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Search for Majorana neutrinos
and double beta decay experiments
Xavier Sarazin
Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire
(CNRS-IN2P3, Univ. Paris-Sud 11)
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Only two n states:
|nL, h= -1/2 > CPT |nR, h= +1/2 >
Neutrino is the only fermion with Q = 0
Neutrino might be a Majorana particle n = n ?
Massive Majorana n Violation of the Leptonic Number
Leptogenesis in the Early Universe through the Majorana neutrino
See-saw mechanism to explain the small mass of the neutrino
Observation of bb0n decay is the most sensitive way to probe Majorana
Majorana Neutrino
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For few isotopes, b-decay is forbiden bb2n process (second order b-decay)
bb2n and bb0n decay
Energy Sum of the two electrons Qbb
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For few isotopes, b-decay is forbiden bb2n process (second order b-decay)
bb2n and bb0n decay
Energy Sum of the two electrons
If neutrino is a Majorana particle bb0n Process
bb0n
Process L = 2
• Majorana neutrino exchange
mn
• Right Handed weak current
V+A
• Majoron production
• Exchange of SUSY particles
Qbb
Energy and angular distributions
will be different !
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2200
102/1 eemMT nnn =
-
Theoretical predictions
Phase space
factor
Nuclear Matrix Element
Theoretical uncertainty
Effective mass
Constraint
by n oscillations
=
i
eiee imUm n
2
In the case of an standard exchange of a Majorana neutrino
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Merle & Rodejohann PRD 73, 073012 (2006)
Constraints from neutrino oscillations
In the case of an standard exchange of a Majorana neutrino
Degenerate masses
meV 502321 > atmmmmmm n
meV 50mν >
Normal hierarchy
?mν
Inverted hierarchy
meV 50m10 ν
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Nuclear Matrix Elements
Calculated T1/2(bb0n) to start exploring the Inverted Hierarchy
in the case of exchange of Majorana neutrino
mn 50 meV
from Duek et al. , Phys. Rev. D 83 (2011)
• QRPA Tüe. Simkovic, Phys. Rev. C 79
(2009); Fang, Phys. Rev. C 82 (2010)
• QRPA Jy. Kortelainen, Phys. Rev. C 75
and C 76 (2007)
• NSM Shell Model Menendez, Nucl.
Phys. A818 (2009); Phys. Rev. C 80 (2009)
• IBM Interacting Boson Model Barea, Phys. Rev. C79 (2009)
• GCM Generating Coordinate Method Rodriguez, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (2010)
• PHFB Projected Hartree-Fock-
Bogoliubov Rath, Phys. Rev. C 82 (2010)
~ 3 1025
~ 3 1027
Nnuclei (76Ge)
≈ 10×Nnuclei (100Mo, 150Nd)
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obs
excl
avogT
bkgN
M
A
NT
2ln02/1
nbb >
Sensitivity
M Large Mass of enriched bb isotopes
High efficiency
Nexcl Low background
High energy resolution
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Cosmic rays and induced g’s underground lab
High energy g’s up to ~ 10 MeV produced by neutron captures
Natural radioactivity (238U and 232Th chain):
208Tl, 214Bi, Radon (222Rn) and Thoron (220Rn), a-decay (in case of no e-/a discrimination)
208Tl: Qb= 2.4 MeV + g 2.6 MeV
214Bi: Qb = 3.2 MeV
Ultra low radioactive detectors:
Detector materials: A(208Tl) < 1 mBq/kg
Source A(208Tl) < 1-10 mBq/kg
For comparison, a standard Al foil: A(208Tl) ~ 100 mBq/kg
Origin of background
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Current best limits obtained in bb0n search
mn limit
(eV)
Limits at 90% C.L.
Inverted hierarchy
GERDA NEMO-3 Cuoricino
Kamland-Zen
EXO-200
T1/2(0n) limit
(1024 yrs) 1024 yrs
1 ev
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Calorimeters
Ge diodes
Ionisation
Bolometers
Phonon + Scint.
Scintillators
Scintillations
Liq. Xe TPC
Ionisation+scint.
