Temis “formis gamovlena” gagebaSi.Aaq
saWiroa kategoriis “arqiteqturuli formis gamovlena” ufro
Rrma damuSaveba, analizi da am kompoziciuri nawilis
meTodologiuri uzrunvelyofa. aseTive yuradRebas moiTxovs
Tema “teqtonika”. moculobiT formaSi teqtonikuri
damokidebulebebis farTo SesaZleblobebis gacnobierebis
gareSe SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove arqiteqturis mxatvruli
xerxebis mTeli palitris warmodgena. kompiuteruli
teqnologiebis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli iqneba garkveuli
Zvrebi da cvlilebebi.
arqiteqturis ganviTarebis yvela etapze Cndeba problemebi,
romlebic moiTxovs mxatruli formaTwarmoqmnis yvela
SesaZleblobis ufro Rrma gaazrebas. Aam aspeqtSi
arqiteqturuli kompoziciis Teoriis sfero aris dausrulebeli
kvlevebis sagani. arqiteqturuli propedevtikis Zireuli ideebis
ganviTarebis uzarmazari sivrce arsebobs. perspeqtivaSi
mosalodnelia uamravi aRmoCena, romelebic dadebiT gavlenas
moaxdens momavali arqiteqtorebis momzadebis efeqturobaze.
naSromis Semdegi Tavi miRebuli Sedegebis gansjas eZRvneba.
daskvnebi
1. XX saukuneSi arqiteqturuli skolis praqtikam aCvena, rom
propedevtikuli midgoma iyo yvelaze mniSvnelovani da
gavleniani meToduri TvalsazrisiT. swored mis farglebSi
iyo realizebuli formalur-analitikuri meTodis
kompoziciuri principebi. arqiteqturul-mxatvruli
kompoziciis Tanamedrove skola SeiZleba daxasiaTebuli iyos,
rogorc XX saukunis arqiteqturuli ganaTlebis sistemis
novatoruli movlena, romelic iyo social-kulturuli
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progresisa da xelovnebis evoluciis Sedegi. is aris
aRiarebuli da aprobirebuli samecniero-pedagogiuri
koncefcia, romelic efeqtianad wyvets sabaziso profesiuli
gamocdilebis aTvisebis amocanas;
2. Tanamedrove arqiteqturul-mxatvruli kompoziciis skolebis
ganviTarebis kvlevam SesaZlebeli gaxada misi koncefciebis
TviTmyofadobis gamovlena. Tanamedrove arqiteqturuli
kompoziciis skola iseve, rogorc saproeqto praqtika, uars
ambobs tradiciul klasikaze da xasiaTdeba novatoruli
mizanswrafulobiT. am pirobebSi Camoyalibda Tanamedrove
arqiteqturis axali saxe, romelic efuZneba mxatvrul
gamomsaxvelobiT enas. Tanamedrove skolam moculobiT-
sivrciTi kompoziciis formaluri meTodikis gamoyenebiT
gansazRvra aramarto kompoziciis aTvisebis gansxvavebuli
meTodebi, aramed es meTodebi gardaqmna axal masalad,
romelmac pozitiuri gavlena iqonia Tanamedrove
arqiteqturis stilisturi saxis formirebaze. arqiteqturul
skolebSi formaTwarmoqmnis koncefciebis gamoxatvis
Tavisebureba gamoixateba imaSi, rom is metwilad asaxavs ara
logikuri, aramed vizualuri azrovnebis formebs, miznad
isaxavs profesiuli gamocdilebis translacias da
gamovlenas, aris Teoriul-praqtikuli xasiaTis, romelSic
xdeba qmedebebis gamocdilebis koncentracia;
3. arqiteqturuli skolis arqiteqturul-pedagogiuri
koncefciebi, midgomebi da principebi asaxaven mxatvruli
gamocdilebis ama Tu im meTods, ris Sedegadac isini
obieqtur debulebebTan erTad aucileblad iTavseben maT
mimarT subieqtur damokidebulebas, romelic
damaxasiaTebelia Semoqmedi pedagogebisaTvis. amiT aixsneba
koncefciebis simravle, romlebic warmodgenilia wamyvani
pedagogebis saavtoro programebSi da gamoxatulia ama Tu im
saswavleblis pedagogTa koleqtivebis mier;
25
4. gamoyofilia arqiteqturuli propedevtikis formirebis sami
etapi, romlebic dakavSirebulia Semdeg faqtorebTan:
socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri pirobebi, samecniero-
teqnikuri progresi, vizualuri xelovnebis sferos
ganviTarebis Sida tendenciebi, pedagogiuri azris ganviTareba.
