-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
1/24
Selecting
Plants
for
Pollinators
Including the states of
Connecticut,
New Jersey,
Rhode Island
and parts of:
Delaware, Kentucky, Maine,
Maryland, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire,
New York, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, Tennessee
A Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and Gardeners In th
Eastern
Broadleaf
Forest
Oceanic Province
andNAPPC
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
2/24
Selecting Plants for Pollinators
2
This is one of several guides for
different regions in the United
States. We welcome your feedback
to assist us in making the future
guides useful. Please contact us at
Why Support Pollinators?
Getting Started 5
Eastern Broadleaf Forest 6
Meet the Pollinators
Plant Traits 10
Developing Plantings 12
Farms 13
Public Lands 14
Home Landscapes 15
Bloom Periods 16
Plants That Attract Pollinators 18
Host Plants 20
Checklist 22
Resources and Feedback 23
Table of CONTENTS
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
3/243
Eastern Broadleaf Forest, Oceanic Province
A Regional Guide for
Farmers, Land Managers,
and Gardeners
In the
Ecological Region of the
Eastern Broadleaf Forest
Oceanic Province
Including the states of:
Connecticut, New Jersey,
Rhode Island
and parts of:
Delaware, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire,
New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
Tennessee, West Virginia
A NAPPC AND Pollinator Partnership Publication
By: Elizabeth L. Ley, Botanist, Edgewater, MD
Selecting Plants for Pollinators
This guide was funded by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the C.S. Fund, the Plant Conservation Alliance
the U.S. Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management with oversight by the Pollinator Partnership
(www.pollinator.org), in support of the North American Pollinator Protection Campaign (NAPPCwww.nappc.org)
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
4/24
IntheIr1996 book, theForgotten PollInators, Buchmann and
Nabhan estimated that animal pollinators are needed for the reproduction
of 90% of owering plants and one third of human food crops. Each of us
depends on these industrious pollinators in a practical way to provide us
with the wide range of foods we eat. In addition, pollinators are part of the
intricate web that supports the biological diversity in natural ecosystems
that helps sustain our quality of life.
Abundant and healthy populations of pollinators can improve fruit set
and quality, and increase fruit size. In farming situations this increases
production per acre. In the wild, biodiversity increases and wildlife food
sources increase.
Alfalfa, clover, apples, blueberries, cranberries, cherries, cucumbers, pears,pumpkins, soybeans, squash, tomatoes, and watermelons are some of the
crops raised in the Eastern Broadleaf Forest that rely on honey bees and
native bees for pollination. Domestic honey bees pollinate approximately
$10 billion worth of crops in the U.S. each year.
Unfortunately, the numbers of both native pollinators and domesticated
bee populations are declining. They are threatened by habitat loss,
disease, and the excessive and inappropriate use of pesticides. The loss of
commercial bees to Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) has highlighted how
severe the issues of proper hive management are to reduce stresses caused
by disease, pesticide use, insufcient nutrition, and transportation practices.Currently, the pollination services that the commercial beekeeping industry
provides are receiving much needed research and conservation resources.
The efforts to understand the threats to commercial bees should help us
understand other pollinators and their roles in the environment as well.
It is imperative that we take immediate steps to help pollinator populations
thrive. The beauty of the situation is that by supporting pollinators need
for habitat, we support our own needs for food and support diversity in the
natural world.
Thank you for taking time to consult this guide. By adding plants to your
landscape that provide food and shelter for pollinators throughout their
active seasons and by adopting pollinator friendly landscape practices, you
can make a difference to both the pollinators and the people that rely on them.
Farming feeds
the world, and
we must remember
that pollinators
are a critical
link in our food
systems.-- Paul Growald
Co-Founder
Pollinator partnership
Selecting Plants for Pollinators
4
Why support pollinators?
Laurie Davies Adams
Executive DirectorPollinator Partnership
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
5/245
Eastern Broadleaf Forest, Oceanic Province
thIsregIonalguIdeIsjust one
in a series of plant selection tools
designed to provide information
on how individuals can inuence
pollinator populations through
choices they make when they farm
a plot of ground, manage large
tracts of public land, or plant a
garden. Each of us can have a
positive impact by providing the
essential habitat requirements forpollinators including food, water,
shelter, and enough space to allow
pollinators to raise their young.
Pollinators travel through the
landscape without regard to
property ownership or state
boundaries. Weve chosen to use
R.G. Baileys classication system
to identify the geographic focus
of this guide and to underscorethe connections between climate
and vegetation types that affect
the diversity of pollinators in the
environment.
Baileys Ecoregions of the United
States, developed by the United
States Forest Service, is a system
created as a management tool
and is used to predict responses
to land management practices
throughout large areas. This guide
addresses pollinator-friendly land
management practices in what is
known as the Eastern Broadleaf
Forest, Oceanic Province.
Portions of thirteen states makeup the 104,500 square miles of
this province with elevations
ranging from sea level to 3,000
feet. Although the area is dissected
by population centers, farms, and
roads, the natural vegetation shares
common natural characteristics:
primarily, forests that shed their
leaves each fall. The seasonal cycle
of sun and shade within the forests
has created a changing patternof bloom time for food plants and
shelter needs for foraging, nesting,
and migrating pollinators.
Farmers, land managers, and
gardeners in this region have a
wide palette of plants to use in the
landscape. Farms and residential
areas provide a diverse range
of soil types in both sunny and
shady areas. With this diversity of
locations many different species
of plants may be used to improve
pollinator habitats.
Long before there were homes
and farms in this area, the original,
natural vegetation providedcontinuous cover and adjacent
feeding opportunities for wildlife,
including pollinators. In choosing
plants, aim to create habitat for
pollinators that allow adequate food
shelter, and water sources. Most
pollinators have very small home
ranges. You will make a difference
by understanding the vegetation
patterns on the farm, forest, or
neighbors yard adjacent to yourproperty. With this information in
hand, your planting choices will
better support the pollinators need
for food and shelter as they move
through the landscape.
