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Sensible – DELIVERABLE

Remote monitoring system for storage devices

This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 645963.

Deliverable number: D2.5

Due date: 31.12.2016

Nature1: R

Dissemination Level1: PU

Work Package: WP2

Lead Beneficiary: 2 - Adevice

Contributing Beneficiaries: GPTech, INDRA

Reviewer(s): Alexis Bocquet, ARMINES

1 Nature: R = Report, P = Prototype, D = Demonstrator, O = Other Dissemination level PU = Public

PP = Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) RE = Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO = Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) Restraint UE = Classified with the classification level "Restraint UE" according to Commission Deci-sion 2001/844 and amendments Confidential UE = Classified with the mention of the classification level "Confidential UE" according to Commission Decision 2001/844 and amendments Secret UE = Classified with the mention of the classification level "Secret UE" according to Com-mission Decision 2001/844 and amendments

DOCUMENT HISTORY

D2.5_SENSIBLE_Deliverable_v1.1_PUBLIC_final

Version Date Description

0.1 10/09/2016 Index created by ADEVICE

0.2 18/10/2016 Included information about SM from Évora and Nuremberg

0.3 24/10/2016 Included pictures and diagrams

0.4 07/11/2016 Version ready for review

0.5 21/11/2016 Review done by A. Bocquet

0.6 30/11/2016 Changes included after review process

1.0 01/12/2016 Version ready for GA approval process

1.1 02/12/2016 Comments by coordinator

1.1_PUBLIC 07/12/2016 D2.5 Public version

TABLE OF CONTENT

D2.5_SENSIBLE_Deliverable_v1.1_PUBLIC_final

1 Introduction 5

1.1 Purpose and Scope of the Deliverable .................................................. 5

1.2 References .............................................................................................. 5

1.3 Acronyms ................................................................................................ 6

2 Scenario description 8

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 8

3 Basics of performance 10

3.1 Types of smart meters .......................................................................... 10

3.2 Consumption/energy measurement .................................................... 11

3.3 Configurable parameters...................................................................... 13

3.4 Synchronization mechanisms ............................................................. 14

4 External description 16

4.1 Size ........................................................................................................ 16

4.2 Connectors ............................................................................................ 16

4.3 Accessories .......................................................................................... 17

4.4 Installation example .............................................................................. 18

5 Internal hardware architecture 19

5.1 General overview .................................................................................. 19

5.2 Power supply stage .............................................................................. 21

5.3 Measurement acquisition stage: Signal adaptation ........................... 24

5.4 Measurement acquisition stage: Measurement stage ........................ 25

5.5 Real time processing unit (RTU) .......................................................... 27

5.6 Communication stage (CMB) ............................................................... 28

6 Performance detailed description 33

Annex A <Pictures> 35

Annex B <Smart Meters in the Évora Demonstrator> 36

Annex C <Smart Meters in the Nuremberg Demonstrator> 39

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

D2.5_SENSIBLE_Deliverable_v1.1_PUBLIC_final 4/39

Executive Summary

This document belongs to Task 2.3: “Improving power electronics, measurements and controls for storage devices”, from WP2 “Integration-related improvements of storage components”.

It includes the description of the smart meters that are going to be used in the different demonstrators in order to cover all the measurements requirements in each demon-strator.

As these requirements will be slightly different in each demonstrator, different smart meters will be used to reach the expected target in all demonstrators.

INTRODUCTION


1 Introduction

1.1 Purpose and Scope of the Deliverable This deliverable includes the description of all the smart meters (SM) to be used in the three demonstrators (Évora, Nottingham and Nuremberg).

As the requirements in each demonstrator are different, different SM will be deployed in each case.

In the case of Évora, EDP is leading this demonstrator with specific requirements about measurement period and integration with the management platform. So in this demon-strator, specific SM from EDP will be installed in Évora.

For the Nuremberg demonstrator, we have a similar situation; the measurement needs in this demonstrator are not so tight, so commercial (COTS) SM will be used with no needs of special development over them.

A description of the SM used in the Évora and Nuremberg demonstrators is included in the Annex chapters of this document: 0 Annex B <Smart Meters in the Évora Demonst-rator> and 0 Annex C <Smart Meters in the Nuremberg Demonstrator>.