propedevtikis empiriuli gamocdilebis periodizacia da
analizi yvela etapisTvis misi ZiriTadi meToduri principebis
formulirebis saSualebas iZleva:
• kompoziciuri kanonzomierebebis formalizeba
(obieqtivizacia) rogorc antiTeza mxatvrul procesSi
SemoqmedebiTi TviTnebobis da subieqtivizmisa;
• kompoziciur-SemoqmedebiTi mimarTeba mxatvruli
saSualebebis aTvisebisas;
• swavlebis Sinaarsis misadageba axali mxatvruli
saSualebebis sistemaze, romelic dafuZnebulia ara
orderul elementebze, aramed moculobiT-sivrciT formebze,
sqemebze da maTi kombinaciebis xerxebze;
• mkveTri gansxvaveba ganaTlebis miznebs Soris (swrafva
Semoqmedebis profesiuli saSualebebis da meTodebis
formirebisken) da profesiuli SesaZleblobebis formireba
specialuri savarjiSoebis gamoyenebiT (sivrciTi azrovneba,
moculobiT-sivrciTi formebis xarisxis mimarT
mgrZnobeloba, kombinatorikuli Cvevebi da a.S);
• konkretuli meToduri gadawyvetebis sisusteebisa da
winaaRmdegobriobebis gamovlena da klasificireba, sadao
momentebis gamoyofa.
5. rogorc ucxouri, aseve saqarTvelos teqnikuri
universitetis…arqiteqturis, urbanistikisa da dizainis
fakultetis gamocdileba …kidev erTxel amtkicebs
arqiteqturuli propedevtikis, rogorc pedagogiuri
instrumentis mniSvnelobas, romelmac uzrunvelyo
arqiteqtorTa ramdenime Taobis warmatebuli momzadeba da
26
romlebic Semoqmedebis aqtiur fazaSi Sevidnen me-20 saukunis
me-2 naxevarSi;
6. moculobiT-sivrciTi kompoziciis kavSiri arqiteqturul
daproeqtebasTan da misi warmodgena, rogorc ZiriTadi
SemoqmedebiTi amocanis gadawyvetis formis da meTodisa, aris
upirvelesi motivacia pedagogisaTvis. arqiteqturuli
propedevtikis CarTva arqiteqturul proeqtirebaSi
xorcieldeba ori mimarTulebiT da misi ZiriTadi mizania
daproeqtebis SemoqmedebiTi meTodis daufleba:
• pirveli uzrunvelyofs profesiuli formalizebuli
saSualebebis potencialis mudmiv gamdidrebas (kompoziciis
kanonebisa da principebis, kategoriebis, ganzogadoebuli
vizualuri saxeebis da a.S.).
• meore mimarTuleba uSualod gardaqmnis moculobiT-
sivrciTi kompoziciis saSualebebs konkretuli saproeqto
situaciis gadawyvetis moqmed meqanizmad da iyenebs
SemoqmedebiT azrovnebaSi mis vizualur formas.
