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Chapter 01Lecture and
Animation Outline
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Chapter 1-Introduction
Anatomy:- study of structure
- means to dissect
Physiology:
study of function
Anatomy and Physiology work together.
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What is the Importance of
Anatomy and Physiology? Basis for understanding diseases
Allows an understanding of how the body
works and responds to stimuli
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ypes of Anatomy
!ystemic:studies body systems
"egional:
studies body regions (medical schools)
!urface:
studies eternal features! "# Bone pro$ections
Anatomical imaging:
uses -rays! ultrasound! %&'s
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!tructural #e$els of %ody1. Chemical:
smallest le*el
- "# atoms
&. Cell:
- basic unit of life
- "# 'ncludes organelles (mitochondria!nucleus! ribosomes! etc#)
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+
'. issue:
- group of cells with similar structure and
function plus etracellular substance
- "# "pithelial! connecti*e! muscular! ner*ous
(. )rgan:
- 2 or more tissue types
- "# ,kin! heart! stomach! etc#
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.
Diaphragm
Small intestine
Kidney
(behind stomach
Stomach
Spleen (behind stomach
!sophagus
Carotid
artery
Spinal cord
"rain
Laryn#
$rachea
Aortic arch
Lung
%eart
Li&er
'ancreas (behind
stomach
allbladder
Kidney
(behind intestine
Largeintestine
)reter
(behind small
intestine
)rinary
bladder
)rethra
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*. )rgan system:
group of organs
+. )rganism:
all structural le*els working together
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.
Digesti&e System
'er*orms the mechanical and chemicalprocesses o* digestion+ absorption o*
nutrients+ and elimination o* wastes, Consistso* the mouth+ esophagus+ stomach+intestines+ and accessory organs,
-espiratory System
!#changes o#ygen and carbon dio#idebetween the blood and air and regulates
blood p%, Consists o* the lungs andrespiratory passages,
Lymphatic System
-emo&es *oreign substances *rom the bloodand lymph+ combats disease+ maintains
tissue *luid balance+ and absorbs *ats *romthe digesti&e tract, Consists o* the lymphatic&essels+ lymph nodes+ and other lymphatic
organs,
.ntegumentary System
'ro&ides protection+ regulates temperature+
pre&ents water loss+ and helps produce&itamin D, Consists o* s/in+ hair+ nails+ andsweat glands,
uscular System
'roduces body mo&ements+ maintains
posture+ and produces body heat, Consists o*muscles attached to the s/eleton by tendons,
S/eletal System
'ro&ides protection and support+ allows
body mo&ements+ produces blood cells+ andstores minerals and *at, Consists o* bones+associated cartilages+ ligaments+ and oints,
-ectusabdominis
"icepsbrachii
'ectoralismaor
$emporalisS/ull
Cla&icle
Sternum
%umerus
Vertebralcolumn
-adius
)lna
2emur
$ibia
2ibula
'el&is
-ibsS/in
%air
$hymus
A#illary
lymphnode
Lymphatic&essel
.nguinallymph node
Spleen
$horacic
duct
ammaryple#us
Cer&icallymph
node
$onsils3ose
3asalca&ity
Lungs
"ronchi
$rachea
Laryn#
'haryn#(throat
'haryn#
(throat
Oral ca&ity(mouth
Li&erallbladder
Appendi#
-ectum
Anus
Large
intestine
Small
intestine
'ancreas
Stomach
!sophagus
Sali&ary
glands
astrocnemius
4uadriceps
*emoris
Sartorius
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.2
Characteristics of #ife
)rgani,ation:
/ structural le*els
etaolism:
- ability to use energy
- uses digesti*e and respiratory systems
"esponsi$eness:
ability to sense changes in en*t and makead$ustments
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.3
/rowth:
an increase in si0e
0e$elopment:
changes in cell structure and function from
generali0ed to speciali0ed
"eproduction:
formation of new cells or new organisms
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.4
omeostasis
What is it?