Gerda (76Ge)
Majorana (76Ge)
Cuore (130Te)
Lumineu (100Mo)
Lucifer (82Se)
Amore (100Mo)
Kamland-Zen (136Xe)
SNO+ (130Te)
Candles-3 (48Ca)
EXO (136Xe)
Tracko-Calo SuperNEMO
(76Se, 150Nd, 48Ca)
Gas Xe TPC
Ionisation
NEXT
(136Xe)
Pixel. CdZnTe
Ionisation
Cobra
(116Cd)
Electron Tracking
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Ge diodes
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GERDA (LNGS) 76Ge (Qbb = 2040 keV)
“Bare” Ge crystals in Liquid Argon
- Liq. Argon = cryostat + shield
- Ext. Water tank for shield + m-veto
- Detector arrays gradual deployment
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GERDA (LNGS)
“Bare” Ge crystals in Liquid Argon
- Liq. Argon = cryostat + shield
- Ext. Water tank for shield + m-veto
- Detector arrays gradual deployment
76Ge (Qbb = 2040 keV)
Phase 1 (2011-2013) ~ 18 kg 76Ge
8 old 76Ge detectors (HdM, IGEX)
5 new BEGe detectors
FWHM ~ 3 keV @ 2.6 MeV for BEGe
Energy peaks stable within 1 keV
21.6 kg.yr 76Ge exposure
Bkg ~ 10-2 cts/keV/kg/yr
This is 10 times lower than previous Ge experiments !
T1/2(bb0n) > 2.1 1025 yr (90% C.L.)
Without PSA
With PSA
Mod. Phys. Lett. A 29, 1430001 (2014)
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GERDA (LNGS)
“Bare” Ge crystals in Liquid Argon
- Liq. Argon = cryostat + shield
- Ext. Water tank for shield + m-veto
- Detector arrays gradual deployment
76Ge (Qbb = 2040 keV)
Phase 2 (2014) ~ 50 kg 76Ge
30 new Broad Energy (BEGe) detectors
High pulse shape discrimination performances
Single Site (bb0n) / Multi Sites (g bkg) discrimination
Detection of Ar scintillation light
Liquid Argon as active shield with the scintillation veto
Target : Bkg ~ 10-3 cts/keV/kg/yr
T1/2(bb0n) > 2 1026 yr in 5 yrs of data
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MAJORANA 76Ge (Qbb = 2040 keV)
Under construction in Sanford Underground Laboratory (USA)
Up to 40 kg of HBGe crystals
Standard shield with electroformed Copper and lead
Start data with first cryostat end 2014
LOI between GERDA & MAJORANA Collaborations
Intention to merge for O(1 ton) exp. selecting the best technologies
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Bolometers
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T1/2(bb0n) > 2.8 1024 y (90%C.L.)
CUORICINO (2003 – 2008)
40 kg natTe02 ~ 10 kg 130Te
BKG = 0.17 cts/(keV.kg.yr)
~ 70% a’s from crystals and Cu surfaces
~ 30% external 2.6 MeV g-ray (208Tl) from cryostat
Qbb(130Te) ~ 2530 keV
~50 crystals natTeO2
FWHM ~ 6 keV @ Qbb
60Co
natTe02 crystal CUORICINO (LNGS, Italy)
Astropart. Phys. 34, 822 (2011)
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CUORE (start 2015)
19 Cuoricino-like towers in a new cryostat
740 kg natTe02 200 kg 130Te
Sensitivity expected in 5 years
T1/2(bb0n) > 1026 y
Target: Bkg = 0.01 cts/(keV.kg.yr)
(17 times lower than Cuoricino)
CUORE-0 = 1st CUORE tower running in the cuoricino cryostat
Preliminary result of the background measurement
• a bkg reduced by a factor 6
• g bkg still dominated by cuoricino cryostat: we must wait for the new cuore cryostat
natTe02 crystal CUORE (LNGS, Italy)
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Expected CUORE bkg = 0.01 cts/(keV.kg.yr)
~ 35 cts/year in the bb0n energy window (fwhm)
This is still a high level of bkg !
CUORE bkg must be reduced by an extra factor 10 at least !