7. swavlebis kompiuteruli forma ukve aqtiurad erTveba
saswavlo daproeqtebis procesSi da misi roli uaxloes
momavalSi kidev ufro gaizrdeba, vinaidan axali vizualuri
ena axal saproeqto azrovnebis formad iqceva. aseT pirobebSi
migvaCnia, rom arqiteqturuli skola aucileblad unda
pasuxobdes axal situacias arqiteqturuli Semoqmedebis
meTodologiaSi. es moiTxovs axali ideebis Ziebas ganaTlebis
sawyisi ciklis organizebaSi, arqiteqturul propedevtikaSi;
8. axali drois arqiteqturis formaTwarmoqmnis principebi
ZiriTadad ar Seicvleba. maTi buneba, romelic gamomdinareobs
adamianis, rogorc aqtiuri subieqtis fsiqo-fiziologiuri
Taviseburebebidan da Cveni samyaros sagnobriv-sivrciTi
materialuri specifikidan, ver ganicdis safuZvlian
transformirebas. arqiteqtura darCeba arqiteqturad, magram
misi amocanebis gadawyvetis xerxebi aucileblad Seicvleba
kompiuteruli miRwevebis CarTvasTan erTad. moculobiT-
27
sivrciTi kompoziciis konkretul meTodikaSi mis didaqtikur
aRWurvaSi, saswavlo procesis organizaciis xerxebSi
eWvgareSea, rom ganxorcieldeba mniSvnelovani novaciebi.
arqiteqturul-kompoziciuri Semoqmedebis mxatvruli
specifikis miuxedavad, sadac subieqtivizmi aris ganuyofeli
atributi, misi swavleba ar SeiZleba eyrdnobodes empirizmzs
da uaryofdes obieqtur safuZvels;
9. arqiteqturuli propedevtikis meTodika, rogorc sxva
nebismieri sagnis, unda muSavdebodes mecnierulad da
yalibdebodes Teoriul-meTodur koncefciaSi. masSi unda
aisaxebodes momijnave mecnierebebis monacemebi: pedagogikis,
fsiqologiis, qmedebis Teoriis, kulturologiis da sxva. Aam
SemTxvevaSi arqiteqturuli profesiis daufleba efeqtiani
iqneba;G
10. gegmazomierad organizebul saswavlo procesSi meTodikas
aqvs upiratesobebi, Tu is dasawyisSive iTvaliswinebs
arqiteqturuli kompoziciis formirebis saerTo cnebebs da
kanonzomierebebs, damaxasiaTebels yvela saproeqto
obieqtisaTvis, aseve maT konkretul funqciur daniSnulebas.
swavlebis sagnad iqceva ara calkeuli erTeulebi, dagrovili
arqiteqturuli gamocdilebidan, aramed Sejamebuli
gamocdileba, romelic gamoxatavs mTavars da mniSvnelovans,
saerTo principebiTa da kategoriebiT;A
11. arqiteqturis dauflebisas pirveloba unda eniWebodes
swavlebis im meTodebs, romlebic iTvaliswineben mis sistemur
kompoziciur erTianobas, irCevdes im saswavlo masalas,
romelic ubiZgebs arqiteqturuli moRvaweobis mTlianobis
gaazrebisaken. arqiteqturis swavlebis logika unda
viTardebodes ara davalebebis funqcionaluri garTulebebis,
aramed arqiteqturaze sistemuri warmodgenis gaRrmavebis
gziT, misi kompoziciuri Sinaarsis gaxsniT, harmoniisa da
erTianobis esTetiuri principebis, formebis vizualuri
28
balansis, riTmuli agebebis, sivrcul–plastiuri Tvisebebis
gamoxatviT;
12. Cvens saukuneSi, rodesac izrdeba informaciisa da codnis
moculoba, pirveloba unda eniWebodes swavlebis im meTodebs,
romlebic mimarTulia ara studentTa mexsierebis datvirTvaze
mza codniT, aramed meTodis formirebas, romelic kerZo
movlenebis mTeli sistemis damoukidebeli asaxvis saSualebas
iZleva. am midgomis upiratesoba damtkicebulia pedagogiuri
praqtikiT. Aaqedan gamomdinare, informaciis moculobis
Seumcireblad SesaZlebelia mkveTrad Semcirdes saswavlo
masala da amaRldes swavlebis xarisxi;
13. arqiteqturuli moRvaweobis saswavlo procesis ganviTarebis
propedevtikuli sqema bunebrivad gamomdinareobs
ganviTarebadi swavlebis pedagogiuri Teoriis logikidan da
