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Setion 11 Vocab1. Encephalo- brain2. Gastro- stomach3. Hepato- liver4. Gloss/o- tongue5. Glute- buttocks6. Larynglo- larynx7. My/o-muscle8. nephr/o- kidney9. Neuro- nerve10.Oste/o- bone11.Ot/o- ear12.Opthalm/o- eye13.Path/o- disease14.Pneomon/o- lung15.Rhin/o-nose16.Thorac/o- chest/thorax
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Section 12 Vocab1. -ism, -osis, -tion: condition2. -ist, -or, -er, ician: agent3. -centesis: to puncture4. -ectomy: to cut out & remove5. -pexy: to fix or repair6. -rraphy: to suture, sew7. -scopy: to view8. -cide: kill or destroy9. -emia: of the blood10.-gram: writing or record11.-graph: recording instrument12.-malacia: soft13.-phasia: speech14.-phobia: fear
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Long winter road
End of 1st semester update
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The Lymphatic System (Ch. 21)
Functions*maintain fluid balance*immunity
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Overview
• Returns leaked plasma to the blood vessels
• Cleanses plasma of bacteria and foreign matter
• Provides surveillance sites by immune system cells
• Nonspecific defenses: prevent pathogen entry; prevent spread of diseases caused by microorganisms; strengthen the immune system
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Overview• the lymphatic system is the most
important physiological system of combating foreign bodies such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi
• it consists macroscopically of: the bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, and a few other organs.
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Overview
• functioning of the lymphatic system is most easily seen at the microscopic level where the white blood cell is the single most important element.
• white blood cells are produced, as are red blood cells, in the marrow of human bone.
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Consists of 2 semi-independent parts:
A. Network of lymphatic vessels- collect excess fluid (now called lymph) from tissues and return it to the bloodstream.
B. Lymphoid tissues and organs- house phagocytotic cells and lymphocytes
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II. Lymphatic Vessel Transport
Lymphatic capillaries- weave between cells and blood capillaries, microscopic
Lymph collecting veins/ vessels
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Lymph trunks- drain fairly large area of body;include lumbar, bronchomediastinal,subclavian, jugular, intestinal
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Lymph Ducts- R lymphatic duct (R upper arm & R head and thorax),
Thoracic duct (rest of body)
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•Lymph empties into venous circulation at internal jugular vein and subclavian veins
•3L of lymph enters bloodstream every 24 hrs
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III. Lymphoid Cells
A. Lymphocytes- warriors of the immune system
1.T cells- manage immune response, some directly attack foreign cells
2.B cells- make plasma cells that secrete antibodies
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B. Macrophages- phagocytize foreign substances, help activate T cells
C. Reticular cells- make stroma, the network that supports other cell types
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IV. Lymphoid Organs A. Lymph nodes- hundreds but large
clusters in inguinal, axillary, cervical areas
1. Functionsa. filter lymph- macrophagesb. help activate immune system-
lymphocytes
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2. Structurea. node surrounded by DWF capsuleb. 2 regions: cortex, medulla
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B. Spleen- left side of and cavity below diaphragm1. Functions
a. Lymphocyte proliferation b. Immune surveillance & response c. Clean blood- macrophages d. Store rbc breakdown products e. RBC production in fetus f. stores platelets
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C. Thymus- throat/ chest region1. Grows during childhood, stops growing during adolescence and atrophies gradually.2. Functions
a. Secrete hormones that allow T cells to function properly b. Only lymph organ not directly fighting antigens
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D. Tonsils- ring of tissue around pharynx
1. Named by locationa. palatine- most often infectedb. lingualc. pharyngeal (adenoids)d. tubal
2. Function- gather and remove many pathogens entering pharynx in inhaled air or food (blind-ended crypts)
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E. Peyer's Patches- isolated clusters of lymph follicles in small intestine1. Function
a. destroys bacteriab. generates "memory“
lymphocytes for long-term immunity
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F. Appendix- clusters of lymph follicles;offshoot of cecum of large intestine
** Peyers + appendix + tonsils + bronchi lymph nodes = Mucosa associated lymph tissue (MALT)- protects digestive and respiratory systems