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Scientific Method
A problem solving process:
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1. Recognize a Problem
• This deals with asking the question “How does that happen?” or “How does that work?”
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2. Forming a Hypothesis
• When you form a hypothesis you are making an educated guess towards the answer to your question or problem.
•A hypothesis is often stated “if….then….”
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2. Hypothesis Cont.
• A hypothesis is often stated “if….then….”
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3. Experiment
• When you test your hypothesis, you run an experiment.
•During the experiment you follow a procedure or series of steps.
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3. Experiment Cont.
• You observe what happens, and collect data (facts and figures) during the experiment.
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4. Conclusion
• The last thing to do is to look at the observations and data that you collected and summarize what happened.
•This summary is your conclusion.
Your conclusion can agree or disagree with your hypothesis.
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Steps of ScientificMethod in order
State the Hypothesis
6
54
Make an Observation
the Problem
Determine
Limitations
9
Define the Problem
1
Analyze Data
2
Report Results
10
3
7 8
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Experimenting
Let’s look at the text book example of the Scientific Method using Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation
He was trying to disprove the idea of SpontaneousGeneration (or actually that flies came frommaggots, which camefrom flies)
Francesco Redi Francesco Redi (1668)(1668)
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Problem
Example: What creates maggots on meat?
Spontaneous generation once commonly accepted
Redi wanted to show what caused the appearance of maggots (and then flies) on meat
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Belief based on prior observations
Redi observed that maggots appeared on meat a few days after flies were on meat
No microscope = no way to see eggs But Redi believed that maggots came
from eggs that were laid by flies
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Hypothesis
Redi’s Hypothesis: Flies produce maggots.
How could he test this? Through a controlled experiment
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Redi’s Controlled Experiment
Redi used two groups of jars -Jars that contained meat and no cover -Jars that contained meat and gauze cover
Jars with meat
Uncovered jarsCovered jars
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Variables
Controls (Things that stay the same!): jars, type of meat, location, temperature, time
Variables(One thing you change): gauze covering that keeps flies away from meat
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Let’s think about this.…
1. Which things stayed the same?
1. What one thing changed?
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Let’s think about this.…
1. Which things stayed the same? Jars, meat, temperature, time.
2. What one thing changed? The cover.
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OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.
PROCEDURE
Manipulated Variables:gauze covering thatkeeps flies away from meat
Uncovered jars Covered jars
Several days pass
Maggots appear No maggots appear
Responding Variable: whether maggots appear
CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.
Controlled Variables:jars, type of meat,location, temperature,time
Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous GenerationRedi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation
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Data
Examine data tables, charts, and graphs
Examine experimental notes
Look for trends, patterns, and averages
What does the data show Put your data into words
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Conclusion Hypothesis: Flies produce maggots. Conclusion: Only maggots were found in
the jars with the flies. Flies produce maggots.
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Example: Problem: Will adding coffee grounds to a
plant make it grow faster? Hypothesis: If I add coffee grounds to a
plant, then it will grow faster.
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Example: Controls: What things stay the same:
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Example: Controls: What things stay the same: -type of plant -water amount -sunlight amount -temperature -soil
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Example: Variable: What thing is changed: -coffee grounds
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Exit: 1. What are the controls in an experiment? The controls are....
2. What is the variable in an experiment? The variable is the...