Getting Started
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
6/24
Selecting Plants for Pollinators
6
Understanding
the Eastern Broadleaf Forest, Oceanic Province
nThis region is designatednumber 221 in the Baileys
Ecosystem Provinces. To see a map of the provinces go to:
www.fs.fed.us/colorimagemap/ecoreg1_provinces.html
nNot sure about which bioregion you live or work in? Go to
www.pollinator.org and click on Ecoregion Locator for help.
n 104,500 square miles within 13 states.
nDiverse topography including the Appalachian Plateaus, New
England lowlands, the mid-Atlantic coastal plain, and the
Piedmont Plateau.
nElevations ranging from sea level to 3,000 feet.
nSeparated by the Central Appalachian Broadleaf Forest,
Coniferous Forest, Meadow Province, which is a more
mountainous terrain.
nAverage annual temperature range from 40 - 60F.
nAverage year round precipitation between 35-60 inches.
nPrimarily USDA Hardiness Zone 6, touching some of Zone 5
(1990 version).
Characteristics
nDeciduous forests dominated by tall broadleaf trees with lower
layers of small trees and shrubs.
nHerbaceous layer appears in the spring which mostly
disappears as the foliage of the trees develops and shades the
ground.
nDissected by population centers, farms, and roads.
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
7/24
Eastern Broadleaf Forest, Oceanic Province
The Eastern Broadleaf Forest
Oceanic Province includes:
Connecticut
New Jersey
Rhode Island
and parts of:
Delaware
Kentucky
MaineMaryland
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
West Virginia
Adding native plantings in riparian areasto improve pollinator habitat makes
sense in advancing our family farms
conservation and economic objectives
enhancing benecial wildlife and
improving pollination in our orchard
and garden.
--Lee McDaniel, Farmer and President
National Association of Conservation Districts
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
8/24
Selecting Plants for Pollinators
8
Who are thepollinators?
BeesBees are the best documented
pollinators in the natural and
agricultural landscapes of the
Eastern Broadleaf Forest. A wide
range of plants in the Aster and
Rose Families, blueberry crops, and
tomatoes are just a few plants that
benet from bee pollinators.
Most of us are familiar with thecolonies of honey bees that have
been the workhorses of agricultural
pollination for years in the United
States. They were imported from
Europe almost 400 years ago.
There are nearly 4000 species of
native ground and twig nesting bees
in the U.S. Some form colonies
while others live and work a solitary
life. Native bees currently pollinate
many crops and can be encouraged
to do more to support agricultural
endeavors if their needs for nesting
habitat are met and if suitable
sources of nectar, pollen, and water
are provided. Bees have tongues of
varying lengths that help determine
which owers they can obtain nectar
and pollen from.
The bumble bee (Bombus spp.) forms
small colonies, usually underground.They are generalists, feeding on a
wide range of plant material from
February to November and are
important pollinators of tomatoes.
The sweat bee (familyHalictidae)
nests underground. Various species
are solitary while others form loose
colonies.
Solitary bees include carpenter bees
(Xylocopa spp.), which nest in wood;digger, or polyester bees (Colletes
spp.), which nest underground;
leafcutter bees (Megachile spp.),
which prefer dead trees or branches
for their nest sites; and mason bees
(Osmia spp.), which utilize cavities
that they nd in stems and dead
wood. Cactus bees (Diadasia spp.)
are also solitary ground nesters.
ButteriesGardeners have been attracting
butteries to their gardens for
some time. These insects tend to
be eye-catching, as are the owers
that attract them. Position owering
plants where they have full sun and
are protected from the wind. Also,
you will need to provide open areas
(e.g. bare earth, large stones) where
butteries may bask, and moist soil
from which they may get needed
minerals. By providing a safe place
to eat and nest, gardeners can also
support the pollination role that
butteries play in the landscape. It
might mean accepting slight damage
to the plants, known as host plants,
that provide food for the larval stage
of the buttery.
A diverse group of butteries
are present in garden areas andwoodland edges that provide bright
owers, water sources, and specic
host plants. Numerous trees, shrubs
and herbaceous plants support
buttery populations.
Butteries are in the Order
Lepidoptera. Some of the species in
Meet the Pollinators
PhotocourtesyofTimDunne
PhotocourtesyofLaraRoketenetz
Ruby-throated Hummingbird, a
species frequently seen in the Eastern
Broadleaf Forest.
Eastern Tiger Swallowtail on
Ironweed in Ohio.
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
9/249
Eastern Broadleaf Forest, Oceanic Province
the Eastern Broadleaf Forest are
Brush-footed, Gossamer-winged,
Swallowtail, Parnassian, Skipper,
White, Sulphur and Milkweedbutteries. They usually look for
owers that provide a good landing
platform.
Wet mud areas provide butteries
with both the moisture and
minerals they need to stay healthy.
Butteries eat rotten fruit and even
dung, so dont clean up all the
messes in your garden!
MothsMoths are most easily distinguished
from butteries by their antennae.
Buttery antennae are simple with a
swelling at the end. Moth antennae
differ from simple to featherlike,
but never have a swelling at the
tip. In addition, butteries typically
are active during the day; moths at
night. Buttery bodies are not very
hairy, while moth bodies are quitehairy and more stout.
Moths, generally less colorful
than butteries, also play a role
in pollination. They are attracted
to owers that are strongly sweet
smelling, open in late afternoon or
night, and are typically white or
pale colored.