The way to reach a « zero bkg » with bolometers:
Rejection 2.6 MeV g-ray bkg use crystal with Qbb > 2.6 MeV
• ZnMoO4, CaMoO4 (100Mo, Qbb= 3 MeV)
• ZnSe (82Se, Qbb= 3 MeV)
• CdWO4 (116Cd, Qbb= 2.8 MeV)
Rejection a bkg Scintillating bolometers for a / (e-,g) discrimination
S. Pirro et al. Physics of Atomic Nuclei, 69 (2006)
Scintillating bolometers
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Scintillation signal
a/(e-,g) discrimination
Heat signal
Energy measurement
Ge plate Lumineu R&D
ZnMoO4 (313g)
141 h @ LSM
Expected bkg using CUORICINO contaminations
bkg = 10-3 – 10-4 cts/(keV.kg.y)
T1/2 ~ 1026 yrs with only 1 cuoricino-like tower !
(instead of 19…)
3 experiments are starting:
LUMINEU: Zn100MoO4 crystal (France)
LUCIFER: Zn82Se crystal (Italy)
AMORE: 40Ca100MoO4 crystal (Korea)
Scintillating bolometers
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136Xe TPC
Experiments Several advantages to study Xenon
Simplest and least costly bb isotope to enrich
High bb2n half-life T1/2(136Xe) ~ T1/2(
76Ge) ~ 2 1021 yrs
Natural candidate for TPC
- Liq. TPC: EXO-200
- Gas TPC: NEXT
Limitation:
2447 keV g-ray from 214Bi, very close to Qbb = 2462 keV
The energy resolution must be better than ~15 keV (0.6%) at Qbb
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Liq. Xe TPC (200 kg Xe, 80% enrich. 136Xe)
Fiducial Volume 76.5 kg 136Xe
Anti-correlation ionisation/scintillation
E = 3.6 % FWHM @ Qbb (E ~ 90 keV)
477.6 days (Sept. 2011 – Sept. 2013), 100 kg.yr
EXO-200 (WIPP, USA)
Bkg = (1.7 0.2 10-3 cts/(keV.kg.yr) 28 cts/(fwhm.yr)
Radon (214Bi) dominant bkg 2447 keV g-ray from 214Bi, very close to Qbb = 2462 keV
T1/2(bb0n) > 1.1 1025 yrs
(90% C.L.)
Nature 510, 229 (2014)
Next step: Radon suppression
Future project: nEXO with 5 tons 136Xe
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Gas Xe TPC
~ 100 – 150 kg Xe gas,
>90% enrich. 130Xe
Electroluminescence technique for
the TPC readout
NEXT (CANFRANC, SPAIN)
Better Energy resolution
Target: E = 1 % FWHM @ Qbb (E ~ 25 keV)
Results of the NEXT-DEMO (a worst geometry):
1.7% FWHM at 511 keV (extrapolating to 0.77% FWHM at 2.5 MeV) has been obtained
Electron tracking by topological detection of the characteristic blob at the end of the track
NEXT-DEMO: electrons are identified in 98.5% of the cases
JINST 8 P04002 (2013) (arXiv:1211.4838)
TDR, JINST 7 (2012) T06001
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Large
Liquid Scintillators
Reuse the available large liquid scintillator n experiments by loading 136Xe or natTe
KamLAND KamLAND-Zen with 136Xe
SNO SNO+ with natTe
Advantage: one can measure a large mass of bb isotope
Limitation: the background is relatively high and the energy resolution is modest
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Kamland-Zen
• 320 kg of 136Xe loaded in 13 tons Liq. Scint.
Xe concentration ~ 2.45 %
(~700 kg 136Xe available in Kamioka mine)
• Energy resolution fwhm = 10 % (~240 keV) at Qbb
• Fiducial volume ~ 43 %
110Ag contamination
from Fukushima fallouts
KamLAND-Zen Phase I
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Kamland-Zen
KamLAND-Zen Phase II: 114.8 days (Dec. 2013 – May 2014)
Next steps
KamLAND-Zen Next Phase (funded):
New inner balloon with 800 kg of load 130Xe T1/2(bb0n) > 1026 yrs
KamLAND2-Zen
High energy resolution with pressurized Xenon
R<1m
Phase I: T1/2(0n) > 1.9 1025 y
Phase II: T1/2(0n) > 1.3 1025 y
Phases I+II: T1/2(0n) > 2.6 1025 y (90% C.L.)