In the case of Nottingham, specific SM have been designed and developed in order to cover all the expected requirements and target. So the main content of this deliverable is related to the description of the development and operation process of the custom SM developed for the Nottingham demonstrator for all the expected houses and build-ings.

1.2 References

1.2.1 Internal documents [1] SENSIBLE Deliverable D1.2 Analysis of ICT Storage Integration Architectures;

[2] SENSIBLE Deliverable D1.3 Use cases and requirements;

[3] SENSIBLE Deliverable D1.4 Implementation plan for demonstrators;

[4] SENSIBLE Deliverable D2.2 Advanced functionalities and requirements for stor-age devices.

1.2.2 External documents [5] http://www.modbus.org/docs/Modbus_Messaging_Implementation_Guide_V1_0b

.pdf

[6] (EDP) EDP Box – Han Protocol Specification_Ed1.0.pdf

[7] (EDP) DMA-C44-506/N.pdf

[8] https://www.intersil.com/en/products/timing-and-digital/rtcs/real-time-clocks/ISL1208.html

[9] http://www.st.com/en/microcontrollers/stm32f0-series.html?querycriteria=productId=SS1574

INTRODUCTION


[10] http://www.st.com/en/microcontrollers/stm32f2-series.html?querycriteria=productId=SS1575

[11] http://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/ADE7880.pdf

1.3 Acronyms AC Alternating Current

ADB Acquisition Board

ARM Advanced RISC Machine

BPS Bauds per Second

CAD Computer-Aided Design

CHP Central Heating Pump

CMB Communication Board

COTS Commercial Off-The-Shelf

CRC Cyclic redundancy check,

DC Direct Current

DLMS Device Language Message Specification

DSP Digital Signal Processor

EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

EDP Energias de Portugal

EMC Electro Magnetic Compatibility

FW Firmware

GND Ground

I2C Inter-Integrated Circuit

ID Identificator

IP Internet Protocol

LDO Low-Dropout Regulator

mm millimetres

OBIS OBject Identification System

OSI Open System Interconnection

PCB Printed Circuit Board

PDU Protocol Data Unit

PWM Pulse-Width Modulation

QoS Quality of Service

RMS Root Mean Square

INTRODUCTION


RTC Real Time Clock

RTU Real Time Unit

SM Smart Meter 3x1-phase

SM3 Smart Meter 3-phased

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

THD Total Harmonic Distortion

VDC Voltage Direct Current

SCENARIO DESCRIPTION


2 Scenario description

2.1 Introduction As commented before, the Évora and Nuremberg demonstrators are using COTS SM, so this chapter will include a description of the Nottingham demonstrator, although the architecture expected in the three demonstrators are similar.

2.1.1 Existing systems in demo scenario

The relationship between all the systems installed for Nottingham demonstrator is de-scribed in the following picture.

All systems will be connected to each other using a Modbus TCP/IP network. This net-work will be managed by the integration gateway acting as Master of the Modbus TCP/IP network.

Figure 1: Overview of Nottingham demonstrator’s architecture

Going a little bit deeper in the architecture, we can find two kinds of building, dwellings and Community buildings, as described in D1.4 [3].

An example of interconnection between devices and systems is shown in the following picture:

SCENARIO DESCRIPTION


Figure 2: Example of Nottingham demonstrator’s architecture

BASICS OF PERFORMANCE


3 Basics of performance

Due to the main objectives of the project related to energy efficiency and storage, smart meters (SM) performance is mainly focused on energy metering instead of Quali-ty of Service (QoS).

In this chapter, the basic performance of the smart meters is described according to the energy parameters they are able to measure. In Nottingham demonstrator both, single-phased and three-phased SMs are going to be install to meet with the different electri-cal installation existing in every dwelling and building selected for the demonstrator. The description of these two kind of SM will be also explain in this chapter.

In order to communicate with the smart meters, a Modbus TCP/IP interface will be in-cluded, allowing local and remote access using the existing network.

For more information about communication interfaces please refer to deliverable D2.2 [4].

3.1 Types of smart meters In the Nottingham demonstrator, several locations with different electrical topologies have been selected. SM must be installed in each of those locations in order to meas-ure energy consumption and other specific magnitudes.

