![Page 1: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SBI4U - Biochemistry
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates & Lipids
![Page 2: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Organic Chemistry
• originally the chemistry of compounds produced by living organisms
• in general organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, and usually other elements such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen
![Page 3: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Electronegativity
![Page 4: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Homework, p.18 #9,8
• In a bond between nitrogen and hydrogen (N-H), which atom will the electrons be closer to? Explain your reasoning.
• How do polar covalent bonds and non-polar covalent bonds differ?
![Page 5: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Homework, p.18 #10
• Oxygen plays a major role in biological molecules. Explain how oxygen plays a role in polarity, bond shape, (and redox reactions).
![Page 6: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Polar vs. Non-Polar
• molecular polarity is determined by:– polarity of bonds within molecule– symmetry of molecular structure
• polarity of molecules or functional groups determines characteristics such as solubility
![Page 7: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Homework, p.18 #6,7
• How can the atomic composition and shape of a molecule affect its polarity?
• What effect to the polarity, size, and shape of molecule have on the physical properties of the molecule?
• How do these factors affect intermolecular forces?
![Page 9: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Homework, p.24 #1,5
• Water is a polar molecule. Explain how the polarity of water accounts for its lattice structure.
• How does polarity influence water’s role as a solvent?
![Page 10: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
H-bonding
![Page 11: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Homework, p.18 #11
• In what ways do hydrogen bonds produce attractive forces between molecules? Include a labelled diagram to illustrate your answer.
• How do hydrogen bonds influence the physical properties of water?
![Page 12: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Functional Groups
• specific clusters of atoms attached to the carbon backbone
• functional groups react in characteristic ways, giving chemical properties to macromolecules, and are involved in most reactions in living organisms
![Page 13: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Functional Groups
![Page 14: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Homework, p.28 #4
• Explain how functional groups influence solubility and the forces of attraction between molecules.
![Page 15: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Macromolecules
• macromolecules are large molecules that are often composed of repeating sub-units
• some of the biologically important macromolecules are:– carbohydrates -lipids– proteins -nucleic acids
![Page 16: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Carbohydrates
• carbohydrates are the most important energy source
• animals cannot synthesize carbohydrates; they must be consumed in plant material
![Page 17: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Structure of Carbohydrates
• carbohydrates are made up of either single sugar molecules, or chains of many single sugar molecules– monosaccharides– disaccharides– oligosaccharides– polysaccharides
![Page 18: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Monosaccharides
• single sugars in straight chain or ring form
• C:H:O usually in 1:2:1 ratio (glucose is C6H12O6)
• examples: fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose
![Page 19: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Monosaccharides
• some monosaccharides are isomers, e.g., glucose, fructose, and galactose
![Page 20: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Disaccharides
• sugar molecules made from 2 single sugars
• formed by a dehydration synthesis (condensation) reaction
• See animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaU
![Page 21: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Find the sugars…
![Page 22: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Polysaccharides
• oligosaccharides are shorter-chain sugars with 3-10 single sugars
• longer chain carbohydrates are called polysaccharides
• examples: starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin
![Page 23: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Polysaccharides
![Page 24: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Lipids
• 4 groups:– fats & oils– phospholipids– steroids– waxes
• Functions:– energy storage– insulation– absorption of vitamins– raw materials
![Page 25: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Triglycerides
• most common type of fat
• glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecules
• saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chains
• See animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xF_LK9pnL0
![Page 26: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Phospholipids
• key component of cell membranes
• 1 glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains + 1 phosphate group
• phosphate end is polar and water-soluble, fatty acid end is non-polar
![Page 27: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Phospholipids
![Page 28: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Steroids (Sterols)
• carbon-based multiple-ring structure
• used to make hormones such as estrogen and testosterone
![Page 29: SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081416/56649e245503460f94b12922/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Waxes
• long-chain fatty acids linked to alcohols/carbon rings
• suitable as water-proof coating for plant leaves, animal feathers, etc.