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Trinity Washington University
School of Professional Studies
PARAPHRASING and
SUMMARIZING
From a presentation developed by Dr. Angela Lanier of the College of Arts &
Sciences
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A paraphrase is...
Your version of someone else’s ideas presented in a new form.
A legitimate way to borrow from a source, as long as you document the source.
A more detailed restatement than a summary
• (Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/01/)
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Paraphrasing is a valuable skill
• It is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage.
• It helps you control the temptation to quote too much.
• The mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.
• If done correctly and the source is documented, you avoid plagiarism.
(Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/01/)
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Make sure that your paraphrase
• Uses different language • Keeps the meaning of the original
text• Uses a different sentence structure • Includes all important information
(NOTE: A paraphrase can be longer than, shorter than, or the same length as the original passage)
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Paraphrasing Tips
• Identify the subject and predicate of the sentence. (What is this statement about? What is the subject doing? OR What is being said about the statement?)
• To change sentence structure: separate ideas from one sentence into two or more sentences OR change the order of ideas in the sentence
• Replace key word with synonym, definition or another form of the word (e.g. change a noun to its verb form)
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What NOT to do when paraphrasing
• Do not replace the original text word-for-word with synonyms
• Do not replace words with terms that are unfamiliar to you
• Do not force yourself to replace words that are so common that there is not appropriate replacement
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Original Statement: Most of us have been taught to read for ideas.
Based on rules, is this a good paraphrase? Reading to identify ideas has been the focus of reading instruction for themajority of students.
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Original Statement: Most of us have been taught to read for ideas.
Based on rules, is this a good paraphrase? Reading to identify ideas has been a part of reading instruction for the majority of students.
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Original Statement: It is easy to underline so much that your notations are meaningless.
Based on rules, is this a good paraphrase? Underlining so much that your notations are meaningless is easy to do.
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Original Statement: It is easy to underline so much that your notations are meaningless.
Based on rules, is this a good paraphrase? Underlining so much that your notations are meaningless is easy to do.
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Original Statement:One effective reading strategy is to write down ideas about the text in the margins of the text.
Based on rules, is this a good paraphrase?Writing marginal notes in response to the text is a good way to manage a reading assignment.
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Original Statement:One effective reading strategy is to write down ideas about the text in the margins of the text.
Based on rules, is this a good paraphrase?Writing marginal notes in response to the text is a good way to manage a reading assignment.
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Original Statement: Remember that you are not reading
for content alone but also to understand a writer’s methods.
Based on rules, is this a good paraphrase?Keep in mind that you are not reading for substance only but additionally to comprehend the author's procedures.
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Original Statement: Remember that you are not reading
for content alone but also to understand a writer’s methods.
Based on rules, is this a good paraphrase?Keep in mind that you are not reading for substance only but additionally to comprehend the author's procedures.
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A summary is…
• A statement in your into your own words of the main point(s) of a piece of writing.
• Is significantly shorter than the original text and take a broad overview of the source material.
• (Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/01/)
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Summary Strategies
• Take summary notes by annotating the text
• In your summary notes, write out the author’s complete thesis
• Remain objective. A summary is not an evaluation or critique.
• Keep the summary short.
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Original Statement:Women’s liberation has struck India late and
hard. In a country where divorce occurs in one out of a million marriages (if that), where virginity is still highly prized in a prospective bride, where the concept of “damaged goods,” as far as women are concerned, still plays a determining role in a man’s choice, the assertion of female autonomy and independence is both an incidental irritation in male consciousness as well as a real and frightening challenge to the so-called emancipated urban women.
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Based on rules, is this a good summary?
Sasthi Brata believes that in India, women’s liberation has come late. Here, divorce happens in one out of a million marriages and virginity is prized highly in a bride-to-be. Females, even urban women, are not autonomous or independent as ridiculous and backward as this.
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Based on rules, is this a good summary?As Sasthi Brata reports, women’s liberation
has only recently come to India. Stigmatization of divorced women, traditional views on the importance of a woman’s virginity, and a general absence of independence or self-sufficiency for women have hindered the arrival of total liberation for females.
Source:
Anderson, M. (2008). Keys to successful writing. New York, NY Pearson Longman