In order to cover all proposed cases in dwellings and community buildings with the minimum number of devices, the developed SM are able to be configured to be install in both 3-phased and single-phased installations..

Figure 3: 3-phased and 1-phased Smart Meters

Where:



• 3-phased SM will measure a whole 3-phased installation

• 1-phased SM is able to measure three different phases (1, 2 and 3) within a single-phase electric installation, for example, lighting, heating and power con-sumption in a dwelling.

3.2 Consumption/energy measurement As said before, the SMs developed by Adevice are able to monitor the energy con-sumption in 3-phased and single-phased installations

The energy parameters gathered by the SM for the Nottingham demonstrator are summarized in the following table:

Name Individual Magnitude Unit Comment

ID ID Device Unique Device identification reference

VOLTAGE Voltage (V rms) V RMS Voltage

VOLTAGE THD Voltage THD (%) % Total Harmonic Distortion in Voltage

CURRENT Current (A rms) A RMS Current

CURRENT THD Current THD (%) % Total Harmonic Distortion in Current

ACTIVE POWER Active Power (W) W Instant Active power

REACTIVE POWER Reactive power (VAr) Var Instant Reactive power

EXPORTED ENERGY Export Energy (Wh) Wh Total Energy exported (Cumulative)

IMPORTED ENERGY Import Energy (Wh) Wh Total Energy imported (Cumulative)

ACTIVE EXPORTED

ENERGY Export Energy (Wh) ∑ 1 minute Wh Total Energy exported (in every minute)

ACTIVE IMPORTED

ENERGY Import Energy (Wh) ∑ 1 minute Wh Total Energy imported (in every minute)

TIME STAMP Timestamp Timestamp for measurements

Table 1: General energy parameters for SM

In 3-phased SM we have only one of these measurements; but in single-phased SM, it offers one measurement of this kind for each connected phase (up to three single phases), providing independent energy monitoring for each single phase, e.g. for volt-age and current measurements:

Name Individual Magnitude Unit Comment



VOLTAGE L1 Voltage (V rms) V RMS Voltage in Line 1



CURRENT L1 Current (A rms) A RMS Current in Line 1



Table 2: Example of single-phased measurements

The first and the last fields are reserved to read the unique SM’s identification label and the timestamp for the measurement. The other fields of the table, contains a set of four different groups of measurements, described below only for information purpose:

• Voltage

o RMS value

� The RMS value of a set of values (or a continuous-time wave-form) is the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the values, or the square of the function that defines the continu-ous waveform.

� Its unit is Voltage (V)

o THD

� The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of a signal is a measure-ment of the harmonic distortion present and it is defined as the ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic components to the power of the fundamental frequency. THD is used to character-ize the power quality of electric power systems, where lower THD means reduction in peak currents, heating, emissions, and core loss in motors.

� It is a relative measurement calculated as a percentage, so its unit is %

• Current

o RMS value

� Same as for voltage, but its unit is Amperes (A)

o THD

� Same as for voltage.

• Power

o Active (or Real) Power (W) and Reactive Power (VA).

o In a few words, Active - or real or true - Power is the power that is used to do work on the load. Active power is measured in watts (W) and is the power drawn by the electrical resistance of a system doing useful work.



o The power that continuously bounces back and forth between source and load is known as reactive power (Q), due to its reactive properties. Reactive Power is merely absorbed and returned in load, which means that the energy is first stored and then released in the form of magnetic field or electrostatic field in case of inductor and capacitor respectively.

o The combination of reactive power and active power is called apparent power.

Figure 4: Graphical description of Active and Reactive power

• Energy: Energy is the variation of the power during a period of time (Wh). Whether energy is consumed or produced we can name it as imported or ex-ported energy.

o Imported Energy: Energy consumed by the system in a specific period.

o Exported Energy: Energy produced by the system in a specific period

o Cumulative imported energy: Total energy consumed by the system.

o Cumulative exported energy: Total energy produced by the system.

In the case of a single-phased SM, we obtain three different values for every parameter (voltage, current, harmonic distortion, power, etc.) described in the previous table relat-ed to every individual measured phase.

The details about the differences between three-phased and single-phased smart me-ters will be described in the following chapters.

