Scoliosis – lateral spinal curvatureCommonly in thoraxTreated before bone growth is
completed Kyphosis –dorsal spinal curvature
HunchbackResults from osteoporosis, rickets, etc.
Lordosis – ventral lumbar curvatureHeavy belly load (potbelly, pregnant)
Flexion:
•Bending movement along the sagittal plane
•Decreases the angle of a joint
•Brings the articulating bones closer together
Bending the
head forward
on the chest
•Bending the knee
•Raising the arm in an anterior direction
Extension:
•Opposite of flexion
•Straightening movement along the sagittal plane
•Increases the angle at a joint
•Moves the articulating bones further apart
• Straightening the knee
• Moving the arm to a point posterior to the shoulder
Tilting the head backwards
Abduction:
•Movement along the coronal plane
•Away from the midline
• Moving the arm sideways, away from the body
• Moving the fingers away
from the third digit
Adduction:•Opposite of abduction
•Towards the midline
Moving the arms towards the midline of the trunk
Moving the fingers towards the third digit
Circumduction:
•Combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction
•Moving a limb in a conical shape
• Twirling the arm
• Twirling the thumb
Rotation:
•Turning the bone along its own axis
Turning the femur towards the midline
(medial rotation)
Turning the femur away from the midline
(lateral rotation)
Elevation
• Lifting in a superior direction
• Shrugging the shoulders
• Closing the mouth
Depression:• Moving in an
inferior direction
• Opening the mouth
Protraction:
• Anterior movements in a transverse plane
• Jutting the jaw out
Retraction:• Opposite of protraction
• Moving the jaw back
Dorsiflexion:
Lifting the foot
Plantar-flexion:
•Depressing the foot
Inversion:
Turning the sole of the foot medially
Eversion:
Turning the sole of the foot laterally
Supination:•Movement of the radius and ulna
•Lateral rotation of the arm so palm faces superiorly
•Anatomical position•Ulna and Radius are parallel
Pronation:•Opposite of supination•Medial rotation of the arm so palm faces inferiorly•Relaxed position•Ulna and Radius are crossed