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Science-Based Agriculture: A Pillar for Modernizing the
Sector
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Presentation Outline
• Review of Recent Agricultural Performance
• Challenges to Agricultural Growth
• Science Based Agriculture: Definition and Related Concepts
• PCAARRD and its Programs • Synthesis
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Philippine Agricultural Performance
Economic Magnitude and Growth (1998-2015)
• During the last 18 years, the economic magnitude of the country’s agriculture sector (including hunting, forestry and fishing) hovered around 440 to 720 billion pesos annually.
• The average GDP of this sector was about 611 billion pesos.
• The sector grew at an average of 2.94 percent. The highest growth was achieved in 1999 at 9.65 percent. This was three times higher than the growth of the economy.
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Philippine Agricultural Performance
Structural Transformation • From 1998 to 2009, the sector accounted for 13 to 14
percent of the total GDP. This steadily declined to 10 to 11 percent from 2010 to 2015.
• The agricultural sector is not shrinking in absolute size as evidenced by the average GDP (in constant prices) in the following years: 1998 to 2001 – about 500 billion pesos 2001 to 2010 – about 600 billion pesos 2010 to 2015 – about 700 billion pesos
• This reflects the structural transformation taking place in the Philippine economy which is a common phenomenon among industrializing economies.
• The decline in its relative size (i.e. in relation to the whole economy) is due to the expansion in other sectors such as services and industry. 4
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Philippine Agricultural Performance
Figure 1. Gross Domestic Product and Share of AHFF to Total GDP, 1998 to 2015.
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Year
Total GDP(in Million PhP)
AHFF GDP(in Million PhP)
Growth Rate (Total GDP)(in percent)
Growth Rate (AHFF)(in percent)
Share of AHFF(in percent)
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Philippine Agricultural Performance
Palay Productivity
• Yield in palay increased from 2.62 mt/ha in 1987 to 3.9 mt/ha in 2015
• During the last 29 years, average yield is at 3.3 mt/ha . The average
growth at 1.5%.
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Volume
Area
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Philippine Agricultural Performance
Corn Productivity • Yield in corn doubled from 1.2 mt/ha in 1987 to 2.9 mt/ha in 2015
• During the last 29 years, average yield is at 2.0 mt/ha with annual
growth of 3.4%.
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Volume
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Philippine Agricultural Performance Other Crops Productivity
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Volume
Area
Yield
• Yield of other crops increased by 2.2 mt/ha from 8.2 mt/ha in 1990 to
10.4 mt/ha in 2014
• During the last 25 years, average yield is at 9.5 mt/ha with annual growth
of 1.2%.
• However, some of the major agricultural crops such as sugarcane,
coconut and mango have experienced decline in yield.
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Philippine Agricultural Performance
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The poor state of local infrastructure
has dampened the positive effects of
increased agricultural productivity on
agricultural commodity prices, kept
transport and post-harvest handling
costs high and inhibited agricultural
growth from further stimulating the
progress of the non-aggie sector as it did
in most NICs.
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MAJOR CHALLENGES TO
AGRICULTURAL GROWTH
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Specific Challenges
• Cultivation frontier
o Only 58% (5.8 million ha) of the total land area devoted to agriculture (10 million ha) is suitable for crop production.
o Only 43% of the appropriate lands for crop production have potential to respond to intensive agriculture.
o 45% of the arable lands suffer from moderate to severe erosion
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Specific Challenges
• Migration of labor o In 2014, agriculture had a 30% (11.8/38.65 million
people) share in the total employment, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA).
o Its contribution to total employment has declined from 37% in 2001. It experienced consistently slower growth rate at less than 1% compared to total employment’s 2.2%.
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Specific Challenges
• Climate Change o Third among the 173 countries in the world in
terms of disaster risk index at 24.32 % (World Risk Report 2011)
o The co-occurrence of the three events (drought+flooding+landslide) with SAFDZ areas is estimated to be 162,000 hectares.
o Cost of damages of destructive typhoons for the period 1993-2012 ranged from B Php 2.07 in 2011 to B Php 36.95 in 2012.
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Specific Challenges
New fields of science such as biotechnology, value chain, indigenous knowledge systems, and ICT, among others, are greatly influencing how agricultural RDE is being conducted – Innovations are being generated thru networking, linkages and partnerships leading to a marked change in the knowledge structure of the aggie sector.
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Specific Challenges
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With our ever increasing population, the amount of arable land suited to agriculture has declined, water availability becoming scarce, and the extent of environmental degradation is on the rise.
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Specific Challenges
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Other set of challenges are also emerging from a constantly shifting development scenarios such as trade liberalization, IPR issues, rapid urbanization associated with land use conversion & changing food habits/ lifestyles.
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Key Challenge in Phil. Agriculture
How are we going to produce enough food to meet increasing demand in conditions of climate change and dwindling natural
resources?