3.3 Configurable parameters Due to the possibility to install the smart meters in different locations, to avoid any kind of interference or non-compatibilities with the existing IP network, it is possible to con-figure all the parameters related to the IP connection in the SM.



The following table shows those parameters that can be configured using the Ethernet port available in every SM:

Name Default values

IP Address 192.168.1.10

Mask 255.255.255.0

Default Gateway 192.168.1.100

Table 3: IP configuration: Default connection parameters

These parameters could be configured locally, directly connected to the Ethernet port in the front of the device, or using the Modbus TCP/IP network to manage the SM re-motely.

Both, three-phased and single-phased are able to be configured in the same way.

For more information about how to access to configuration registers, please refer to 5.6 Communication stage (CMB).

3.4 Synchronization mechanisms For all the measurement gathered by the smart meters, it is crucial to know the exact time instant of when the measures were made. And it is also important that this timestamp must be the same for all the SM installed in the demonstrator in order to know the performance of the whole demonstrator.

In order to avoid cumulative time lags during the life time of every smart meters, which can produce shifts between the measurements of every device; a common synchroni-zation mechanism has been developed to get a timestamp every time the SM is pow-ered up. The timestamp is updated once every day in order to minimize lags and mis-takes.

It is important to remark, that if this mechanism fails to obtain the timestamp, the de-vice will continue trying to get it and it will not start measuring energy. Indeed, getting energy measures without knowing when they have been taken is not useful.

Therefore, the synchronization mechanism works in this way:



Figure 5: Synchronization process

Thanks to this timestamp, the management systems obtain synchronized measures that can be tracked correctly in order to identify key points. This allows to detect possi-ble failures in the whole systems that can affect to several devices and to separate consumptions and operations in different periods.

Both, three-phased and single-phased are synchronized in the same way.

EXTERNAL DESCRIPTION


4 External description

This chapter contains the physical description and installation process for the SM, in-cluding external size, connectors and accessories.

4.1 Size

Figure 6: SM Dimensions in mm

The figure above shows the size of the SM enclosure, it is important to remark that due to wires connection, it is mandatory to keep 30 mm in the top and bottom of the device.

4.2 Connectors The SMs are powered up directly from one of the monitored phases. Wire connections and ports identification are shown in the following picture:



Figure 7: SM ports description

4.3 Accessories The SM measures the power and the energy parameters in an indirect way, by the use of Current transformers. Current transformers reduce high voltage currents to a much lower value and provide a convenient way of safely monitoring the actual electric cur-rent flow in an AC transmission line using a standard ammeter.

Figure 8: Current transformer example

Most current transformers have a standard secondary rating of 5 amps with the primary and secondary currents being expressed as a ratio such as 100/5. This means that when 100 amps is flowing in the primary conductor it will result in 5 amps flowing in the secondary winding, or one of 500/5 will produce 5 amps in the secondary for 500 amps in the primary conductor, etc.

As the 5 amps ratings are the most common current transformers, this SM has been developed for using any kind of these X/5A transformers.



4.4 Installation example • 3-phased installation

Figure 9: 3-phased installation

• 1-phased installation

Figure 10: 1-phased installation

INTERNAL HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE


5 Internal hardware architecture

This chapter contains the hardware description of all internal blocks and stages that form the meters.

5.1 General overview We will start with a general overview of the CAD tool used in the development of the SM. In the following pictures we can see every stage of the integration of a SM in one single PCB in order to carry out every proposed measure.

Figure 11: SM Architecture



Figure 12: 3D picture from the CAD tool (I)

Figure 13: 3d Picture from the CAD tool (II)



The device is divided in different stages in order to simplify the integration and tests processes.

5.2 Power supply stage The power supply stage is one of the most important part of the SM, because this stage must guarantee:

• A reliable and stable power level

• A trustworthy measurement process

• To avoid any interference to the electrical grid of the building

This stage adapts currents and voltages from the power supply to the expected levels for the electronic components of the meter. Moreover, some filters have been added in order to comply with the EMC regulations.

