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SDX: A Software-Defined Internet Exchange
Arpit Gupta
Laurent Vanbever, Muhammad Shahbaz, Sean Donovan, Brandon Schlinker, Nick Feamster, Jennifer Rexford,
Scott Shenker, Russ Clark, Ethan Katz-Bassett
Georgia Tech, Princeton University, UC Berkeley, USC1
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The Interdomain Ecosystem is Evolving ...
2
Flatter and densely interconnected Internet*
*Labovitz et al., Internet Inter-Domain Traffic, SIGCOMM 2010
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…But BGP is Not
• Routing only on destination IP prefixes(No customization of routes by application, sender)
• Can only influence immediate neighbors(No ability to affect path selection remotely)
• Indirect control over data-plane forwarding (Indirect mechanisms to influence path selection)
3
How to overcome BGP’s limitations?
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SDN for Interdomain Routing
• Forwarding on multiple header fields (not just destination IP prefixes)
• Ability to control entire networks with a single software program (not just immediate neighbors)
• Direct control over data-plane forwarding (not indirect control via control-plane arcana)
4
How to incrementally deploy SDN for Interdomain Routing?
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Deploy SDN at Internet Exchanges
• Leverage: SDN deployment even at single IXP can yield benefits for tens to hundreds of ISPs
• Innovation hotbed: Incentives to innovate as IXPs on front line of peering disputes
• Growing in numbers: ~100 new IXPs established in past three years*
5*https://prefix.pch.net/applications/ixpdir/summary/growth/
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Background: Conventional IXPs
6
AS A Router
AS C Router
AS B Router
BGP Session
Switching Fabric
IXP
Route Server
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SDX = SDN + IXP
7
AS A Router
AS C Router
AS B Router
BGP Session
SDN Switch
SDX Controller
SDX
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SDX Opens Up New Possibilities
• More flexible business relationshipsMake peering decisions based on time of day, volume of traffic & nature of application
• More direct & flexible traffic controlDefine fine-grained traffic engineering policies
• Better security– Prefer “more secure” routes– Automatically blackhole attack traffic
8
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SDX Enables Innovations at IXPs
• Dropping of attack traffic– Blocking unwanted traffic in middle of Internet
• Inbound traffic engineering– Divide traffic by sender or application
• Application-specific peering– Video traffic via Comcast, non-video via ATT
• Server load balancing– Select data centers to handle request
• Redirection through middleboxes– E.g., transcoding, caching, monitoring, etc.
9
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SDX Enables Innovations at IXPs
• Dropping of attack traffic– Blocking unwanted traffic in middle of Internet
• Inbound traffic engineering– Divide traffic by sender or application
• Application-specific peering– Video traffic via Comcast, non-video via ATT
• Server load balancing– Select data centers to handle request
• Redirection through middleboxes– E.g., transcoding, caching, monitoring, etc.
10
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Dropping of Attack Traffic
11
AS B
AS C
AS A
SDX 1 SDX 2
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Dropping of Attack Traffic
12
AS B
AS C
AS A
SDX 1 SDX 2
Attacker
Victim
AS C under attack originating from AS A
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Dropping of Attack Traffic
13
AS B
AS C
AS A
SDX 1 SDX 2
Attacker
Victim
ASC can remotely block attack traffic at SDX(s)
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SDX vs. Traditional blackholing
• Remote influence
Physical connectivity to SDX not required
• More specific
Drop rules based on multiple header fields, source
address, destination address, port number …
• Coordinated
Drop rules can be coordinated across multiple IXPs
14
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SDX Enables Innovations at IXPs
• Dropping of attack traffic– Blocking unwanted traffic in middle of Internet
• Inbound traffic engineering– Divide traffic by sender or application
• Application-specific peering– Video traffic via Comcast, non-video via ATT
• Server load balancing– Select data centers to handle request
• Redirection through middleboxes– E.g., transcoding, caching, monitoring, etc.
15
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Inbound Traffic Engineering
16
AS A Router
AS C Routers
AS B Router
SDX Controller
SDX
C1 C2
10.0.0.0/8
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17
AS A Router
AS C Routers
AS B RouterC1 C2
Incoming Data
Inbound Traffic Engineering
10.0.0.0/8
Incoming Traffic Out Port
Using BGP
Using SDX
dstport = 80 C1
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18
AS A Router
AS C Routers
AS B RouterC1 C2
Incoming Data
Inbound Traffic Engineering
10.0.0.0/8
Incoming Traffic Out Port
Using BGP
Using SDX
dstport = 80 C1 ?
Fine grained policies not possible with BGP
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19
Incoming Traffic Out Port
Using BGP
Using SDX
dstport = 80 C1 ? match(dstport =80) fwd(C1)
AS A Router
AS C Routers
AS B RouterC1 C2
Incoming Data
Inbound Traffic Engineering
10.0.0.0/8Enables fine-grained traffic engineering policies
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Building SDX is Challenging
• Programming abstractions
How networks define SDX policies and how are they
combined together?
• Interoperation with BGP
How to provide flexibility w/o breaking global routing?
• Scalability
How to handle policies for hundreds of peers, half million
prefixes and matches on multiple header fields?
20
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Building SDX is Challenging
• Programming abstractions
How networks define SDX policies and how are they
combined together?
• Interoperation with BGP
How to provide flexibility w/o breaking global routing?
• Scalability
How to handle policies for hundreds of peers, half million
prefixes and matches on multiple header fields?