Sinaarsidan. Aamitom moculobiT–sivrciTi kompozicia
SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi
instrumenti, pirovnebis aucilebeli profesiuli monacemebis
da kulturis formirebisaTvis. Aaqedan gamomdinareobs
upirobo upiratesobebi meTodisa, romelic mimarTulia
profesiuli azrovnebis erTianobisken erTxazovani swavlebis
meTodTan, kerZosgan saerTosken (asociaciur – fsiqologiuri
swavlebis Teoria);
14. Cvens mier Catarebuli studentTa da eqspertTa gamokiTxvis
Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom teqnikuri
universitetis arqiteqturis fakultetze arqiteqturuli
kompoziciis swavlebis meTodologia ZiriTadad Tanxvdeba
msoflioSi damkvidrebul praqtikas da rac gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania, studentTa azriT am sagnis swavleba maTTvis
mniSvnelovani, saWiro da sasargebloa, xolo swavlebis
principebi - misaRebi. arqiteqturuli propedevtikis, rogorc
arqiteqturul-mxatvruli formaTwarmoqmnis sawyisi skolis
Sinaarsi Seicavs Teoriuli debulebebis adaptirebul bloks,
romelic Seesabameba formaTwarmoqmnis paradigmas
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arqiteqturaSi. igi Seicavs gansakuTrebul didaqtikur
masalas SemoqmedebiTi praqtikumisTvis ganyenebuli
kompoziciuri amocanebis saxiT da warmoadgens axal sityvas
momavali arqiteqtorebis profesiul-mxatvrul momzadebaSi.
rekomendaciebi
1. saqarTveloSi momavali arqiteqtorebis optimaluri
momzadebisaTvis moculobiT-sivrciTi kompoziciis
efeqtiani saswavlo programis SemuSavebisas
mizanSewonilia arsebul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT
moxdes swavlebis kursis ganaxleba Tanamedrove meTodebisa
da midgomebis CarTviT (mag. kompiuteruli teqnologiebi).
amasTan, gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas studentTa da
eqspertTa mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi, maTi saWiroebebis
da ganwyobis asaxviT;
2. studentTa komentarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mizanSewonilia
arqiteqturuli kompoziciis saswavlo kursSi axal
savarjiSoTa Soris gamoyenebul iqnes Cvens mier
SeTavazebuli originaluri davalebebi (“feradi kvadrati”,
“foToli”, “suraTi”, “arqiteqturuli versia”), romlebic
aprobirebulia da mowonebuli studentTa mier;
3. momavali arqiteqtorebis optimaluri momzadebisTvis
mizanSewonilia gaTvaliswinebul iqnes saerTaSoriso
gamocdileba swavlebis dros saproeqto procesis
ganviTarebisas masSi moculobiT-sivrciTi kompoziciis
masalis paralelurad CarTvaze.
30
informacia naSromis aprobaciis Sesaxeb naSromi aprobirebulia Semdeg konferenciebsa da seminarebze:
• amerikis mcodenobis XII yovelwliuri saerTaSoriso
konferencia “amerika: XXI saukunis gamowvevebi”. 23-25 maisi,
2011, Tsu, Tbilisi;
• stu arqiteqturis, urbanistikis da dizainis fakultetis
seminari. 14.02.2011. Tbilisi;
• stu arqiteqturis, urbanistikis da dizainis fakultetis
seminari. 16.01.2012. Tbilisi;
gamoqveynebuli naSromebis sia • n. TevzaZe, z. kiknaZe, v. mujiri. “formaTwarmoqmnisa da
kompoziciis paradigma arqiteqturaSi (istoriuli da
logikuri aspeqtebi)”. SromaTa krebuli - saqarTvelos
ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa akademiis Jurnal “moambis” damateba,
#2(17), 2010, Tbilisi. gv. 209-212;
• v. mujiri. “arqiteqturuli propedevtikis mniSvneloba
momavali specialistebis profesiul CamoyalibebaSi”. Tbilisi.