The power supply stage is formed by seven small sub-stages with specific objectives, from overcurrent to voltage adapt:

Figure 14: Supply stage: Detailed Architecture



5.2.1 Protection stage

(Point 1 in the previous picture) Its target is to protect the whole SM from overcurrent in the power input. It is designed for a current less than 1.6A, calculated depending on the next parts of the power supply stage and protected using a fuse.

5.2.2 EMC filtering

(Point 2 in the previous picture) It attenuates conducted emissions towards the power grid in order to keep the emissions below 10dBuV compared to the limits fixed in standard EN-55022 class B (the same for EN-61010-1).

Figure 15: Conducted emissions before filtering

As observed in the previous picture, the emissions are almost 30dBuV above the al-lowed limit (yellow line starting at 67dBuV).

In order to fix this issue, a C-L-C filter (made by two capacitors and a double choke coil) is included allowing us to keep the emissions below the established limit:



Figure 16: Conducted emissions after filtering

In this case the spectrum is contained within the allowed range, with the highest point about 10dBuV below the limit.

5.2.3 AC/DC stage

(Point 3 in the previous picture) This part is designed using a classic fill wave rectifier, made by a Graetz bridge and a capacitor to stabilize the signal. This rectifier trans-forms the 230v AC signal into approximately 324v DC.

5.2.4 High voltage off-line converter

(Point 4 in the previous picture) This is the real core of the power supply stage. It man-ages to take directly from the grid the required power (off-line converter) and, using a fly-back and a custom designed transformer, to convert 325V to 5V with a current up to 2A.

Its performance is oriented to provide protection against overcurrent, overvoltage and overheating.

5.2.5 Feedback response

(Point 5 in the previous picture) This part is responsible for communicating to the con-verter the kind of output that is being generating. This is done thanks to a voltage con-



trol that compares the output voltage with a voltage reference, generating through a diode a specific voltage in an input point of the high voltage converter.

5.2.6 5V stabilization stage

(Point 6 in the previous picture) It takes the signal generated by the fly-back transform-er and produces a stabilized 5v voltage signal and up to 2A.

5.2.7 3.3V Regulation stage

(Point 7 in the previous picture) It is composed by a LDO regulator. Dissipated power is released as heat. The whole SM is designed for 100mA average power consumption, so the released heat will be less than 170mW, which means about 17ºC.

5.3 Measurement acquisition stage: Signal adaptation The measuring stage is composed by two main parts: Signal adaptation and measuring stages.

The first part is the Signal adaptation stage, where the signals taken directly from the external connectors must be electrically adapted to the appropriate levels expected by the internal circuits.

In this sense, the acquisition part is composed by four other sub-stages:

Figure 17: Detailed Architecture: Signal Adaptation stage



5.3.1 Voltage channels

(Point 1 in the previous picture) The internal DSP on charge of the measurement stage needs a voltage readable level about ±500mV and maximum of ±2V. Therefore, the voltage channels are designed according to these constraints.

These voltage inputs are adapted by using a voltage divider.

5.3.2 Current channels

(Point 2 in the previous picture) In the same way of the voltage inputs, maximum volt-age levels to be converted in admissible currents for the DSP should be about ±500mV.

Some custom resistors are connected just after the external connectors in order to pro-vide a current proportional to the input current. Due to measuring issues, standard X:5A current transformers will be used. A maximum of 5A will be connected in the input of the resistors.

5.3.3 External connectors

(Point 3 in the previous picture) These connectors are just commercial connectors that comply with the voltage and current ranges expected in the demonstration site.

5.3.4 Filtering stage

(Point 4 in the previous picture) Every input to the DSP passes through a filtering stage in order to reduce the noise from the grid. Moreover just in the closest point to the DSP input a low pass filter have been placed to reduce noise in certain low frequency rang-es.

5.4 Measurement acquisition stage: Measurement stage This part is placed just after the signal acquisition stage; it is responsible of the meas-uring of the signal at the input ports of the DSP.

This stage is formed by three different stages: Measurement and processing, Calibra-tion and post-processing stages:



Figure 18: Detailed Architecture: Measuring stage

5.4.1 Measuring and processing stage

(Point 1 in the previous picture) Once the voltage levels have been adapted in the pre-vious stages, all signals are processed by the internal DSP. This integrated circuit is able to read every signal, to convert them into digital values and to make some calcula-tions in order to obtain values like: voltage, current, power, etc.