383 kg 136Xe
LS purification
Xe purification
Film surface cleaning by LS flow
110Ag reduction factor > 10
bkg ~ 10 cts / (fwhm.yr)
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SNO+
SNO detector filled with liquid scint. and load 130Te
First data foreseen
end of 2014
• 130Te large nat. abundance (34%) : 0.3% natTe in 1 kt LS ~ 800 kg 130Te
Fiducial volume ~20% 160 kg 130Te
• High light yield of loaded Te liquid scintillator: Energy resolution E ~ 8 % at Qbb
• High T1/2(bb2n) : bb2n bkg reduced
• LS must be ultra radiopure in 238U and 232Th (~BOREXINO)
• Solar 8B n is the ultimate bkg !
2 years of data
T(bb0n) = 6 1024 y
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NEMO
Tracko-Calo
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Direct reconstruction of the two electrons
Can distinguish a possible bb0n signal to a unknown g line
Direct measurement of the various components of background
Bkg measured separately with dedicated event topology (e-, e+, g, a)
NEMO combines a tracking detector and a calorimeter
NEMO, a tracko-calo approach
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Running from Feb. 2003 until Jan. 2011 in Modane Underground Laboratory (4800 m.w.e.)
NEMO-3 (LSM Modane)
Source: ~ 20 m2 of bb sources foils (~50 mg/cm2)
bb0n: 7 kg of 100Mo, 1 kg of 82Se
bb2n: 0.4 kg 116Cd, 37 g 150Nd, 9 g 96Zr, 7 g 48Ca …
Tracking detector: drift cells in Geiger mode
Calorimeter: ~ 2000 plastic scint. + 5” PMTs
E/E ~ 15% (FWHM) @ 1 MeV
Display of a bb0n candidate
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34.3 kg.yr 100Mo, T1/2(0n) > 1.1 1024 yrs (90% C.L.)
NEMO-3 (LSM Modane)
700.000 bb
events
ETOT(MeV)
cos
NEMO-3 bkg ≈ 0.4 cts/(kg.yr)
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Source: ~ 5×3 m2 foil (40 mg/cm2): 82Se, 150Nd, 48Ca
Tracking: Drift cells in Geiger mode
Calorimeter: plastic scintillators + 8" PMT’s
20 modules to be installed in the future extension of LSM
NEMO-3 extrapolation
100 kg of 82Se to reach T1/2(bb0n) ≥ 1026 years
Bkg must be reduced by a factor ~ 40
SuperNEMO (LSM Modane)
First module (demonstrator) in construction
Start data end 2015 in Modane
Target: bkg < 10-2 cts/(kg.yr) in the bb0n ROI
NEMO-3 bkg = 0.4 cts/(kg.yr)
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CONCLUSIONS
2010 – 2020: New generation of bb experiments with few 100 kg of isotope
Experiments using 136Xe provided already first results with ~100 kg !
• Kamland-Zen (using available large liquid scint. detector)
• EXO-200 Liq. TPC
New experiments started
• GERDA Phase 1: results in Summer 2013
Target bkg Phase-1 has been reached : bkg ~ 0.01 cts/(keV.kg.y)
GERDA Phase 2 is starting: Target bkg ~ 0.001 cts/(keV.kg.yr) with 50 kg 82Ge
• CUORE-0 : preliminary results bkg is at least 2 times too high
New experiments in construction
• LUCIFER & LUMINEU: scintillating bolometer to reach bkg 0.001cts/(keV.kg.yr)
Can measure Se and Mo
• SNO+ with natural Te: can start measuring ~ 160 kg of 130Te in 2015
And even larger mass (up to 8 tons ?) if the bkg is low enough
• SuperNEMO with the direct detection of the two emitted e-
• NEXT-100 (gaseous Xe TPC)
![Page 35: Search for Majorana neutrinos and double beta decay ...ffp14.cpt.univ-mrs.fr/DOCUMENTS/SLIDES/SARAZIN_Xavier.pdf · Search for Majorana neutrinos and double beta decay experiments](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081410/608cdde0a375b512360ba4a0/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
7
100
100
90
160
800 (0.3%)
8000 (3%)
380
800
19
12
230
200
30
20
50
200
Mass
(kg)
201545 – 9513550.9130TeCUORE
R&D
50 – 120
35 – 95
10 – 25
1.