BeetlesOver 30,000 species of beetles
are found in the United States
and many of them can be found
on ower heads. Gardeners have
yet to intentionally draw beetles
to their gardens, possibly because
beetle watching isnt as inspiring
as buttery or bird watching. Yet
beetles do play a role in pollination.
Some have a bad reputation
because they can leave a messbehind, damaging plant parts that
they eat. Beetles are not as efcient
as some pollinators. They wander
between different species, often
dropping pollen as they go.
Beetle pollinated plants tend to be
large, strong scented owers with
their sexual organs exposed. They
are known to pollinate Magnolia,
sweetshrub (Calycanthus), pawpaws, and yellow pond lilies.
FliesIt may be hard to imagine why one
would want to attract ies to the
garden. However, like beetles, the
number of y species and the fact
that ies are generalist pollinators
(visit many species of plants),
should encourage us all to leave
those ies alone and let them dotheir job as pollinators.
Recent research indicates that ies
primarily pollinate small owers
that bloom under shade and in
seasonally moist habitats. The
National Research Councils Status
of Pollinators in North America study
states that ies are economically
important as pollinators for a range
of annual and bulbous ornamentalowers.
Plants pollinated by the y
include the American pawpaw
(Asimina triloba), dead horse arum
(Helicodiceros muscivorus ), skunk
cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus),
goldenrod (Solidago spp.), and
members of the carrot family like
Queen Annes lace (Daucus carota).
BirdsHummingbirds are the primary
birds which play a role in pollina
tion in North America. Their long
beaks and tongues draw nectar
from tubular owers. Pollen is
carried on both the beaks and
feathers of different hummingbirds.
The regions closer to the tropics,
with warmer climates, boast the
largest number of hummingbirdspecies and the greatest number of
native plants to support the birds
need for food. White-winged doves
(Zenaida asiatica) are also pollinators
of the saguaro cactus (Carnegeia
gigantea) in the south central United
States.
Bright colored tubular owers
attract hummingbirds to gardens
throughout the United States.
Hummingbirds can see the colorred; bees cannot. Many tropical
owers, grown as annuals in the
Eastern Broadleaf Forest, along
with native woodland edge plants,
attract hummingbirds.
BatsThough bats in the Eastern
Broadleaf Forest are not pollinators,
bats play an important role inpollination in the southwest where
they feed on agave and cactus. The
long-nosed bats head shape and
long tongue allows it to delve into
ower blossoms and extract both
pollen and nectar.
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
10/24
Selecting Plants for Pollinators
10
Plant Traits
This chart and more information on pollinator syndromes can be found
PlantTrait Bats Bees Beetl
ColorDull white, green
or purple
Bright white,
yellow,
blue, or UV
Dull whit
green
Nectarguides
Absent Present Absen
OdorStrong musty;
emitted at night
Fresh, mild,
pleasant
None to st
ruity or
NectarAbundant;somewhat
hidden
Usually presentSometimpresen
not hidd
Pollen AmpleLimited; oten
sticky
and scented
Ampl
FlowerShape
Regular; bowl
shaped closed
during day
Shallow; have
landing platorm;
tubular
Large bow
Magno
Which Flowers
Do the
Pollinators
prefer?
notallPollInatorsarefound
in each North American province,
and some are more important
in different parts of the UnitedStates. Use this page as a resource
to understand the plants and
pollinators where you live.
Plants can be grouped together
based on the similar characteristics
of their owers. These oral
characteristics can be useful to
predict the type of pollination
method or animal that is mosteffective for that group of plants.
This association between oral
characteristics and pollination
method is called a pollination
syndrome.
The interactions of animal
pollinators and plants have
inuenced the evolution of both
groups of organisms. A mutualistic
relationship between the pollinator
and the plant species helps the
pollinator nd necessary pollen and
nectar sources and helps the plant
reproduce by ensuring that pollen is
carried from one ower to another.
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
11/241
Eastern Broadleaf Forest, Oceanic Province
and the Pollinators they Attract
http://www.fs.fed.us/wildowers/pollinators/syndromes.shtml
Pollinator
Birds Butterfies Flies Moths Wind
arlet, orange,
red
or white
Bright, including
red and purple
Pale and dull to
dark brown or purple;
fecked with translucent
patches
Pale and dull red,
purple, pink or white
Dull green, brown, or
colorless;
petals absent
or reduced
Absent Present Absent Absent Absent
None Faint but resh PutridStrong sweet;
emitted at nightNone
mple; deeply
hidden
Ample; deeply
hiddenUsually absent
Ample; deeply
hiddenNone
Modest Limited Modest in amount LimitedAbundant; small,
smooth, and not sticky
Large unnel
; cups, strong
erch support
Narrow tube with
spur; wide
landing pad
Shallow; unnel like or
complex and trap-like
Regular; tubular
without a lip
Regular; small and
stigmas exerted
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
12/24
Selecting Plants for Pollinators
12
WhetheryouareaFarmer
of many acres,land manager of a
large tract of land, or a gardener
with a small lot, you can increase
the number of pollinators in your
area by making conscious choices to
include plants that provide essential
habitat for bees, butteries, moths,
beetles, hummingbirds and other
pollinators.
Food:Flowers provide nectar (high in
sugar and necessary amino acids)
and pollen (high in protein) to
pollinators.
Fermenting fallen fruits also provide
food for bees, beetles and butteries.
Specic plants, known as host
plants, are eaten by the larvae of
pollinators such as butteries.
Plant in groups to increase
pollination efciency. If a pollinator
can visit the same type of ower
over and over, it doesnt have to
relearn how to enter the ower
and can transfer pollen to the same
species, instead of squandering the
pollen on unreceptive owers.