This DSP is controlled by an external microcontroller (Point 3 in the previous picture) thanks to a SPI bus running at 2MHz.

5.4.2 Calibration stage

(Point 2 in the previous picture) To carry out the calibration processes, the DSP in-cludes 3 calibration outputs that generate periodically some pulses depending on the measured energy.

These outputs control some LEDs indicators in order to connect them to an external reference signal.

5.4.3 Post-processing and measuring transmission

(Point 3 in the previous picture) This stage is based on an ARM Cortex M3 microcon-troller, connected using the previously described 2MHz SPI interface.

Moreover, it includes an I2C interface at 400 KHz to communicate with the Real Time Processing Unit (RTU, described in the following chapter).

The microcontroller acts as slave in the communication, so when it needs to start a communication process with the RTU, a line named I2C_Alert is used.



Figure 19: uControllers for measuring and for Real Time Control

5.5 Real time processing unit (RTU) The RTU is the central part of the device and it controls all other stages of the device.

ARM Cortex M0 microcontroller does the central control of the RTU. It uses, as an aux-iliary storage memory for configuration, a non-volatile EEPROM connected by an I2C interface. These elements are shown inside the green square in the previous picture.

Among the tasks done by the RTU it is important to highlight the following ones:

• To store the working parameters into the EEPROM in order to recover them in case of reboot of the device.

• To control the acquisition stages in order to retrieve the gathered measure-ments.

• To add a Timestamp to every gathered measurement.

• To control the communication stage in order to send (and receive) the data to (from) external systems.

To carry out all these tasks the RTU is composed by the following parts:

5.5.1 Data logging stage

In case of network failure or error in the transmission of measurements, the SM in-cludes a 32MB Flash memory to temporary store all measurements waiting to be sent.



5.5.2 Real Time Clock (RTC)

In order to have a real time control of the measurements, a real time clock (RTC) is also included in the SM architecture, this is an integrated circuit model ISL1208, con-nected to the RTU by the I2C interface at 400 KHz.

Every time the SM is rebooted, the device will connect to a time server in order to ob-tain an updated timestamp that will be stored in the RTC. To avoid any kind of syn-chronization failures, this timestamp is refreshed once every day.

5.5.3 Auxiliary stages

5.5.3.1 Actuation ports

The SM also includes three isolated outputs through an external connector, that pro-vide three relay outputs in order to make some actuation over external devices. This performance is an added value over the project requirements.

5.5.3.2 Programming and debugging ports

These ports are used for configuration and debugging action oriented to laboratory tests. Usually theses ports are used to update the FW of the devices and monitor the device’s performance looking at any kind of malfunction.

An overview of the RTU and its auxiliary stages is shown in the following picture:

Figure 20: Real Time Processing Unit (RTU)

5.6 Communication stage (CMB) This stage is responsible of the communication from and to the SM and other external systems.

It is based on the standard protocol Modbus TCP/IP with Ethernet port to connect with a TCP network.



The communication stage is mainly built over an ARM Cortex M3 microcontroller, where the entire Modbus protocol stack have been deployed.

The RTU will control and manage all the data exchanged using the communication stage:

Figure 21: Communication stage PCB

A 3D model of the developed PCB with the Ethernet connector is also shown:

Figure 22: 3D model of the communication stage

A detailed description of the Modbus TCP/IP protocol is included in deliverable D2.2 [4].



Modbus TCP/IP have been adapted to the expected performance of the SM, dividing every measurement in an independent Modbus register.

As a result of this process we obtain the following Modbus maps described below.

5.6.1 3-phased Modbus registers

Magnitude Unit Modbus register Type Comment

ID Device 32000 Unsigned Int32 Unique identification label

Timestamp 32002 Unsigned Int32 Timestamp from the RTC

Voltage V 32100 Float32 RMS Voltage

Voltage THD % 32102 Float32 Voltage THD

Current A 32104 Float32 RMS Current

Current THD % 32106 Float32 Current THD

Active Power W 32108 Float32 Active Power

Reactive Power VAR 32110 Float32 Reactive Power

Export Energy

Instantaneous Wh 32112 Float32 Cumulative Exported Energy

Import Energy

Instantaneous Wh 32114 Float32 Cumulative Imported Energy

Export Energy Wh 32116 Float32 Incremental Exported Energy

Import Energy Wh 32118 Float32 Incremental Imported Energy

IP Address 42300 Unsigned Int32 Format example: 192.168.1.10

Subnet Mask 42302 Unsigned Int32 Format example: 255.255.255.0

Default Gateway 42304 Unsigned Int32 Format example: 192.168.1.100

Measurement

Period 42306 Unsigned Int32 Just informative, is not used

Table 4: 3-phased Modbus registers

Where Modbus registers are separated according to the use and type of every register:

• 320xx addresses range is used for common READ ONLY access registers.

• 321xx addresses range is used only for READ ONLY access registers in 3-phased SM.


• 423xx addresses range is used for common READ & WRITE access registers in both types of SM



5.6.2 Single-phased Modbus registers

As these kinds of SMs are able to measure up to three different phases, its Modbus map has got one register for every phase.

Magnitude Unit Modbus register Type Comment

ID Device 32000 Unsigned Int32 Unique identification label

Timestamp 32002 Unsigned Int32 Timestamp from the RTC

Voltage L1 V 32200 Float32 RMS Voltage Line 1



Voltage THD L1 % 32206 Float32 Voltage THD Line 1



Current L1 A 32212 Float32 RMS Current Line 1



Current THD L1 % 32218 Float32 Current THD Line 1



Active Power L1 W 32224 Float32 Active Power Line 1



Reactive Power L1 VAR 32230 Float32 Reactive Power Line 1



Export Energy

Instantaneous L1 Wh 32236 Float32 Cumulative Exported Energy Line 1

Export Energy


Export Energy


Import Energy

Instantaneous L1 Wh 32242 Float32 Cumulative Imported Energy Line 1

Import Energy


Import Energy


Export Energy L1 Wh 32248 Float32 Incremental Exported Energy Line1





Import Energy L1 Wh 32254 Float32 Incremental Imported Energy

Line1


Line2


Line3

IP Address 42300 Unsigned Int32 Format example: 192.168.1.10

Subnet Mask 42302 Unsigned Int32 Format example: 255.255.255.0

Default Gateway 42304 Unsigned Int32 Format example: 192.168.1.100

Measurement

Period 42306 Unsigned Int32 Just informative, it is not used

Table 5: single-phased Modbus registers

Where Modbus registers are separated according to the use and type of every register:

• 320xx addresses range is used for common READ ONLY access registers.



• 423xx addresses range is used for common READ & WRITE access registers in both types of SM

PERFORMANCE DETAILED DESCRIPTION


6 Performance detailed description

In this chapter, we are going to describe the whole performance of the SMs and the relationship between all the logical stages. Electrical and signal adaptation stages are not going to be taken into account here.

The SMs are composed by the following logical stages:

• Measurement Stage or acquisition board (ADB)

• RTU (with its sub-stages)

• Communication Stage (CMB)

After the device booting, the RTU starts to work and it configures itself according to the parameters stored in the EEPROM memory.

Once the RTU is configured, the next step is to configure the other parts of the device.

First, the RTU the RTU request for a timestamp update through the CMB. This timestamp is mandatory for the behaviour of the SM. Indeed, getting energy measure-ments without knowing when they have been taken is not useful.

In case of failure in the timestamp request, the RTU will ask again for it and remains in this status until a valid timestamp is retrieved from the time server. In this case the CMB is the interface with the external systems that needs to communicate with the SM.

When a valid timestamp is received, the RTU updates the information of the RTC. From this moment, the RTC will track the time continuously and the RTU is ready to start the operation process of the ADB.

At this point all the main stages are working independently until the RTU requests for information from some of them:

• RTU, as the main part of the SM, managing the other stages.

• EEPROM, storing the basic information for the SM measurement process.

• RTC, tracking time.

• ADB, measuring all the configured parameters.

• CMB, acting as the interface with the “external world”.

The following diagram shows the full operation process where all these sub-stages are running in parallel.

PERFORMANCE DETAILED DESCRIPTION


RTU Starts

SM Re-boot

EEPROM

Measuring periodsTCP/IP ConfigurationRTU working paremetersTime Server connection dataEtc. CMB

¿RTC OK

?