0.7
10
0.15
0.15
2.7
50.9
82Se100Mo100Mo
ZnSe (1 tower)
ZnMoO4 (1 tower)
ZnMoO4 (19 towers)
Published
2015
120 – 280
35 – 85
0.26
1102400.4136Xe
Kamland-Zen
Next-Phase
2014
2016……Few tens2000.2130TeSNO+
Published
2015
190 – 450
75 – 185
0.1
0.6
28
?900.5130Xe
EXO-200
Rn removed
201460 – 15010.1530.976GeMajorana
SuperNEMO
NEXT-100
GERDA-I
GERDA-II
GERDA-III
Experiment
82Se82Se
150Nd
130Xe
76Ge
Isotope
0.2
0.3
0.9
0n
2015
?
?
190 – 460
50 – 120
30 – 115
0.07
1
1
0.07
1
1
200
201560 – 14510.525
Published
2014
?
200 – 500
40 – 105
30 – 75
0.2
2.
10.
1.5
0.15
0.6
3.5
Start
Data
mn
limit
(eV)
T1/2(0n)
limit
(1026 yrs)
bkg@Qbb
cts/(fwhm.y)
E@Qbb
(fwhm)
(keV)
7
100
100
90
160
800 (0.3%)
8000 (3%)
380
800
19
12
230
200
30
20
50
200
Mass
(kg)
201545 – 9513550.9130TeCUORE
R&D
50 – 120
35 – 95
10 – 25
1.
0.7
10
0.15
0.15
2.7
50.9
82Se100Mo100Mo
ZnSe (1 tower)
ZnMoO4 (1 tower)
ZnMoO4 (19 towers)
Published
2015
120 – 280
35 – 85
0.26
1102400.4136Xe
Kamland-Zen
Next-Phase
2014
2016……Few tens2000.2130TeSNO+
Published
2015
190 – 450
75 – 185
0.1
0.6
28
?900.5130Xe
EXO-200
Rn removed
201460 – 15010.1530.976GeMajorana
SuperNEMO
NEXT-100
GERDA-I
GERDA-II
GERDA-III
Experiment
82Se82Se
150Nd
130Xe
76Ge
Isotope
0.2
0.3
0.9
0n
2015
?
?
190 – 460
50 – 120
30 – 115
0.07
1
1
0.07
1
1
200
201560 – 14510.525
Published
2014
?
200 – 500
40 – 105
30 – 75
0.2
2.
10.
1.5
0.15
0.6
3.5
Start
Data
mn
limit
(eV)
T1/2(0n)
limit
(1026 yrs)
bkg@Qbb
cts/(fwhm.y)
E@Qbb
(fwhm)
(keV)
SUMMARY
N.M.E. from Duek et al. , Phys. Rev. D 83 (2011) In italic: performances already achieved Otherwise, numbers must be demonstrated
![Page 36: Search for Majorana neutrinos and double beta decay ...ffp14.cpt.univ-mrs.fr/DOCUMENTS/SLIDES/SARAZIN_Xavier.pdf · Search for Majorana neutrinos and double beta decay experiments](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081410/608cdde0a375b512360ba4a0/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
EXTRA SLIDES
![Page 37: Search for Majorana neutrinos and double beta decay ...ffp14.cpt.univ-mrs.fr/DOCUMENTS/SLIDES/SARAZIN_Xavier.pdf · Search for Majorana neutrinos and double beta decay experiments](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081410/608cdde0a375b512360ba4a0/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Isotope Experiment Technique Mass of
isotope bb0n
Bkg cts /(kg.y.fwhm)
T1/2 (0n) Limit (90%)
mn (eV)
Min. Max.
