Download - Sensory Memory Iconic Memory Echoic Memory
Sensory Memory
Iconic Memory
Echoic Memory
Iconic Memory
What is the evidence?
Subjective experienceObjective measurements
Judge duration of a lightInterferenceSperling’s (1960) work
capacitydecay (forgetting)
Sensory Memory Iconic Memory
Echoic Memory also called Precategorical Acoustic Store (PAS)
Echoic Memory
What is the evidence?
InterferenceDarwin, Turvey & Crowder’s (1972) work capacity (auditory span of apprehension) decay (forgetting)Modality Effect (in terminal list positions)
Demo
Echoic Memory
What is the evidence?
InterferenceSuffix Effector Stimulus Suffix Effect
P(r)
1.0
0.0
Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of List Position and List Type
List Position
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
P(r)
1.0
0.0
Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of List Position and List Type
List Position
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
No suffix(tap or tone control)
Suffix
P(r)
1.0
0.0
Proportion of Errors as a Function of List Position and List Type
List Position
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
No suffix(tap or tone control)
Suffix
Echoic Memory
What is the evidence?Interference
Suffix Effector Stimulus Suffix Effect
suffix cue to recall hurts performance--a sort of backward mask
affects only end positionsparticularly the final position
Echoic Memory
What is the evidence?
InterferenceDarwin, Turvey & Crowder’s (1972) work capacity (auditory span of apprehension) decay (forgetting)Modality Effect (in end list positions)
Echoic Memory
Darwin, Turvey & Crowder’s (1972) work
present auditory matrix of letters (quickly)
task—report letterswhole report
partial report
Headphones
Headphones
“L 2 K” “4 F 8”
“9 G X”
Headphones
“L 2 K” “4 F 8”
“9 G X”
Letters/numbers sound like they are coming from 3 different locations
Report all of the letters/digits—whole reportparticipants do okay (but not great)
“L 2 K” “4 F 8”
“9 G X”
Partial report --Light cue signals
report from 1 location
Whole report – 4.2 letters/digits
Partial report – about 1.63 letters/digits x 3 locations = 4.9 letters/digits
Partial report superiority
Why?
Whole report – 4.2 letters/digits
Partial report – about 1.63 letters/digits x 3 locations = 4.9 letters/digits
Partial report superiority
Why? Relatively fast forgetting.
Darwin, Turvey, & Crowder’s (1972) work
Partial reportdelay report of row (w/ delayed cue)track performance as a function of delay
(retention interval)
Probability of Report as Function of Time
P(r)
1.0
0.0
Time (s)
0 1 2 3 4
Probability of Report as Function of Time
P(r)
1.00
0.0
Time (s)
0 1 2 3 4
.60
Probability of Report as Function of Time
P(r)
1.00
0.0
Time (s)
0 1 2 3 4
.60 4.9 letters/digits
4.3 letters/digits(whole report
about 4.2)
Conclusion: Acoustic info or echo decays quickly(in about 4 s)
Important point: Acoustic info fades more slowly than visual info
This difference in decay rates is consistent with idea of different visual and acoustic stores
Echoic Memory
What is the evidence?
InterferenceDarwin, Turvey & Crowder’s (1972) work capacity (auditory span of apprehension) decay (forgetting)Modality Effect (in terminal list positions)
Demo
6
1
9
3
7
4
2
8
5
5
Demo
P(r)
1.0
0.0
Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of List Position and Presentation Modality
List Position
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
P(r)
1.0
0.0
Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of List Position and Presentation Modality
List Position
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Auditory
Visual
Echoic MemoryWhat is the evidence?
Modality Effectperformance for stimuli presented in one modality better than performance for stimuli presented in a different modality
In this case: auditory > visualIn this case: Effect occurs only in the end
(terminal) list positions
Echoic Memory(Precategorical Acoustic Store)
What is the evidence?
InterferenceDarwin, Turvey & Crowder’s (1972) work capacity (auditory span of apprehension) decay (forgetting)Modality Effect (in terminal list positions)
Echoic Memory(Precategorical Acoustic Store)
A few problems:
Echoic Memory(Precategorical Acoustic Store)
A few problems:
1) Reasoning:
Acoustic info fades in about 4 sAcoustic interference should occur for
suffixes presented up to roughly 4 s after the final item
Suffix effect should disappear after about 4 s
Echoic Memory(Precategorical Acoustic Store)
A few problems:
1) Suffix effect obtained after 20-s delay(Watkins & Todres, 1980)
Echoic Memory(Precategorical Acoustic Store)
A few problems:
2) Reasoning: Acoustic info fades in about 4 s
Modality effect should occur for retention intervals of 4 s or less
Modality effect should not occur after 4-s retention interval
Echoic Memory(Precategorical Acoustic Store)
A few problems:
1) Suffix effect obtained after 20-s delay(Watkins & Todres, 1980)
2) Modality effect obtained after 20-s retention interval (Watkins & Watkins, 1980)
Have a good day!