Plant with bloom season in mind,
providing food from early spring to
late fall. (see Bloom Periods pp.16-17)
Plant a diversity of plants to
support a variety of pollinators.Flowers of different color,
fragrance, and season of bloom
on plants of different heights will
attract different pollinator species
and provide pollen and nectar
throughout the seasons.
Many herbs and annuals, although
not native, are very good for
pollinators. Mint, oregano, garlic,
chives, parsley and lavender are
just a few herbs that can be planted.
Old fashioned zinnias, cosmos, and
single sunowers support bees and
butteries.
Recognize weeds that might be a
good source of food. For example,
dandelions provide nectar in the
early spring before other owers
open. Plantain is alternate host for
the Baltimore Checkerspot.
Learn and utilize Integrated PestManagement (IPM) practices to
address pest concerns. Minimize or
eliminate the use of pesticides.
Shelter:Pollinators need protection from
severe weather and from predators
as well as sites for nesting and
roosting.
Incorporate different canopy
layers in the landscape by planting
trees, shrubs, and different-sized
perennial plants.
Leave dead snags for nesting sites
of bees, and other dead plants and
leaf litter for shelter.
Build bee boxes to encourage
solitary, non-aggressive bees to nest
on your property. Leave some areas of soil uncovered
to provide ground nesting insects
easy access to underground tunnels.
Group plantings so that pollinators
can move safely through the
landscape protected from predators.
Include plants that are needed
by butteries during their larval
development.
Water:A clean, reliable source of water is
essential to pollinators.
Natural and human-made water
features such as running water,
pools, ponds, and small containers
of water provide drinking and
bathing opportunities for pollinators
Ensure the water sources have
a shallow or sloping side so the
pollinators can easily approach the
water without drowning.
Your current landscape probably
includes many of these elements.
Observe wildlife activity in your farm
elds, woodlands, and gardens to
determine what actions you can take
to encourage other pollinators to feed
and nest. Evaluate the placement of
individual plants and water sources
and use your knowledge of specic
pollinator needs to guide your choice
and placement of additional plants
and other habitat elements. Minor
changes by many individuals can
positively impact the pollinator
populations in your area. Watch
for - and enjoy - the changes in your
landscape!
CAUTION: Remember that
pesticides are largely toxic to
pollinators. Extreme caution is
warranted if you choose to use
any pesticide. Strategically apply
pesticides only for problematic
target species.
Developing landscape plantings
that provide pollinator habitat
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
13/2413
Eastern Broadleaf Forest, Oceanic Province
Farms
Soybean, alfalfa, blueberry, clover,
cranberry, strawberry, stone fruits,
and tomatoes are a few of the food
crops in the Eastern Broadleaf
Forest that will benet from strong
native bee populations that boost
pollination efciency. Incorporate
different plants throughout the
farm that provide food for native
populations when targeted crops
are not in ower.
Farmers have many opportunities
to incorporate pollinator-friendlyland management practices on their
land which will benet the farmer
in achieving his or her production
goals:
Manage the use of pesticides
to reduce the impact on native
pollinators. Spray when bees arent
active (just after dawn) and choose
targeted ingredients.
Carefully consider the use of
herbicides. Perhaps the targeted
weeds can provide needed food for
pollinators.
Minimize tillage to protect ground
nesting pollinators.
Ensure water sources are scattered
throughout the landscape.
Choose a variety of native plants to
act as windbreaks, riparian buffers,
and eld borders throughout the
farm.
Plant unused areas of the farm
with temporary cover crops that
can provide food or with a varietyof trees, shrubs, and owers that
provide both food and shelter for
pollinators.
Check with your local Natural
Resources Conservation Service
(NRCS) ofce to see what technical
and nancial support might be
available to assist you in your effort to
provide nectar, pollen, and larval food
sources for pollinators on your farm.
food supplies for
bees are critical
to maintaining
strong hives
for almond
pollination
the following
winter.-- Dan Cummings
Chico, California
almond grower
IllustrationsbyCarolynVibbert
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
14/24
Selecting Plants for Pollinators
14
Public Lands
Public lands are maintained for
specic reasons ranging from high
impact recreation to conservation.
In the Eastern Broadleaf Forest,
forests have been cut to allowfor roads, buildings, open lawn
areas, boat ramps, and vistas. Less
disturbed natural areas can be
augmented with plantings of native
plant species. Existing plantings
around buildings and parking areas
should be evaluated to determine
if pollinator-friendly plants can
be substituted or added to attract
and support pollinators. Publicland managers have a unique
opportunity to use their plantings
as an education tool to help others
understand the importance of
pollinators in the environment
through signs, brochures, and public
programs.
In an effort to increase populations
of pollinators the land manager can:
Inventory and become
knowledgeable of local pollinators.
Provide connectivity betweenvegetation areas by creating
corridors of perennials, shrubs, and
trees that provide pollinators shelter
and food as they move through the
landscape.
Maintain a minimum of lawn areas
that support recreational needs.
Restrict the use of pesticides and
herbicides.
Provide water sources in largeopen areas.
Maintain natural meadows and
openings that provide habitats for
sun-loving wildowers and grasses.
Remove invasive species and
encroaching shrubs and trees.
From
hummingbirds
to beetles, to
butteries,
natures
pollinators help
keep Midewins
Tallgrass prairie
restorations
full of diverse
owering
plants. Insect
monitoring
provides a key
measure of our
success.-- Logan Lee
Prairie Supervisor, Midewin
National Tallgrass Prairie
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
15/2415
Eastern Broadleaf Forest, Oceanic Province
Gardeners have a wide array of
plants to use in their gardens.
Native plants, plants introducedfrom years of plant exploration
from around the world, and plants
developed by professional and
amateur breeders can be found in
garden centers, in catalogs, and on
web-sites. Use your knowledge
of pollinator needs to guide your
choices.