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AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT = AREA X YIELD
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Response to the Challenge
Science-Based Agriculture
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What is science-based agriculture?
Science-Based Agriculture
Respects traditional knowledge. However, this must be validated by science for ground-truths. Systems and technologies must evolve and prove their economies of scale to encourage partners, i.e. smallholder farmers, to get involved and to adopt.
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Science-Based Agriculture
Traditional knowledge
“maintained by experts and non-experts in local communities; it is held, owned and developed collectively and individually; and it is transmitted through written, oral and non-verbal means among and within cultures, generations, population groups, communities, households and individuals” (FAO, 2009). 22
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Science-Based Agriculture Traditional Knowledge
“Traditional farming, fishing, pastoralism/herding, foraging and forestry are based on long-term
established knowledge and practices
that help to ensure food and agricultural
diversity, valuable landscape and
seascape features, livelihoods and food
security” (FAO, 2009) 23
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Science-Based Agriculture Traditional Knowledge
• World famous rice terraces of the Ifugao in Northern Philippines
• Indigenous agroforestry systems of the Tausugs in Mindanao
• Traditional fishing
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Why the need for scientific validation?
Science-Based is Evidence Based Involves a fairly rigorous process in investigating evidences Particularly important in viewing the current controversy on GMOs (e.g. BT corn, eggplant, etc.)
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Science-Based Agriculture
Traditional knowledge
+
Modern Science
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Science-Based Agriculture Economies of scale
Economies of scale refer to the ability
of a farm to lower costs of production by increasing production
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Science-Based Agriculture Economies of scale
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How does PCAARRD promote science-based agriculture?
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PCAARRD’s Mandates
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About PCAARRD
• Formulate policies, plans, projects, and strategies for science
and technology (S&T) development in the agriculture, aquatic
and natural resources(AANR) sectors
• Program and allocate government and external funds
generated for S&T efforts in the AANR sectors
• Monitor research and development (R&D) projects
• Generate external funds for its R&D activities
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The Four Banner Programs of PCAARRD
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The PCAARRD Industry
Strategic S&T Programs: An
Overview
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• Blueprint that operationalizes PCAARRD’s S&T vision for the AANR sectors
•Offshoot of the Philippine Agriculture 2020
• Product of various multi-sectoral consultations
ISP: THE PLAN
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Science solutions under each ISP seek to
Improved welfare of the key actors in the AANR sub-sectors
Increase productivity and global competitiveness
Improve efficiency of production, distribution
and marketing
Strengthen S&T-based enterprises
Facilitate efficient transfer of S&T products to its desired customers
THE PLAN FRAMEWORK
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• Currently, there are 32 documented commodity ISPs, 2 ISPs on Environmental Services
• Criteria:
– economic growth
– food security
– global competitiveness
– poverty alleviation
– environmental sustainability
• Supports PNoy’s Social Contract with the Filipino people and consistent with the DOST’s harmonized R&D agenda
SELECTION OF INDUSTRIES
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RICE BANANA MANGO TROPICAL FRUITS COCONUT ABACA SUGARCANE VEGETABLES
LEGUMES ROOTCROPS COFFEE
The PCAARRD ISPs
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SWINE GOAT (MEAT AND DAIRY)
DUCK NATIVE CHICKEN
DAIRY BUFFALO FEED RESOURCES
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BAMBOO CACAO RUBBER
INDUSTRIAL TREE PLANTATION
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MILKFISH TILAPIA SHRIMP
MUD CRAB SHELLFISH (MUSSEL)
AQUAFEEDS * *Subsumed under Feed Resources.
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SHELLFISH (ABALONE AND OYSTER)
SARDINES SEAWEEDS SEA CUCUMBER
BLUE SWIMMING CRAB TUNA
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ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
INLAND ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
o Biodiversity
o Climate Change
o Watershed
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
o Coral
o Harmful Algal Bloom
o FishMUST
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• Defines target outcomes for each industry…..
FEATURES OF THE PLAN
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• …. based on baseline and benchmark conditions
FEATURES OF THE PLAN
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• Focuses on gaps in the supply/value chain where S&T intervention will matter most.
FEATURES OF THE PLAN
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SAMPLE CROP SUPPLY/VALUE CHAIN (Coffee)
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• Deliverables with timelines and potential impact
FEATURES OF THE PLAN
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• Network of implementers
FEATURES OF THE PLAN
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Technologies are the heart of ISP intervention and industry outcomes are substantially a collective result of these technologies.
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How do we transfer the developed technologies to
target beneficiaries?