21
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Directly Program the SDX Switch
22
B1A1
C1 C2
match(dstport=80)fwd(C1)match(dstport=80)drop
Switching Fabric
AS A & C directly program the SDX Switch
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Conflicting Policies
23
drop? C1?B1A1
C1 C2
Switching Fabric
How to restrict participant’s policy to traffic it sends or receives?
match(dstport=80)dropmatch(dstport=80)fwd(C1)
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Virtual Switch Abstraction
Each AS writes policies for its own virtual switch
24
AS A
C1 C2
B1A1
AS C
AS B
match(dstport=80)fwd(C)
match(dstport=80)fwd(C1)
Virtual Switch
Virtual Switch Virtual Switch
Switching Fabric
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Combining Participant’s Policies
25
Policy(p) = PolA PolC
AS A
C1 C2
B1A1
AS C
AS B
match(dstport=80)fwd(C1)
Virtual Switch
Virtual Switch Virtual Switch
Switching Fabric
p
match(dstport=80)fwd(C)
PolA
PolC
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Building SDX is Challenging
• Programming abstractions
How networks define SDX policies and how are they
combined together?
• Interoperation with BGP
How to provide flexibility w/o breaking global routing?
• Scalability
How to handle policies for hundreds of peers, half million
prefixes and matches on multiple header fields?
26
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Requirement: Forwarding Only Along BGP Advertised Routes
27
A
C
BSDX
10/8
20/8
match(dstport=80) fwd(C)
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Ensure ‘p’ is not forwarded to C
28
match(dstport=80) fwd(C)
A
C
BSDX
10/8
20/8
p
dstip = 20.0.0.1dstport = 80
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Solution: Policy Augmentation
29
A
C
BSDX
10/8
20/8
(match(dstport=80) && match(dstip = 10/8)) fwd(C)
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Building SDX is Challenging
• Programming abstractions
How networks define SDX policies and how are they
combined together?
• Interoperation with BGP
How to provide flexibility w/o breaking global routing?
• Scalability
How to handle policies for hundreds of peers, half million
prefixes and matches on multiple header fields?
30
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Scalability Challenges
• Reducing Data-Plane State: Support for all forwarding rules in (limited) switch memory (millions of flow rules possible)
• Reducing Control-Plane Computation: Faster policy compilation (policy compilation takes hours for initial compilation)
31
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Scalability Challenges
• Reducing Data-Plane State: Support for all forwarding rules in (limited) switch memory millions of flow rules possible
• Reducing Control-Plane Computation: Faster policy compilation policy compilation could take hours
32
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Reducing Data-Plane State:Observations
33
• Internet routing policies defined for groups of prefixes.*
• Edge routers can handle matches on hundreds of thousands of IP prefixes.
*Feamster et al.,Guidelines for Interdomain TE, CCR 2003
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Reducing Data-Plane State:Solution
34
10/8
40/8 20/8
Group prefixes with similar forwarding behavior
SDX Controller
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Reducing Data-Plane State:Solution
35
10/8
40/8
20/8
Advertise one BGP next hop for each such
prefix group
Edge router
forward toBGP Next Hop
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Reducing Data-Plane State:Solution
36
fwd(1)
fwd(2)
forward toBGP Next Hop
match onBGP Next Hop
Flow rules at SDX match on BGP next hops
SDX FIB
10/8
40/8
20/8
Edge router
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Reducing Data-Plane State:Solution
37
For hundreds of participants’ policies, few millions < 35K
flow rules
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Reducing Control-Plane Computation
38
• Initial policy compilation time– Leveraged domain-specific knowledge of policies– Hundreds of participants requires < 15 minutes
• Policy recompilation time – Leveraged bursty nature of BGP updates– Most recompilation after a BGP update < 100 ms
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SDX Platform
39
• Running code with full BGP-integration
• SDX Testbeds:– Uses Transit Portal– Emulates edge routers (Mininet)
Github repo: https://github.com/sdn-ixp/sdx/
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SDX Enables Innovations at IXPs
• Dropping of attack traffic– Blocking unwanted traffic in middle of Internet
• Inbound traffic engineering– Divide traffic by sender or application
• Application-specific peering– Video traffic via Comcast, non-video via ATT
• Server load balancing– Select data centers to handle request
• Redirection through middleboxes– E.g., transcoding, caching, monitoring, etc.
40
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Transit Portal brings real traffic to SDX Fabric
Use Case: Application-specific Peering
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Policy = match(dstport = 80) fwd(B)
Use Case: Application-specific Peering
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Use Case: Application-specific Peering
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SDX Deployment
44
• Research & Education NetworksInternet2, GENI, SOX, ESnet, NSA-LTS
• Commercial NetworksRegional IXPs in US, Europe & Africa
• NSF program to encourage SDX deployments
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Next Steps
45
Building SDX-mediated Internet
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SDX currently considers a single deployment
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Step 1: Interconnecting SDX platforms
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Step 2: Completely replacing BGP with
SDX-mediated Internet
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SDX-Mediated Internet:Advantages
49
• New endpoint peering paradigmMore flexible, tailored to the traffic exchanged
• Simple, scalable, and policy neutral “Spine”SDX-to-SDX only, just carry bits
• In-sync with current Internet EcosystemContent consumers vs providers vs transit providers
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SDX-Mediated Internet:New Research Challenges
50
• New endpoint peering paradigmPolicy Analysis ?
• Simple, scalable, and policy neutral “Spine”Routing Mechanisms ?
• In-sync with current Internet EcosystemNew players ?
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Summary
• SDN-based exchange (SDX) is promising for fixing Internet routing
• Solved various challenges in building a real deployable SDX
• Many open research problems, both for building and using SDX
51
Contact: [email protected]
Github repo: https://github.com/sdn-ixp/sdx/