Choose a variety of plants that
will provide nectar and pollenthroughout the growing season.
Resist the urge to have a totally
manicured lawn and garden. Leave
bare ground for ground nesting
bees. Leave areas of dead wood and
leaf litter for other insects.
Strive to eliminate the use of all
pesticides.
Find local resources to help you
in your efforts. Contact your localcounty extension agent or native
plant society. Visit your regional
botanic gardens and arboreta.
The scale of your plantings will vary
but it is important to remember
that you are trying to provideconnectivity to the landscape
adjacent to your property. Dont
just look within your property
boundaries. If your neighbors
property provides an essential
element, such as water, which can
be utilized by pollinators visiting
your land, you may be able to
devote more space to habitat
elements that are missing nearby.It is best to use native plants which
have evolved to support the needs
of specic native pollinators. Some
pollinators, however, are generalists
and visit many different plants, both
native and non-native. Be sure that
any non-native plants you choose
to use are not invasive. Remember
that specialized cultivars sometimes
arent used by pollinators. Flowersthat have been drastically altered,
such as those that are double or
a completely different color than
the wild species, often prevent
pollinators from nding and feeding
on the owers. In addition, some
altered plants dont contain the same
nectar and pollen resources that
attract pollinators to the wild types.
CAUTION: Take time to evaluate
the source of your plant material.
You want to ensure you get plants
that are healthy and correctly
identied. Your local native plant
society can help you make informed
decisions when searching for plants
Home Landscapes
A garden isonly as rich and
beautiful as the
integral health
of the system;
pollinators
are essential to
the system - make
your home their
home.-- Derry MacBride
National Affairs and
legislation Chairwoman,
garden club of America
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
16/24
Selecting Plants for Pollinators
16
The following chart lists plants and the time they are in bloom throughout the growing seasons. Choose a variety of ower colors and make sure
something is blooming at all times! Note for all charts: When more than one species of the same genus is useful, the genus name is followed by spp.
Botanical Name CommonName March April May June July Aug Sep Oct
Trees and Shrubs
Acerspp. maplered,
greenishyellow
red,greenishyellow
Amelanchierspp. serviceberry white white
Salixspp. willowyellowgreen
yellowgreen
yellowgreen
yellowgreen
Sassafras albidum sassarasyellowgreen
yellowgreen
Cercis canadensis eastern redbud pink to lav pink to lav
Arctostaphylosuva-ursi
bearberrywhite
tinged withpink
whitetinged with
pink
Celtis occidentalis common hackberryyellowgreen
yellowgreen
Vaccinium spp. blueberrywhite to
pinkwhite to
pinkwhite to
pinkwhite to
pink
Sambucus spp. elderberry creamywhite creamywhite creamywhite
Rosa spp. rose (wild types) pale pink pale pink pale pink pale pink
Ceanothusamericanus
New Jersey tea white white white white white
Oxydendrumarboreum
sourwood white white
Cephalanthusoccidentalis
buttonbushcreamywhite
creamywhite
Rhus copallinum dwar sumac yellowgreen yellowgreen yellowgreen
Perennial Flowers
Salvia spp. sage violet violet violet
Viola spp. volets
white,yellow,
blue, deeppurple
white,yellow,
blue, deeppurple
white,yellow,
blue, deeppurple
BLOOM PERIODS
FOR THEEASTERN BROADLEAF FOREST, OCEANIC PROVINCE
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
17/241
Eastern Broadleaf Forest, Oceanic Province
Botanical Name CommonName March April May June July Aug Sep Oct
Perennial Flowers continued
Lupinus perennislupine, sundial
lupineblue-purple
blue-purple
blue-purple
blue-purple
Geranium spp. cranesbills lav or pink lav or pink lav or pink
Phloxspp.phlox, wild sweet
William
rose, pink,purple,
blue, violet,white
rose, pink,purple,
blue, violet,white
rose, pink,purple,
blue, violet,white
rose, pink,purple,
blue, violet,white
rose, pink,purple,
blue, violet,white
rose, pink,purple,
blue, violet,white
rose, pink,purple,
blue, violetwhite
Aquilegiacanadensis
wild columbinered &yellow
red &yellow
red &yellow
Baptisia australis alse blue indigoblue-
purpleblue-purple
Asclepias syriaca common milkweed pale purple pale purple pale purple pale purple
Asclepias tuberosa milkweed, butterfyweed
yellow toorange
yellow toorange
yellow toorange
yellow toorange
Rubus spp.blackberry,raspberry
white orrose purple
white orrose purple
white orrose purple
Echinacea purpurea purple conefower rose pink rose pink rose pink
Asclepias incarnata swamp milkweedpink toreddish
pink toreddish
pink toreddish
pink toreddish
Actaea racemosavar. racemosa
black cohosh, airycandles
white white white
Asterspp.
sunfower,
black-eyedsusan, goldenrod,sneezeweed
yellow yellow yellow yellow yellow
Symphyotrichum spp. asterwhite, blue,
violetwhite, blue,
violetwhite, blue,
violetwhite, blue
violet
Chelone glabra white turtlehead white white white white
Monarda spp.bee-balm,
wild bergamot,horsemint
red, pink,purple
red, pink,purple
red, pink,purple
red, pink,purple
red, pink,purple
Eupatorium spp.Joe-Pye weed,
boneset,
thoroughwort
pink,purple,
white
pink,purple,
white
pink,purple,
white
pink,purple,
white
Liatris spp. blazing starlav to rose
purplelav to rose
purplelav to rose
purplelav to rose
purple
Lobelia spp. cardinal fowerred or blue
violetred or blue
violetred or blue
violetred or blue
violet
Vines
Campsis radicanstrumpet vine or
creeperorange-red orange-red orange-red orange-red
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
18/24
Selecting Plants for Pollinators
18
The following chart lists plants that attract pollinators. It is not exhaustive, but provides guidance on where to start
Annuals, herbs, weeds, and cover crops provide food and shelter for pollinators, too.
