WaterSection C
SolubilitySolubility – amount of substance that can be
dissolved in a certain amount of water at a certain temperature
Saturated – Max amount of solute for a given amount of solvent
Unsaturated – solution that contains less solute than can normally be dissolved in a given amount of solvent
Supersaturated – unstable solution that contains more solute than can normally be dissolved in a solvent
SolubilityThree common ways to increase rate:Agitating the mixture.Increasing the surface area of the solute.Increasing the temp of the solvent.Heat of Solution – the overall energy change
that occurs during the solution formation process
Temperature and SolubilitySolubility Curve – relationship between
temperature and solubility
Solution ConcentrationSolution concentration – how much solute is
dissolved in a specific quantity of solventMeasured as a percent, ppm, and ppbPpm- parts per millionPpb – parts per billion
Solution ConcentrationPercent by mass = Mass of solute/mass of
solution X 100Ex. 4.5 g of salt mixed with 495.5 g of water
Ex. 10 g of sucrose is dissolved in 240 g of water
Heavy MetalsIron, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium are essential to
human health
Lead - Romans used lead pipes to transport water, it is believed that this lead to the fall of the Roman Empire
Lead's symbol Pb comes for the word Plumber, because it was used for plumbing
Lead was used as a gasoline additive for many, many years, but since we have switched to unleaded gasoline
US drinking water usually contains .05 ppm, although 1.4% of water contains more than this
Heavy MetalsMercury - only metallic metal that is a liquid
at room temperatureFound in thermometers, light bulbs, paints,
and used as an electrical conductorHg poisoning symptoms are numbness,
staggered walk, tunnel vision, brain damageIt is recommended that you only eat 1 fish
per month from the Mississippi River per month because of the mercury that is dissolved into the water
Heavy MetalsCadmium - Used in photography,
electroplating, paints, and batteriesSymptoms include headaches, coughing,
vomiting, kidney, and liver damage
Arsenic – Rat Poision
pH pH scale is a way to measure the acidity, or
alkalinity of a solutionScale goes from 0-14, 0 is most acidic, 14 is most
basicOne change on the scale is a 10 times increase or
decrease in the acidity or alkalinityAcids are made up of molecules including hydrogen
atoms and turn litmus paper redBases are made up of molecules including hydroxide
ions and turn litmus paper blue7 on the pH scale is neutral, drinking water has a pH
of 7
Acid/Base LabAdd your chart to your lab notebooks. Also take a piece of paper
and turn it horizontally. Make a line going across the entire page. Label one end 0 and the other end 14, space each number out equally. Put these substances on this line showing their acidity. Try to make this as accurate as possible.
Questions1.) which was the most acidic? why?2.) which was the most basic? why?3.) Explain why people take milk of magnesia when they have
stomach aches.4.) Explain why soap has the pH that it does5.) Is Kasson affected by acid rain? How do you know?6.) Which one were you closest on?7.) Which one were you farthest on?
Water termsElectronegativity – ability of an atoms to
attract electrons when bondingSoluble – When a substance dissolves in a
solventInsoluble – When a substance does not
dissolve in a solvent Immiscible – When two liquids mix, but
separate shortly after
Dissolved OxygenSolubility of gases decreases as the temp
increasesGas solubility increases as the solution temp
decreasesGas solubility also depends on pressure, it is
directly proportional to pressurePpm – parts per millionPpb – parts per billion
Dissolved OxygenFish are cold blooded, so their body temps
rise and fall with the surrounding water.As the fishes heat up so does their
metabolismsTherefore more oxygen is used up by aquatic
life when the temp is highMany industrial process use river/lake water
to cool their plants and put hot water back into the river/lake
Dissolved OxygenStreams contain high levels of DO because
the water is falling over rocks and mixing with the air above it
Streams usually contain fish species that need higher levels of DO like trout, salmon
Lakes contain lower levels of DO because the water is stagnant
Lakes contain fish species that don’t need such high levels of DO like catfish, carp, bullhead
Dissolved OxygenFish can suffocate from lack of oxygen, can
they be affected by too much oxygen?Fish need to live in oxygen levels below
110%-124%, anything more and the fish can die of gas bubble trauma
Fish KillSkim through your articles againAny new thoughts on the fish kill?