48Ca CANDLES Scintillation 0.01 kg ~ 1 - > 5.8 1022 3.55 9.91
76Ge GERDA Ionisation 20 kg ~ 1 0.05 > 2.1 1025 0.2 0.5
82Se NEMO-3 Tracko-calo 1 kg ~ 0.1 0.3 > 3.2 1023 0.85 2.08
100Mo NEMO-3 Tracko-calo 7 kg ~ 0.1 0.5 > 1.0 1024 0.31 0.79
116Cd Solotvina Scintillation 80 g ~ 1 - > 1.7 1023 1.22 2.30
130Te CUORICINO Bolometer 10 kg ~ 1 1.1 > 2.8 1024 0.27 0.57
136Xe EXO-200 TPC Xe liq 160 kg ~ 0.4 0.025 > 1.1 1025 0.19 0.45
136Xe Kamland-Zen Liq. Scint. 130 kg ~ 0.5 110mAg > 2.6 1025 0.13 0.31
150Nd NEMO-3 Tracko-calo 0.04 kg ~ 0.1 0.5 >1.8 1022 2.35 8.65
Current best limits obtained in bb0n search
![Page 38: Search for Majorana neutrinos and double beta decay ...ffp14.cpt.univ-mrs.fr/DOCUMENTS/SLIDES/SARAZIN_Xavier.pdf · Search for Majorana neutrinos and double beta decay experiments](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081410/608cdde0a375b512360ba4a0/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Natural radioactive chains
![Page 39: Search for Majorana neutrinos and double beta decay ...ffp14.cpt.univ-mrs.fr/DOCUMENTS/SLIDES/SARAZIN_Xavier.pdf · Search for Majorana neutrinos and double beta decay experiments](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081410/608cdde0a375b512360ba4a0/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Low Qbb
Low 0n
34% nat.
abundance
Large available mass
Low Qbb
Bi g ray at
![Page 40: Search for Majorana neutrinos and double beta decay ...ffp14.cpt.univ-mrs.fr/DOCUMENTS/SLIDES/SARAZIN_Xavier.pdf · Search for Majorana neutrinos and double beta decay experiments](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081410/608cdde0a375b512360ba4a0/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Experiment Isotop
e
Mass
(kg) 0n
E@Qbb
(fwhm)
(keV)
bkg@Qbb
cts/(fwhm.
y)
T1/2(0n)
limit
(1026
yrs)
mn
limit
(eV)
Start
Data
GERDA-I
GERDA-II
GERDA-III
76Ge
20
50
200
0.9 3.5
1.5
0.15
0.6
0.2
2.
10.
200 – 500
40 – 105
30 – 75
Publishe
d
2014
?
Majorana 76Ge 30 0.9 3 0.15 1 60 – 150 2014
CUORE 130Te 200 0.9 5 35 1 45 – 95 2015
ZnSe (1 tower)
ZnMoO4 (1 tower)
ZnMoO4 (19
towers)
82Se
100Mo 100Mo
19
12
230
0.9 5
0.15
0.15
2.7
1.
0.7
10
50 – 120
35 – 95
10 – 25
R&D
Kamland-Zen
Next-Phase 136Xe
380
800 0.4 240 10
0.26
1
120 – 280
35 – 85
Publishe
d
2015
SNO+ 130Te 800 (0.3%)
8000 (3%) 0.2 200 Few tens … …
2014
2016
EXO-200
Rn removed 130Xe 160 0.5 90
28
?
0.1
0.6
190 – 450
75 – 185
Publishe
d
2015
NEXT-100 130Xe 90 0.3 25 0.5 1 60 – 145 2015
SuperNEMO
82Se 82Se
150Nd
7
100
100
0.2 200
0.07
1
1
0.07
1
1
190 – 460
50 – 120
30 – 115
2015
?
?
N.M.E. from Duek et al. , Phys. Rev. D 83 (2011)
SUMMARY
In italic: performances already achieved Otherwise, numbers must be demonstrated