Botanical Name Common Name Color HeightFlowerSeason Sun Soil
Visitation byPollinators
Also a hos
plant. Seepgs 20-21
Trees and Shrubs
Acerspp. maplered, orange,
greenishyellow
40-70 Mar-Aprsun to part
shademoist, well
drainedbees
Aesculus pavia red buckeye red, yellow 10-15 Mar-May part shade moist hummingbird
Amelanchierspp. serviceberry white 6-25 Mar-Aprsun to part
shadebees
Arctostaphylosuva-ursi
bearberrywhite tinged
with pink6-12 Apr-May ull
poor, acidic,well drained
bees X
Ceanothus
americanusNew Jersey tea white 3-4
varies May-
Sep
sun to part
shade
dry well
drainedbees X
Tilia americana basswoodyellowwhite
75-130 Apr-May shade moist bees, fies, moths X
Cephalanthusoccidentalis
buttonbushcreamywhite
6-12 Jul-Augsun to part
shadewet bees, butterfies
Cercis canadensis eastern redbud pink-lav 20-30 Apr-Maysun to part
shademoist well
drainedbees X
Oxydendrumarboreum
sourwood white 25-30 Jun-Julsun to part
shademoist, acidicwell drained
bees
Rhus copallinum dwar sumacyellowgreen
3-6 Jul-Sepsun to part
shadedry to med
wet, averagebutterfies, bees X
Rosa spp. rose (wild types) pale pink 1-8 May-Augsun to part
shade
med wet towet, well
drained
bees
Rubus spp. blackberry, raspberrywhite or
rose purple3-9 Jun-Sep
sun to partshade
moist butterfies, bees
Salix nigra,S. sericea
black willow, silkywillow
yellowgreen
12-50 Mar-Jul sun to shade moist fies, bees X
Sambucus spp. elderberrycreamywhite
5-12 May-Jun sun to shade wet fies, bees, beetles
Sassafras albidum sassarasyellowgreen
35-50 Aprilsun to part
shadelight, acidic,
sandyfies, bees X
Vaccinium spp. blueberrywhite to
pink6-12 Apr-Jul sun to shade
acid, moist,rich, welldrained
bees X
Perennial Flowers
Actaea racemosablack cohosh,airy candles
white 3-6 Jun-Seppart shade to
shademoist, acid,
rich loanbees, butterfies X
Aquilegiacanadensis
wild columbine red & yellow 12-15 May-Junpart shade,
shadesandy, well
drainedbutterfies, bees,
moths, hummingbirdsX
Asclepias incarnata swamp milkweedpink toreddish
4-5 Jun-Octsun to part
shademoist
fies, butterfies,hummingbirds
X
Asclepias syriaca common milkweed pale purple 2-3 May-Aug ull sun moist fies, butterfies, bees X
Asclepias tuberosamilkweed,
butterfy weedyellow toorange
1-3 May-Augsun to part
shadedry to moist
bees, butterfies, fieshummingbirds
Plants that attract pollinators
in THEEASTERN BROADLEAF FOREST, OCEANIC PROVINCE
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
19/2419
Eastern Broadleaf Forest, Oceanic Province
Botanical Name Common Name Color Height FlowerSeason Sun SoilVisitation byPollinators
Also a hostplant. Seepgs 20-21
Perennial Flowers continued
Baptisia australis alse blue indigo blue- purple 3-6 May-Junsun to part
shadedry to moist bees X
Chelone glabra white turtlehead white 3-10 Jul-Octsun to part
shadelight, rich,
wet to moistbees X
Echinaceapurpurea
purple conefower rose-purple 2-4 Jun-Augull sun topart shade
med wet,well drained
bees, butterfies X
Eupatorium spp.Joe-Pye weed, boneset,
thoroughwortpink, purple,
white1-10 Jul-Oct
sun to partshade
averagemedium wet
to wetbutterfies, bees
Geranium spp. cranesbills lav or pink 1-2 Apr-Julull sun topart shade
med wet,well drained
fies, bees, beetles
Helianthus spp. sunfower yellow 1-6 Jul-Octull sun topart shade
dry to medwet, welldrained
bees, beetles X
Liatris spp. blazing star lav to rose-purple
1-6 Jul-Oct ull sun topart shade
med wet,well drained
bees, butterlies,hummingbirds
Lilium spp. native liliesyellow, red,
orange3-6 Jun-aug sun moist to wet hummingbird
Lobelia spp. cardinal fowerred or blue
violet1-5 Jul-Oct
ull sun topart shade
moistbutterfies, bees,hummingbirds
Lupinus perennis lupine, sundial lupine blue- purple 1-3 Apr-Julsun to part
shadedry sandy bees, beetles X
Monarda spp.bee-balm, wild
bergamot, horsemintred 1-3 Jul-Oct
sun to partshade
acidic,rich moist
butterfies, bees,hummingbirds
X
Phloxspp.phlox, wild sweet
william
rose, pink,purple, blue,violet, white
1/2-6 Apr-Octsun to part
shademed wet,
well drainedbutterfies, moths X
Rudbeckia spp. black-eyed susan,conefower
yellow 1-10 Jul-Oct ull sun topart shade
dry to medwet,well drained
bees, beetles,butterfies
X
Salvia spp sage violet 1-2 Apr-Junull sun topart shade
moist,well drained
bees, butterfies,hummingbirds
Solidago spp. goldenrod yellow 1-6 Jun-Octull sun topart shade
dry to medwet,
well drained
migrating butterfies,bees, beetles, fies
X
Spigelia marilandica woodland pinkroot red 1-3 May-Jul part shade moist hummingbird
Symphyotrichumspp.