- maintenance of a constant internal en*t
- "# Body temp#! B1! &! B&
2ariale:- conditions that change
- "# "n*t temp#
!et point:
- ideal! normal *alue
- "# .2 for B1 or 5#+o for body temp#
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.+
3egati$e 4eedack
What is it?
- mechanism that regulates homeostasis
- negati*e meaning a de*iation from set point
- "# Blood pressure
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./
1
5
6
7
8
1
5
6
7 8
-eceptors monitor the&alue o* a &ariable, .n this
case+ receptors in the wall
o* a blood &essel monitor
blood pressure,
.n*ormation about the &alue
o* the &ariable is sent to a
control center, .n this case+
ner&es send in*ormation to
the part o* the brain
responsible *or regulatingblood pressure,
$he control center
compares the &alue o* the
&ariable against the set
point,
An e**ector produces a
response that maintains
homeostasis, .n this case+changing heart rate
changes blood pressure,
.* a response is necessary
to maintain homeostasis+
the control center causesan e**ector to respond, .n
this case+ ner&es send
in*ormation to the heart,
!**ector (heart
responds to changes
in blood pressure,
-eceptors monitor
blood pressure,
3er&es
Control center
(brain
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.
Components of 3egati$e 4eedack
Control center:- brain
- establishes set point
"eceptor:
detects changes (*ariable)
5ffector:
responds to changes
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.5
Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or display.
"loodpres
sure
(normalran
ge
1
6 7
8
9
5
$he e**ectors respond:
%eart rate increases;
blood &essels constrict,
"lood pressure increases:
%omeostasis -estored
"lood pressure decreases:
%omeostasis Disturbed
"lood pressure increases:
%omeostasis Disturbed
"lood pressure decreases:
%omeostasis -estored
$he e**ectors respond:
%eart rate decreases;
blood &essels dilate,
Start %ere
"loodpres
sure
(normalran
ge
Control centers in the brain decrease
stimulation o* heart and blood &essels
when receptors detect increased blood
pressure,
Control centers in the brain increase
stimulation o* heart and blood &essels
when receptors detect decreased
blood pressure,
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Positi$e 4eedack
What is it?- de*iation from set point becomes greater
- makes a bad situation worse
- rarely found in healthy people
i
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6igure .#/
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%ody Positions Anatomical position:
person standing erect with face and palms forward
!upine:
person lying face up
Prone:person lying face down
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0irectional erms
!uperior:abo*e
Inferior:
below
Anterior:
front Posterior:
back
24
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edial:
close to midline
#ateral:
away from midline
Pro6imal:
close to point of attachment
0istal:far from point of attachment
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6igure .# 2+
6igure .#/a
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4igure 1.7
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!uperficial:
close to surface
0eep:
toward interior of body
2
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%ody Planes !agittal:
runs *ertically and separates body into left and right
idsagittal:
runs down the middleand di*ides body into e7ual left
and right hal*es rans$erse:
runs hori0ontally and separates body into top and bottom
4rontal:runs *ertically and separates body into anterior and
posterior
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6igure
.#..
3
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3.
%ody "egions
8pper lims:upper arm! forearm! wrist! hand
#ower lims:
thigh! lower leg! ankle! foot
Central:
head! neck! trunk
runk:
thoracic (chest)! abdomen! pel*is
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6igure .#a
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6igure .#5b
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%ody Ca$ities horacic ca$ity:
heart! lungs! thymus gland! esophagus! trachea
ediastinum:
di*ides thoracic ca*ity into left and right
Adominal ca$ity:
stomach! intestines! li*er! spleen! pancreas!
kidneys
Pel$ic ca$ity:
urinary bladder! reproducti*e organs! part of
large intestine
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6igure .#.3
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3+
Pericardial ca$ity:
around heart
Pleural ca$ity:
around lungs
Peritoneal ca$ity:
around abdominopel*ic ca*ity
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emranes
esentery:
double-layered membrane that co*ers organs
and anchors them to body wall
!erous memrane:
co*er organs and line ca*ity walls
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ypes of !erous emranes
2isceral memrane:co*ers organs
Parietal memrane:
lines ca*ity walls
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6igure.#.4b
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6igure.#.a
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6igure .#.b