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Technology Transfer Modalities of PCAARRD
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PCAARRD Technology Transfer Modalities
OUTCOME(S) Farmers &
Entrepreneurs
Increased productivity/yield
Reduced Cost of Production
Improved quality of raw materials and farm products
•Technological self reliance
•National and globally competitive S&T based Agri-enterprise
•Countryside development
•Empowerment;
•Poverty reduction;
•Sustainable economic development;
Individual Farm(er)
Community Farms(ers)
STCBF
STBF
Agri-Based Enterprise
S&T Based Farm
S&T Model Farm
S&T Community Based Farm
IMPACT
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STBF
TechnoGabayProgram
PCAARRD’s banner program bringing science-based information and technologies closer to the clients
A Magsasaka Siyentista (MS) farm
or enterprise that showcases the effectiveness of
S&T interventions in improving the productivity and
income of farmers on FITS focus
commodity and Products.
DOST initiative
Provides technical and financial support to locally-developed technology products with potential for commercialization
STCBF
PCAARRD’s technology transfer modality addressing gaps in production through S&T based interventions in farmers’ field and enhance competitiveness of S&T-based agro-enterprises
Expanded STBFs
addressing the needs of
farmers/ fisherfolks
in a particular community.
Increase the competitiveness of S&T-based
agro-enterprises through value-
adding services.
Latest modality developed by DOST & PCAARRD
Showcases the application of full bundles of technologies or “technology convergence” for priority commodities under PCAARRD’s ISP
S&T Model Farm
Technology Innovation for Commercialization
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Modality Objective Priority Sectors Direct Beneficiaries
Techno-Gabay
Program
Showcase the effectiveness of S&T
interventions in increasing the
productivity and income of farmers
a) STBF Promote the use of relevant science-
based technologies to at least 30
farmers/ entrepreneurs
FITS-focused
commodities and
products based on
2006 to 2010 STA; ISP
commodities
Magsasaka
Siyentista (MS)/
Farmer-Cooperator
b) STCBF Upscale adoption of the recommended
technologies through the STCBF
modality
ISP commodities Cluster of
progressive farmers
(20-30 or more)
TechnoMart Increase the competitiveness of S&T-
based agro-enterprises through value-
adding services.
ISP commodities MS or community-
led enterprise; SME
STMF Showcase the requirements and effects
of applying whole technology chain or
“technology convergence” for identified
priority ISP commodities.
EDC and ISP
commodities
MS or STCBF
cooperator, farmer
leader, R&D project
cooperator
Technicom Fast track the transfer and
commercialization of research results
through a holistic approach of packaged
assistance of pre-commercialization
activities
Technologies
generated from DOST-
funded R&D outputs
Any Filipino
individual/entity
PCAARRD Technology Transfer Modalities
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Have we been successful?
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Crafting of the ISPs E.g. ISP for Coconut
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Commodity Technology Benefits Peanut NSIC Pn 2013 17 (G.D. Lasam-Pride)
NSIC Pn 2013 18 (Namnama 3)
Consistent high-yielding (2.48-2.97 tons (t)/ha)
Medium-maturing (106-108 days)
High oil content and sweet
All season-varieties
First identified drought-resistant variety (NSIC Pn 17)
Moderately resistant to foliar diseases and resistant Cercospora
leaf spot and rust
Boron fertilization Increase in yield up to 627-693 kg/ha for BPI Pn 9 variety, 709-
1,097 kg/ha for NSIC Pn 15 (Asha) variety, and 1,641-1907 kg/ha for
NSIC Pn 14 (Namnama 2) variety; Increase in income ranging from
P5,000/ha to P33,000/ha depending on the prevailing farm gate
price
Rice Use of carrageenan plant food
supplement from seaweeds
Increase rice yield by 15-30%
Resistance to rice tungro virus and bacterial leaf blight
Environment-friendly
Rice mill using “impeller” Capable of producing both milled rice and brown rice
Compact yet powerful with input capacity of 300-350kg/hr
Installed with waste control system
Vegetables Grafting Resistance to diseases (fusarium wilt, bacterial wilt, verticillum
wilt)
Resistance to root-knot nematodes
Milkfish Automatic fry counter Accurate and easy to use
Inexpensive and simple design
Minimum stress to fry
Shrimp Genome-based lateral flow strip
biosensor
Detection can reduce losses by 50%
Affordable, rapid and easy to use
Selected PCAARRD Technologies and Benefits
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Science-Based Agriculture
– Consultative
• Identification of Problems
• Formulation of Solutions
– Respects and Builds on Traditional Knowledge
• Validates and Provides Scientific Basis
• Keeps Building On…
– Value-Chain Oriented
• Market-Induced
• From Farm to Fork
Synthesis
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Science-Based Agriculture
– SMART
Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and Time-Bound
– Technology-Centric, but with Human Face
Focuses on technologies/innovations with the fundamental aim of improving the well-being of all especially those that are impoverished and marginalized
Synthesis
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Thank you! Dr. Ernesto O. Brown
Officer-in-Charge
Socio-Economics Research Division
DOST-PCAARRD
Website: www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph Tel. Nos.: 536-2305; 536-2383; 536-7927; 536-6980; 536-1956; 536-5907
Fax Nos.: 536-0016 / 7922 59