asterwhite, blue,
violet1-6 Jul-Oct
ull sun topart shade
medium wet,well drained
butterfies - room toland and perch, bees,
beetlesX
Viola spp. violets
white,
yellow, blue,deep purple
3-8 Apr-Jun ull sun orltered shade butterfies, bees X
VinesBignonia
capreolatacrossvine orange-red to 20 Jul-Aug sun
moist,well drained
hummingbird
Campsis radicans trumpet vine or creeper orange-red to 35 Jul-Sepsun to part
shademoist,
well drainedbees, hummingbird
Lonicerasempervirens
trumpet honeysuckle red to 15 Jul-Sep part shade moist hummingbird
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
20/24
Selecting Plants for Pollinators
20
HOST Plants
FOR THEEASTERN BROADLEAF FOREST, OCEANIC PROVINCE
The larval stage of butteries relies on plants for food and shelter. These plants are usually different than the
ones that provide food and shelter to adult butteries. The following chart lists plants that support specic
buttery species.
Family Subamily ButterfyCommon NameButterfy
Scientic Name Larval Food Plants
Gossam
er-wingButterfies
(L
ycaenidae)
Blues (Polyommatinae) Spring Azure Celastrina ladonDogwood (Cornus orida), New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americana),black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), viburnum, blueberry (Vaccinium)
Coppers (Lycaeninae) Bog Copper Lycaena epixanthe Shrubby cranberries (Vaccinium spp)
Hairstreaks (Theclinae) Brown ElnCallophrysaugustinus
Heath amily (Ericaceae), bearberry ( Arctostaphylos uva-ursi),Blue-Ridge blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum)
Hoary Eln Callophrys polios Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)
Henrys Eln Callophrys henriciHuckleberries and blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), redbud (Cercis
canadensis)
Frosted Eln Callophrys irusMembers o the pea amily (Fabaceae): indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) and
lupine (Lupinus perennis); occasionally blue alse indigo (Baptisiaaustralis)
Red-banded Hairstreak Calycopis cecropsFallen leaves o wax myrtle (Morella cerifera), dwar sumac (Rhus
copallinum), staghorn sumac (R. typhina), and several oaks (Quercus spp.
Brush-o
otedbutterfies(Nymphalidae)
Emporers (Apaturinae) Hackberry Emporer Asterocampa celtis Common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis)
Tawny Emperor Asterocampa clyton Common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), dwar hackberry (C. tenuifolia)
Longwings (Heliconiinae) Regal Fritillary Speyeria idalia Violets (Viola spp.)
Meadow Fritillary Boloria bellona Violets (Viola spp.)
Aphrodite Fritillary Speyeria aphrodite Violets (Viola spp.)
Atlantis Fritillary Speyeria atlantis Violets (Viola spp.)
Milkweed Butterfies(Daninae)
Monarch Danaus plexippusSwamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata), common milkweed (A. syriaca),
orange milkweed (A. tuberosa)
Snouts (Libytheinae) American Snout Libytheana carinenta Hackberry (Celtis spp.)
True Brushoots(Nymphailinae)
Baltimore Euphydryas phaetonWhite turtlehead (Chelone glabra),
hairy beardtongue (Penstemon hirsutus)
Painted Lady Vanessa carduiMany plants including thistles (Asteraceae), hollyhock and mallow
(Malvaceae), and legumes (Fabaceae)
Silvery CherckerspotChlosyne nycteis
Many composites including black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta),
sunfowers (Helianthus spp.)
Pearl Crescent Phyciodes tharosSeveral species o asters including hairy white oldeld aster
(Symphyotrichum pilosum) and smooth blue aster (Symphyotrichum laeve
Morning Cloak Nymphalis antiopa
Willows including black willow (Salix nigra) and silky willow (S. sericea);also American elm (Ulmus americana), cottonwood (Populus deltoides),
aspen (P. tremuloides), paper birch (Betula papyrifera),and common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis)
Admirals & Relatives(Limenitidinae)
Viceroy Limenitis archippusTrees in the willow amily (Salicaceae) including willows (Salixspp.),
and poplars and cottonwoods (Populus spp.)
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
21/242
Eastern Broadleaf Forest, Oceanic Province
Family Subamily ButterfyCommon NameButterfy
Scientic Name Larval Food Plants
Skippers(Hesperi-
idae)
Spread-wing Skippers(Pyrginae)
Columbine Dustywing Erynnis lucilius Wild columbine (Aquilegia canadensis)
Hoary Edge Achalarus lyciadesFalse blue indigo (Baptisia australis), beggers ticks (Desmodium spp.),
bush clover (Lespedeza spp.)
Mottled Dustywing Erynnis martialis New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus)
Parnassians&
Swallowtails(Papilion-
idae)
Swallowtails (Paplioninae) Spicebush Swallowtail Papilio troilus
Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), sassaras trees (Sassafras albidum);
perhaps prickly ash (Zanthoxylum americanum), tulip tree (Liriodendrontulipifera), sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana), and redbay (Persea
borbonia)
Eastern TigerSwallowtail
Papilio glaucus
Wild cherry (Prunus spp.), sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana), basswood(Tilia americana), tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera), birch (Betula spp.),
ash (Fraxinus spp.), cottonwood (Populus deltoides),mountain ash (Sorbus americana), and willow (Salixspp.).
Black Swallowtail Papilio polyxenesParsley amily (Apiaceae) including , carrot, celery and dill.
Sometimes plants in the citrus amily (Rutaceae) are preerred.
Zebra Swallowtail Eurytides marcellus Pawpaw (Asimina triloba). Young plants are preerred.