stu Sromebi #3 (481), 2011. gv. 39-42;
• v. mujiri. “XX saukunis dasawyisis avangardis ideebis
realizacia arqiteqtor-dekonstruqtivist frenk geris
SemoqmedebaSi”. Tbilisi. stu. “ganaTleba”, #3, 2011. gv. 179-184;
• n. TevzaZe, v. mujiri “arqiteqtruli obieqtebis Sefasebis
srulyofisaTvis”. Tbilisi. stu. “ganaTleba”, #3, 2011. gv. 169-
173;
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Abstract
The work aimed at elaboration of effective educational program of volume-space
composition using modern and original methods on the basis of critical analysis of
existing educational theories and methodologies of Architectural Propaedeutics. This
will give the educational institutions a possibility to optimally train future architects
according to modern requirements.
For the first time, the critical analysis of educational methodology of architectural
composition is provided in dynamics, on the basis of experience of Georgia, as well as
foreign countries. First time, in order to reveal the demands and requirements of
students, the surveys has been conducted at the Faculty of Architect, Urbanistics and
Design of Georgian Technical University using specially designed questionnaires. 137
students and 49 expert-professors have been interviewed. The special approaches,
which are necessary for elaboration of modern, adequate methodology of teaching
Architectural Propaedeutics have been systematized:
• Mastering the architectural process will be effective, if methodology of
Architectural Propaedeutics is scientifically based and reflects the data and best
practices of pedagogy, psychology, theory of action, culturology and other
sciences;
• Teaching methodology will be output oriented, if from the very start it takes into
account general concepts and patterns of formation of architectural composition,
the subject of training will be the summarized experience, which expresses the
main point through general principals and categories;
• The priority has to be given to such methods of teaching, that are directed not on
filling students’ memory with ready knowledge, but on formation of method that
provides possibility for independent reflecting of entire system of particular
events. Correspondingly it’s possible to compress educational material and
increase quality without reducing the volume of information;
• Existence of connection between volume-space composition and architect
projecting underlines the necessity and importance of their parallel teaching;
32
• While introducing computerized forms of teaching, the architect school has to
reflect the new realities in methodology of architect art, that requires looking for
new ideas for organizing the initial stages of education;
The survey conducted at the Faculty of Architect, Urbanistics and Design of Georgian
Technical University also revealed the demands and requirements of students
regarding the changes in educational methodology; assimilation of this data will
improve the quality of teaching and will make educational program more adequate.
Interviewed expert-professors indicated that knowledge of volume-space composition
helps students to learn better the profile subjects on next stages (e.g. planning, design,
consructions, etc.).
First time in our work was shown that original exercises used in training process are
acceptable for students, but require improvement and renewal. Therefore, its
recommended the renewal of exercise content using modern tendencies and methods,
which will make the training process more interesting and will develop and reveal
students’ individuality.
The set of recommendations have been elaborated for implementation of work results:
• For optimal training of future architects in Georgia, it’s recommended, based
on existing experience, to renew the training course using modern methods and
tendencies (e.g. computer technologies) in order to elaborate the effective
educational program in volume-space composition. Also it’s necessary to take
into account the considerations of students, reflecting their needs and attitudes;
• Based on students’ positive and approving comments, it is advisable to use
original tasks offered by us (“Color square”, “Leaf”, “Picture”, “Architect
version”) among the exercises in educational course on architectural
composition;
• For optimal training of future architects, it’s desirable to take into account
international experience on parallel inclusion of volume-space composition
materials in the teaching of project process development.
Thus, the results of our work might be used for optimal training of future architects
through elaboration of modern effective educational programs.