To configure RTC

To configure ADB

To configure CMB

To GET Time Stamp

Start_CMB

ADB Starts

Start_ADB

Measurements Calculation

SM Booting Process

OK

Measurement Request

Measurement Request

Measurement Request

Measurement Response

To get TimeStamp From RTC

Measurement + TimeStamp

Measurement + TimeStamp

MODBUS TCP/IP

MODBUS TCP/IP

Retrieve TimeStamp

Get configuration parameters

Retrieve configuration parameters

NO

External Systems or applications

Communication with external

systems

Connect to TimeServer

Retrieve TimeStamp

Figure 23: Detailed SM operation

ANNEX A <PICTURES>

C O N F I D E N T I A L until public release by the SENSIBLE project consortium


Annex A <Pictures>

Figure 24: SM and CMB PCB

Figure 25: Integration of CMB on SM

ANNEX B <SMART METERS IN THE ÉVORA DEMONSTRATOR>



Annex B <Smart Meters in the Évora Demonstrator>

Due to restricted regulation in Portugal and in Évora in particular; specific smart meters from EDP are used for the Évora demonstrator:

Figure 26: Size of Évora Smart Meters

These smart meters comply with the following standards:

NP EN 50160 2001 Características da tensão fornecida pelas redes de distri-

buição pública de energia elétrica

EN 50470-1 2006 Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) – Part 1: General re-

quirements, tests and test conditions – Metering equip-

ment (class indexes A, B and C)

EN 50470-3 2006 Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) – Part 3: Particular

requirements – Static meters for active energy (class in-

dexes A, B and C)

EN 62054-21 2004 Electricity metering – Tariff and load control – Part 21:

Particular requirements for time switches

EN 62056-21 2002 Electricity metering - Data exchange for meter reading,

tariff and load control – Part 21: Direct local data exchange

EN 62056-61 2007 Electricity metering - Data exchange for meter reading,

tariff and load control -- Part 61: Object identification sys-

tem (OBIS)




EN 62056-62 2007 Electricity metering - Data exchange

Table 6: Standards for Evora Smart Meters

The communication protocol used in this interface is Modbus with some specificities.

Modbus is a request/reply protocol and offers services specified by function codes. It is an application layer messaging protocol, positioned at level 7 of the OSI model, which provides client/server communication between devices that can be connected on dif-ferent types of buses or networks. In this case, an asynchronous serial line protocol over EIA-485 is used.

Figure 27: Modbus protocol Layers

There can be only one master connected to the bus, and a maximum of 247 slaves (EDP Boxes).

Addressing

The addressing is done in the first byte of the Modbus frame, and is assigned in the following way:

Figure 28: Addressing a Modbus frame

There are two addressing modes available in the protocol:

• Unicast mode: In this mode the network’s master addresses only one slave, and for each request there is a reply. Each slave should have a unique address in the bus, otherwise collisions are expected.

• Broadcast mode: In this mode the master addresses all slaves connected to the bus with a request but no reply is expected from any slave since it would pro-voke bus congestion. The address field has the value 0x00 reserved for this feature.

By default, the EDP Box must have the address 0x01.




To change the address in Broadcast mode, make sure the bus has only one slave, otherwise all slaves will assume the same address and the control over the physical layer will be lost.

Modbus Frame

The Modbus frame is based on the following structure:

Figure 29: Modbus frame overview

• Address field: slave address (0x00 if broadcast);

• Function code: Type of request (e.g.: 0x04 for reading registers);

• Data: Data exchanged;

• CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check for error checking.

Figure 30: Modbus frame description

The maximum size of Modbus serial line PDU frame is 256 bytes.

ANNEX C <SMART METERS IN THE NUREMBERG DEMONSTRATOR>



Annex C <Smart Meters in the Nuremberg Demonstrator>

Actually, no Smart Meters are being used in the Nuremberg Demonstrator.

The most similar equipment to a Smart Meter are:

• Standard COTS watt meters to measure electrical power consumption of the electric heaters

• Standard COTS gas meter to measure the gas flow consumed by the CHP-Unit

This Annex has been added to the deliverable only with information purpose just to refer and address the requirements of all the three demonstrators.

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