Host Plants continued
Note for all charts: When more than one species of the same genus is useful, the genus name is followed by spp.
MONARCH BUTTERFLIESNEVER FAIL TO CATCH THE
VISITORS EYE AND ALWAYS
LEAD TO A TEACHABLE MOMENT.
-- LOGAN LEE, PRAIRIE SUPERVISOR
MIDEWIN NATIONAL TALLGRASS PRAIRIE
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
22/24
Selecting Plants for Pollinators
22
Become familiar with pollinators
in your landscape.
n Watch for activity throughout the day and the seasons.
n Keep a simple notebook of when and what comes to your garden.
NOTE: It is not necessary to identify each species when you rst
get started. Simply note if it is a bee that likes the yellow ower that
blooms in the fall.
n Consult a local eld guide or web site when you are ready to
learn more details.
Add native plants to attract more
native pollinators.
n List the plants you currently have in your landscape.
n Determine when you need additional owers to provide nectar and
pollen throughout the growing season.
n Add plants that provide additional seasons of bloom, create variable
heights for shelter, and attract the types of pollinators you want.
n Dont forget to include host plants that provide food and shelter for
larval development.
n Contact your local native plant society or extension agent for more
help.
Use pollinator friendly landscape
practices to support the
pollinators you attract.
n Use Integrated Pest Management Practices to address pest concerns.
n Tolerate a little mess leave dead snags and leaf litter, keep areas bare
for ground nesting insects, and leave some weeds that provide food for
pollinators.n Provide safe access to clean water.
Notice the changes
that you have helped to create!
A Basic Checklist
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
23/2423
Eastern Broadleaf Forest, Oceanic Province
Resources
Feedback
We need your help to create better
guides for other parts of North
America. Please e-mail your input
to [email protected] fax to415-362-3070.
nHow will you use this guide?
nDo you nd the directions
clear? If not, please tell us
what is unclear.
n Is there any information you
feel is missing from the guide?
n Any other comments?
Thank you
for taking
the time to help!
Many books, websites, and peoplewere consulted to gather informationfor this guide. Use this list as a
starting point to learn more aboutpollinators and plants in your area.
Baileys Ecoregion Maps
USDA Forest Servicehttp://www.fs.fed.us/land/ecosysmgmt/ecoreg1_home.html
Pollination/Pollinators
Pollinator Partnershipwww.pollinator.org
Coevolution Institutewww.coevolution.org
Natural ResourcesConservation Service
www.nrcs.usda.gov
North American PollinatorProtection Campaign
www.nappc.org
USDA Forest Servicewww.fs.fed.us/wildowers/pollinators/
Wild Farm Alliancewww.wildfarmalliance.org
The Xerces Societywww.xerces.org
Illinois Natural History Surveywww.inhs.uiuc.edu
Buchmann, S.L. and G.P. Nabhan.1997. The Forgotten PollinatorsIsland Press: Washington, DC.
Committee on the Status ofPollinators in North America. 2007.Status of Pollinators in North AmericaThe National Academies Press:
Washington, DC.
Native Plants
Plant Conservation Alliancewww.nps.gov/plants
Seeds of Successwww.nps.gov/plants/sos
Lady Bird Johnson WildowerCenter
www.wildower.org/plants/
USDA Hardiness Zone Mapwww.usna.usda/Hardzone/
U.S. National Arboretum
www.usna.usda.gov/Hardzone/ushzmap.html
USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTSDatabasewww.plants.usda.gov, 19 July, 2007National Plant Data Center,Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA
Native Bees
National Sustainable InformationService
Alternative Pollinators: Native Beesby Lane Greer, NCAT AgricultureSpecialist, Published 1999, ATTRAPublication #IP126www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/nativebee.html
Agriculture Research Service
Plants Attractive to Native Bees tablewww.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=12052
Butteries and Moths
Opler, Paul A., Harry Pavulaan,
Ray E. Stanford, Michael Pogue,coordinators. 2006. Butteries andMoths of North America. Bozeman,MT: NBII Mountain PrairieInformation Node.www.butteriesandmoths.org/(Version 07192007)
Pyle, Robert Michael. 1981. NationalAudubon Society Field Guide toButteries. Alfred A. Knopf: New
York, NY.
North American ButeryAssociationwww.naba.org
-
8/3/2019 Selecting Plants for Pollinators: Eastern Broadleaf Forest Oceanic - North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
24/24
Research and Writing: Elizabeth L. Ley
Editorial: Laurie Davies Adams
and Larry Stritch, Ph.D
Production Supervision: Katherine McGuire
Design: Marguerite Meyer
Concept review:
American Farm Bureau Federation, Ron Gaskell
Bureau of Land Management, Peggy Olwell, Carol Spurrier,
Mary Byrne, Mary Tisdale, Elizabeth Wooster
National Garden Association, Susanne DeJohn
Plant Conservation Alliance Edward Fletcher, Jean Giblette,
Mary Ann Lawler, Ron Smith
Smithsonian Institute, Department of Botany,
Gary Krupnick, Ph.D.
USDA - CSREES, Greg Crosby, Ph.D., Leslie Gilbert, Ph.D.USDA - Forest Service, David Pivorunas, Larry Stritch, Ph.D
USDA - Natural Resource Conservation Service, Doug Holy,
Hilda Diaz-Soltero
USDOI - US Fish and Wildlife Service, Karen Anderson,
Don MacLean, Patricia DeAngelis, Ph.D.
USGS - Steve Hilburger, Elizabeth Sellers
Photo Contributers:
Tim Dunne, Lara Roketenetz
Illustrations:
Carolyn Vibbert
For a copy of this brochure, or for another region, visit www.pollinator.org
The Pollinator Partnership/North American Pollinator Protection Campaign
Plant Conservation Alliance
NAPPC